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Stages of development chemical intoxication
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STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT CHEMICAL INTOXICATION
1 - primary decompensation, 2 - physiological adaptation, 3 - hidden pathology, 4 - decompensated pathology (poisoning)
COMBINED action poisons.
As a rule, in real industrial conditions isolated action poisons on an organism practically does not meet, more often takes place the combined action (action many substances at the same time), which can change toxic effects in comparison with separate influence.
Kinds of the combined action:
ANTAGONISM (less, than additive action),
SUMMATION (additive action),
POTENTIATION (more, than additive action).
Hygienic estimation environment with the account kind of the combined action poisons.
1) In case antagonism – estimation goes on separate maximum permissible concentration for every founded poison;
2) At summation - under formula summary toxity Averianov:
C1 C2 C i
------- + ------- +... ------ < 1 C – concentration substance
MPC1 MPC2 MPC i MPC – maximum permissible concentration
3) At potentiation – under formula:
C1 C2 C i
------- + ------- +... ------ < 1/K C – concentration substance
MPC1 MPC2 MPC i MPC – maximum permissible concentration
K - Coefficient of potentiation
BASIC WAYS of DETOXICATION INDUSTRIAL POISONS
1. Change chemical structure of poison - hydroxilation (formation OH - groups), oxidation, restoration, metylization (connection СН3 - groups), connection with glucuronic acid and amino acids - are formed less toxic metabolites.
2. Deposition in bodies and fabrics (material cumulation) - time decrease concentration of poison in blood (for example, heavy metals are deposited in bones, liver and kidneys). It is defective way of neutralization - under adverse conditions may be exit of poisons from depot and aggravations of chronic poisonings.
3. Removing from an organism - through lungs, kidneys, intestines, skin.
Detoxication system of organism and parameters of its functioning
This complex system can be presented as 5 parts of protection:
1. Microsome oxidation by microsome monooxigenazes (MOGS). Indicators - cytochromes Р-450, b 5, etc. Is possible accumulation oxide radicals, etc.
2. Reaction conjugation (connection) with proteins. Indicators - restored glutation.
3. Biopower processes for detoxication - oxidizing phposforilation etc.
4. Processes the peroxidation lipides. Indicatiors – level of malonov dialdegid, dienovic conjucates.
5. Antiradical and antiperoxidation protection (activity of enzymes catalaze, peroxidaze, superoxiddismutaze, vitamin C etc. )
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On a condition and interrelation of these 5 parts it is possible to reveal adaptation or compensation: at activation 1 and 4 links should be activated the others; at it deactivation - it is toxicogenic disgomeostasis (latent decompensation).
WAYS RECEIPT INDUSTRIAL POISONS IN ORGANISM
1. Inhalation way - most frequently and dangerously way (the area of lungs 100 –120m2 with blood capillaries, there is no barrier function of a liver). For flying poisons and at it good solubility in blood is the more dangerously,
2. Through skin and mucous - lipothrope poisons (soluble in fats) - through the intact skin, hair follicles, sweat and tear glands.
3. Per os - Through mouth and mucous stomach and intestines – in professional conditions very rare way - at non-observance rules of personal hygiene, it is casual with products.
ADSORBTION POSONS IN ORGANISM:
After absorbtion poisons can accumulate in Liver, in Blood, in Bones, in Lymph, in Hair, in Nails.
WAYS REMOVING INDUSTRIAL POISONS from ORGANISM
1. Through kidneys - it is more often way for many substances.
2. Through intestines – it is for badly soluble poisons - lead, mercury.
3. Through lungs – it is for flying substances - aromatic hydrocarbons.
4. Through skin and glands of external secretion (through grease, milk glands - fat-soluble substances, through sweat, salivary glands - heavy metals).
Biosubstrates, in which it is determined the contents of poisons or it metabolites for confirmation the diagnosis poisoning: blood, urine, the excrements, exhaled air, secret of glands.
DISPLAYS TOXIC ACTION INDUSTRIAL POISONS:
1. Sharp intoxications
2. Chronic intoxications,
3. Specific action (allergenic, gonadotropic)
4. Remote effects (mutagenic, oncogenic)
REGLAMENTATION INDUSTRIAL POISONS
There are 3 limiting attributes of harm at normalization industrial poisons in air of working zone: 1) Organoleptic 2) Irritating action on person or experimental animals; 3) Toxic specific and nonspecific action in experiment on laboratory animals.
Sheme of research toxity poisons in experiment:
1. Research physical and chemical structure of poison, its chemical properties, toxicological parameters of chemical analogs for rough estimation level of toxicity.
2. Studying acute toxicity poison in sharp experiments at per os, inhalation action, at skin drawing (LD50, Lim ac. )
3. Studying half-acute toxicity in experiments 30-45 days – definition C. cum., selectivities of toxic action.
4. Research chronic toxicity in 4-6 monthly experiences - definition Lim ch.
5. Substantiation threshold concentration (LOAEL), MPC for the person.
PREVENTION PROFESSIONAL POISONINGS:
1. Administrative - legislative measures (the list of harmful manufactures - medical contra-indications, privileges, restriction of age etc. );
2. Hygienic measures - preventive and current sanitary control;
3. Medical - preventive - preliminary and current surveys, investigation and treatment professional poisonings; treatment-and-prophylactic feed on manufacture;
4. Technological - change chemical technologies in industry, ventilation, hermetic sealing, automation, clearing constructions etc.;
5. Individual - overalls, gas masks, respirators, dietetic therapy.
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