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Extended contents. 2 planning and proposing criminological research 35. 3 undertaking a criminological literature review 67
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EXTENDED CONTENTS
Notes on Contributors xxii
Acknowledgements xxiv
1 Decision Making and Reflexivity in
Doing Criminological Research 1
Pamela Davies and Peter Francis
Introduction 2
Golden threads and cross-cutting themes 3
Reading and using Doing Criminological Research 5
Thinking Critically about Doing Criminological Research 7
Defining the topic, cases, context and time 7
End purpose of research 7
International, cross-cultural and comparative research 8
Anticipating conclusions 9
Audiences of research 10
The research literature 11
Methodological Approaches to Doing Criminological Research 12
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Validity 13
Existing resources as data 14
Primary data collection 18
Visual methodologies 22
Methodological choices 23
Research proposals 23
Reflecting on Doing Criminological Research 25
The importance of reflexivity 25
Research as a social activity 26
Research and emotion 26
Research and politics 27
Research and ethics 28
The case for reflexivity 29
Summary and Review 29
Study Questions and Activities for Students 30
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Suggestions for Further Reading 31
References 31
2 Planning and Proposing Criminological Research 35
Peter Francis
Introduction 36
Getting Started: Planning Criminological Research 36
Planning dissertation research 37
Identifying a research topic or idea 39
Formulating a research question 41
Being clear about the purpose of your research 43
Reviewing the research literature 44
Reading and note taking 46
Making time and marking milestones 46
Making Connections: Proposing Data Collection Methods 48
Proposing secondary or primary research 48
Access and sampling 52
Data processing and analysis 54
Ethical considerations 54
Supervision, peer support and critical reflection 57
Bringing It Together: Writing and Presenting Your Research Proposal 58
Summary and Review 60
Study Questions and Activities for Students 61
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Suggestions for Further Reading 62
References 63
3 Undertaking a Criminological Literature Review 67
Alison Wakefield
Introduction 68
What Is a Literature Review? 68
What Is the Purpose of a Literature Review? 71
What Does a Literature Review Look Like? 72
Narrative reviews 73
Systematic reviews and meta-analysis 75
Can the two approaches influence each other? 78
How Do I Go about Doing a Literature Review? 80
Searching the literature 80
Limiting or expanding your search 81
Reading and note-taking 82
Annotated bibliographies 83
Writing the literature review 83
Summary and Review 87
Study Questions and Activities for Students 87
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Suggestions for Futher Reading 88
References 89
4 Methodological Approaches to Criminological Research 93
Hannah Bows
Introduction 94
Developing a Research Methodology 94
Deciding Methods of Data Collection 97
Primary research methods 97
Secondary research methods 105
Ethics 107
Summary and Review 107
Study Questions and Activities for Students 108
Suggestions for Further Reading 108
References 109
5 Using Mixed Methods in Criminological Research 113
Vicky Heap and Jaime Waters
Introduction 114
The Philosophy of Mixed Methods Research 114
Pragmatism 115
Multiple realities 117
Pragmatism, multiple realities and mixed methods 117
Mixed Methods Designs 119
The priority question 119
The sequence question 120
Priority, sequence and the overall design 121
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Combining Mixed Methods Research 124
The ‘mixing’ in mixed methods 124
Evaluating Mixed Methods Research 128
Creating a Mixed Methods Research Project 129
Research questions and mixed methods 130
Mixed methods methodology 130
Presenting mixed methods research 131
Summary and Review 132
Study Questions and Activities for Students 133
Suggestions for Further Reading 133
References 134
6 The Politics and Ethics of Criminological Research 137
David Scott
Introduction 138
Ontology and Epistemology 138
The Politics of Social Research 142
The search for truth 142
Scientific relevancy 143
The policing of researchers 144
Funding fit 145
The Ethics of Social Research 148
Consequentialist ethics 148
Ethical guidelines, principles and duties 150
Virtuous researchers 152
Situational and relational ethics 153
Summary and Review 154
Study Questions and Activities for Students 155
Suggestions for Further Reading 156
References 157
7 Writing Up and Presenting Criminological Research 161
Alexandra Hall
Introduction 162
Writing Up 162
A basic structure 163
Guiding principles 165
Data presentation 169
Oral Presentations 169
Visual and Virtual Turns: Contemporary Forms of
Presentation in Criminological Research 170
Top Tips 171
Summary and Review 173
Study Questions and Activities for Students 174
Suggestions for Further Reading 174
References 175
8 Using Historical Artefacts, Records and
Resources in Criminological Research 179
Pam Cox, Heather Shore and Barry Godfrey
Introduction 180
Why Is Research on the History of Victims Important? 180
What Methods Are Appropriate for a Study of the History of Victims? 181
The Research Journey 183
Change over time 184
Gender 186
The Disappearance of the Victim in Court 188
The Victim–Offender Overlap 189
Future Research Directions 190
Summary and Review 193
Study Questions and Activities for Students 194
Suggestions for Further Reading 194
References 195
9 Using Social Surveys in Criminological Research 199
Jo Deakin and Jon Spencer
Introduction 200
What Is a Sensitive Topic? 200
Survey Research 203
Criticisms of Surveys 204
Large-scale Surveys: The Crime Survey for England and Wales
(formerly The British Crime Survey) and Its Approach to Sensitive Topics 206
Generating Survey Data on Sensitive Topics and with Vulnerable Groups 208
Identifying and Designing Suitable Research Questions 209
Open and closed questions 211
Long questions 212
Loaded questions 212
Vignettes 213
Confidentiality 216
Examples of Survey Research 216
Survey example 1: Children and victimization 217
Survey example 2: Public attitudes to sex offenders in the community 218
Summary and Review 221
Study Questions and Activities for Students 222
Suggestions for Further Reading 223
References 224
10 Doing Quantitative Data Analysis in Criminological Research 229
Nick Tilley, Graham Farrell and Andromachi Tseloni
Introduction 230
The Crime Drop: Background Context 230
Data Sources, Methods and Methodology 232
Victimization surveys 232
Findings 235
Security and the Drop in Car Theft 235
Security and the Drop in Domestic Burglary 238
Security and the Drop in Violence between Acquaintances
and Strangers 241
From Reductions in Crime Events to Reductions in Criminality 241
Contexts, Mechanisms, Security, Crime Drops and Data Signatures 242
Data signatures and alternative explanations of the crime drop 243
Describing and deconstructing the crime drop 244
Summary and Review 245
Study Questions and Activities for Students 246
Suggestions for Further Reading 247
References 247
11 Using Big Data and Data Analytics in Criminological Research 251
Lyria Bennett Moses and Janet Chan
Introduction 252
What Is ‘Big Data’ and How Is It Used in Research? 252
Uses of Data Analytics in Crime Prediction 253
Predictive policing 253
Offender risk assessment 255
Limitations of these Techniques 258
Limitations in data 258
Limitations of approaches based on correlation 259
Assumptions embedded in techniques 260
Differential impact and discrimination 260
Individual harm 262
Challenges for Researchers 262
Non-transparency 262
Evaluation 263
Summary and Review 264
Study Questions and Activities for Students 265
Suggestions for Further Reading 265
References 266
12 Doing Qualitative Data Analysis in
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