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Страдательный залог (passive Voice)
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В английском языке, как и в русском, есть 2 залога: действительный (Active) и страдательный (Passive). Сравните два предложения:
I write a letter. The letter is written by me.
Я пишу письмо. Письмо написано мной.
В первом предложении подлежащее I (я), оно является деятелем (я пишу), значит, залог действительный. Во втором предложении подлежащее letter (письмо), но деятелем является не подлежащее, а дополнение (написано мной). Значит, если подлежащее в предложении не производит действие, а испытывает его со стороны другого члена предложения, то сказуемое употребляется в страдательном залоге.
Passive Voice образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be + причастие II смыслового глагола.
Причастие II (Participle II) у правильных глаголов совпадает с формой Past Simple (инфинитив + ed), у неправильных – смотрите 3-ий столбик таблицы неправильных глаголов.
Обратите внимание, что Passive Voice отличается от страда-тельного залога в русском языке. В русском языке только прямое дополнение может стать подлежащим в предложении, где сказуе-мое употребляется в страдательном залоге. Например: Он дал мне книгу. Книга дана мне.
Но мы не сможем изменить предложение таким образом, чтобы косвенное дополнение «мне» стало подлежащим.
В английском языке не только косвенное, но и предложное дополнение может стать подлежащим в предложении, где сказуемое выражено в страдательным залогом: He gave me a book. Он дал мне книгу. – The book was given to me. Книга дана мне. – I was given a book. Мне дали книгу.
PRESENT SIMPLE PASSIVE
| Утвердительная | Вопросительная | Отрицательная |
| I am given a book. You are given a book. He (she, it) is given a book. | Am I given a book? Are you given a book? Is he (she, it) given a book? | I am not given a book. You aren't given a book. He (she, it) isn't given a book. |
PAST SIMPLE PASSIVE
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| Утвердительная | Вопросительная | Отрицательная |
| I was given a book. You were given a book. He (she, it) was given a book. | Was I given a book? Were you given a book? Was he (she, it) given a book? | I wasn't given a book. You weren't given a book. He (she, it) wasn't given a book. |
FUTURE SIMPLE PASSIVE
| Утвердительная | Вопросительная | Отрицательная |
| You will be given a book. | Will you be given a book? | You won't be given a book. |
PRESENT PERFECT PASSIVE
| Утвердительная | Вопросительная | Отрицательная |
| You have been given a book. | Have you been given a book? | You haven’t been given a book. |
PAST PERFECT PASSIVE
| Утвердительная | Вопросительная | Отрицательная |
| You had been given a book. | Had you been given a book? | You hadn’t been given a book. |
FUTURE PERFECT PASSIVE
| Утвердительная | Вопросительная | Отрицательная |
| You will have been given a book. | Will you have been given a book? | You won’t have been given a book. |
СПОСОБЫ ПЕРЕВОДА PASSIVE VOICE
НА РУССКИЙ ЯЗЫК
1. Страдательным залогом:
The book was written in 1905. Книга была написана в 1905 г.
2. Возвратным глаголом: The book is being translated. Книга переводится.
3. Неопределенно-личным предложением:
I was given a book. Мне дали книгу.
Запомните! it is said – говорят, it is known – известно
Обратите внимание, что в предложении, где сказуемое упот-ребляется в страдательном залоге, вводится деятель by, а орудие – with:
The letter is written by me. Письмо написано мной.
The letter is written with the pen. Письмо написано ручкой.
Упражнение 1. Укажите видовременную форму сказуемых и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Our Institute was founded in 1875. 2. Every year 5000 students are enrolled in the first year. 3. The foreign language laboratory will be equipped with tape-recorders next term. 4. The text will have been translated by tomorrow. 5. He has already been introduced to you. 6. The problem is being discussed now.
Упражнение 2. Поставьте глаголы в нужную видовременную форму.
1. Different subjects (to be discussed) at the University. 2. The meeting (to be organized) tomorrow. 3. Many discussions (to be held) at our faculty last term. 4. On the 17th of November the party (to be organized) to which different foreign delegations (to be invited). 5. The United Kingdom (to be situated) to the North-West of the continent of Europe.
