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Текст к 1 заданию экзаменационного билета № 12.




 

«Computer software».

Computer software is a general term used to describe a collection of computer programs, procedures and documentation that perform some task on a computer system. The term includes application software such as word processor which perform productive tasks for users, system software such as operating systems, which interface with hardware to provide the necessary services for application software, and middleware which controls and co-ordinates distributed systems. The term «software» is sometimes used in a broader context to describe any electronic media content which embodies expressions of ideas such as film, tapes, records, etc.

The term «software» was first used in this sense by John W. Tukey in 1958. In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all computer programs. The concept of reading different sequences of instructions into the memory of a device to control computations was invented by Charles Babbage as part of his difference engine. The theory that is the basis for most modern software was first proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay `Computable Numbers`.

 

1)What is the term computer software used to?

2)Who was the term first used by?

3)How do computers operate?

 

Текст к 1 заданию экзаменационного билета № 13.

 

«Operating System»

An operating system (commonly abbreviated as OS and O/S) is the software component of a computer system that is responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the sharing of the resources of the computer. The operating system acts as a host for application programs that are run on the machine.

As a host, one of the purposes of an operating system is to handle the details of the operation of the hardware. This relieves application programs from having to manage these details and makes it easier to write applications. Almost all computers, including hand-help computers, desktop computers, supercomputers, and even modern video game consoles, use an operating system of some type. Some of the oldest models may however use an embedded OS, that may be contained on a compact disk or other storage device. Users may also interact with the operating system by typing command or using a graphical user interface (GUI). For hand-help and desktop computers, the GUI is generally considered part of the operating system. For large multi-user systems, the GUI I generally implemented as an application program that runs outside the operating system.

 

1)What are the purposes of an operating system?

2)How may users interact with operating systems?

3)What facilities are provided by the operating system?

 

Текст к 1 заданию экзаменационного билета № 14.

 

«Types of computers».

The Mainframe Computer are used by large organization like meteorological surveys and statistical institutes for performing bulk mathematical computations. They are core computers which are used for desktop of over one hundred people simultaneously.

The Microsoft are the most frequently used computers better known by the name of «Personal computers». This is the type of computer meant for public use. Other than Desktop Computer the choice ranges as follows: a desktop is a PC that is not designed for portability. The expectation with desktop systems is that you will set the computer up in a permanent location. Laptops, also called notebooks, are portable computers that integrate the display, keyboard, a pointing device or trackball, processor, memory and hard drive all in a battery-operated package slightly larger than an average hardcover book. Palmtops, more commonly known as Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), are tightly integrated computers that often use flash memory instead of a hard drive for storage. These computers usually do not have keyboards but rely on touch screen technology for user input.

 

1)Which types of computers are there in terms of the classification based on operational principle? Characterize each one.

2)How can computers be classified according to the principle of physical structures and the purpose of their use? Speak on the three types.

3)What kind of computer do you work on?

 

Текст к 1 заданию экзаменационного билета № 15.

 

«A system analyst».

A system analyst is the person responsible for the development of an information system. They design and modify systems by turning user requiems into a set of functional specifications, which are the blueprint of the system. They design the database or help design it if data administrators are available. The develop the manual and machine procedures and the detailed processing specs for each data entry, update, query and report program in the system.

Systems analysts are the architects, as well as the project leaders, of an information system. It is their job to develop solutions to user’s problems, determine the technical and operational feasibility of their solutions, as well as estimate the costs to develop and implement. They develop prototypes of the system along with the user, so that the final specifications are examples of screens and reports that have been carefully reviewed. System analysts require a balanced mix of business and technical knowledge, interviewing and analytical skills, as well as a good understanding of human behavior.

 

1)What is the task of a system analyst?

2)What knowledge must analyst has that be a good specialist?

3) What is your future profession?

 

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