Упражнение 3. Употребите соответствующую конструкцию со страдательным залогом. Model: We write a letter. – The letter is written by us.
1. They will divide the text into 3 parts. 2. We founded this society last year. 3. The students passed the exams successful.
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НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
Глаголы в английском языке имеют три неличные формы: причастие (the participle), герундий (the gerund) и инфинитив (the infinitive). От личных форм глагола они отличаются тем, что: не имеют лица, числа, времени, наклонения; не могут употребляться в предложении как простые глагольные сказуемые.
ПРИЧАСТИЕ
(The participle)
Причастие – это неличная форма глагола, которая обладает свойствами глагола, прилагательного, наречия. В русском языке английскому причастию соответствует как причастие, так и деепричастие.
В английском языке имеются 2 причастия: Причастие I – Participle I и причастие II – Participle II.
При образовании Participle I соблюдаются следующие правила орфографии:
1) to play – playing, to read – reading;
2) перед суффиксом - ing одна согласная, если она стоит после краткой ударной гласной, удваивается: to get – ge tt ing, to run – ru nn ing;
3) если основа оканчивается на l, то l удваивается независимо от ударения: to travel- traveling, to compel – compe ll ing;
4) Если основа глагола оканчивается на ie, то ie меняется на у перед суффиксом – ing: to die-dying, to lie-lying, to tie-tying.
Participle I
Формы причастия:
1. Simple Active Participle I: глагол + ing – play-playing.
The street was full of people laughing and going home.
2. Simple Passive Participle I: being + 3форма глагола – being played.
Cecilia had heard very little being absorbed in her own reflection.
3. Perfect Active Participle I: having + 3форма глагола – having played.
Abraham was back at the end of tree weeks having ridden eight miles.
4. Perfect Passive Participle I: having been + 3 форма глагола – having been played.
I am going the same day myself having been detained here for 2 days.
Примечание: формы причастия Simple обозначают действия, одно-временные с действием глагола-сказуемого; формы причастия Perfect выра-жают действия, которые завершились ранее действия глагола-сказуемого.
Participle II
Participle II имеет одну формы, которая соответствует русскому причастию страдательного залога. Это 3 форма глагола.
Discuss – discussed, use – used, give- given.
All dictionaries taken from the library must be returned. When asked he didn’t know what to say.
Функции причастия:определение (I saw many playing children in the park; The texts translated by us were difficult); обстоятельство (While reading he used to make notes; Given the task the students got down to business).
Причастие на русский язык может переводиться:причастием, деепричастием, глаголом в придаточном предложении, существи-тельным с предлогом «при» (если перед причастием есть союзы while, when) – while translating he used a dictionary.
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Упражнение 1. Образуйте Participle I, Participle II от глаголов.
To give, to sit, to travel, to play, to read, to speak, to lie, to use, to translate, to discuss, to enter, to go, to repeat, to answer, to know, to understand, to listen, to forget, to show, to finish, to prepare.
Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, определите форму и функцию причастия.
1. Children studying English will soon speak it. 2. While upbringing he used his theory. 3. While translating the article he met with many difficulties. 4. Working in the colony I developed my own system. 5. Being taken at the same time throughout the country these examinations are called public. 6. Having collected all the material he was ready to write a report. 7. Having been replaced by comprehensive schools the old grammar schools lost their popularity. 8. The student knowing English well, the examination didn't last long. 9. Have you done the exercises given on page 5? 10. The written report was on his desk. 11. The way chosen by me is right. 12. When asked about his home assignment he didn't answer anything. 13. Only English is spoken here.
Упражнение 3. Откройте скобки, используя Participle I или Participle II.
1. (To know) English well my brother was able to translate the article. 2. (To understand) the rule she did this exercise without any difficulty. 3. (To explain) the rule to the students, the teacher gave them some exercises on it. 4. She saw many (to play) children in the kindergarten. 5. The weather (to be) fine they went for a walk. 6. A one year course in pedagogy (to take) by me was rather difficult but interesting. 7. While (to translate) the text, he used a dictionary. 8. The professor (to be) ill, the lecture was put off. 9. The works on economy (to write) by our managers are very important now. 10. You must learn all the words (to give) by teacher. 11. Did you understand the rules (to explain) to us yesterday? 12. (To translate) this article we learned some interesting facts. 13. I like to read books (to describe) the life of well-known writers.
Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения, определите форму и функцию причастия.
A. 1. The boy riding a bike is my friend. 2. Look at those laughing children. 3. The children playing in the garden are my friends. 4. Look at the dancing girl. 5. She is Anne’s daughter. 6. The tall thin man standing near the bookshelf is our teacher. 7. The man playing that musical instrument is Nick’s father. 8. Do you know the man talking to our dad? 9. I don’t know the pupil speaking over the telephone. 10. The shop being built in front of my house is modern. 11. Reading a newspaper she fell asleep. 12. Having parked the car he went home. 14. Having told her the truth he felt better. 15. Entering the room he switched on the light. 16. Arriving at the station we learned the train had already gone. 17. We stopped talking hearing a noise. 18. Looking out of the window the woman saw her child. 19. A man went into the office, leaving the door open. 20. The woman came into the room smiling and dancing.
B. 1. A broken cup was on the floor. 2. We like boiled potatoes. 3. Pieces of broken glass were seen everywhere. 4. We stopped before a shut door. 5. This is the house built several hundred years ago. 6. The letter written by my father was on the table. 7. The jacket bought for Nick is too small for him. 8. Nobody saw things kept in this box. 9. The mail delivered in the morning was very important. 10. Lost in the forest he couldn’t find the way home. 11. Sent by e-mail the letter was received very quickly. 12. Laughed at he felt very unhappy. 13. Offered a job he was very happy. 14. He wants his name mentioned during the conversation.
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Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения, определите форму и функцию причастия.
1) The boy reading a book is my friend. 2) While reading a book she cried. 3). The children invited by Nick are his friends. 4) She heard the sound of the radio through the closed door. 5) Coming up to the window he opened it and listened. 6) While driving to the airport he got into a traffic jam. 7) Feeling tired and having nothing to do she sat down in the armchair. 8) He is a man loved and admired by everybody. 9) Being written in pencil the letter was difficult to read. 10) The fence surrounding the garden is newly painted. 11) We admired the stars twinkling in the sky. 12) When asked, the student answered that he knew the rule very well. 13) The newly built houses are very fine. 14) The house built in this street is eight stories high. 15) People arriving in Moscow visit different museums. 16) Ice melts when heated. 17) The book found by the students belongs to our teacher. 18) The composition written by the young girl has no mistakes. 19) Having said so he left the room.
Упражнение 6. Перефразируйте следующие предложения согласно образцу.
Model: The man who is standing near the window is our new teacher.
The man standing near the window is our new teacher.
1. Do you know the name of the man who is talking to Mr. Brown? 2. The sea which washes Norway in the south-west is called the North Sea. 3. She looked at the plane which was disappearing in the clouds. 4. As he looked out of the window he saw his father. 5. While he was looking through the newspaper, he saw a picture of his friend. 6. While he was speaking to John, he invited him to his birthday party. 7. After they had settled all the questions they had lunch. 8. After he had taken Ben to hospital he phoned his mother. 9. When I heard the news, I phoned Peter. 10. When they arrived at the airport, they saw their friends there.
Упражнение 7. В каком из следующих предложений выде-ленная группа слов будет переводиться как:
1. Вводя новые слова... а. Introducing new words the teacher explains their meanings. b. Having introduced the new words, the teacher asked one of the students to read them. c. Having been introduced the new words were repeated by us in chorus (хором). 2. Достигнув успеха... а. Having been achieved the success did not prevent (мешать) the poet from working hard and developing his talent. b. Achieving success and recognition (признание) some poets and writers stop working hard and developing their talent. c. Having achieved success and recognition, the poet went on working hard improving his skill. 3. Когда статья была написана... a. Writing the article he had to use a lot of foreign materials. b. Having written the article, he decided to publish it. c. The article being written, he asked us to discuss it. 4. Получив письмо... a. Receiving letters from his foreign friend he always tells us the news his friend writes him about. b. Having received the letter, he showed it to the chief engineer. c. Having been received the letter was shown to everybody.
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