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PIE and PG vowel correspondences




PIE PG
о а
ā ō
е i (e)
ē ē
u u (o)

Gth, OE and OHG vowel correspondences

Gth OE OHG
a a, æ a
ā æ:, ō ā
ē æ:, ē ā
ō ō uo
ī ī ī
ū ū ū
i i i
i, e e e
u u u
u, o o o
ai ā ei
ei ī ī
eu ēo iu
au ēa ō
iu ēo, īo io, iu

Diphthongization in OE

OE breaking æ ea
a ea
e eo
æ: ēa
Palatalization æ (æ:) ea (ēa)
e (ē) ie (īe)
a ea
o eo
Back (velar) mutation æ ea
e eo
i io

Mutation in OE

a, æ, o e
ā æ:
ō ē
u, ū y, ỹ
ea, eo ie > y > i
ēa, ēo īe > ỹ > ī

 

Contraction in OE

eh + a > ēo

ah + a > ēa

ōh +a > ō


 


Declension of Nouns in OE

  Case a-stem (M) a-stem (N) ō –stem (F) n-stem
  Singular N stān (“stone”) scēap (“sheep”) wund (“wound”) nama (M), #e (F,N)
G stānes scēapes wunde naman
D stāne scēape wunde naman
Ac stān scēap wunde naman
           
  Plural N stānas scēap wunda naman (M, F), #e (N)
G stāna scēapa wunda namena
D stānum scēapum wundum namum
Ac stānas scēap wunda naman

Strong declension of adjectives in OE

Case M N F Plural
N hlūd (“loud”) hlūd hlūd hlūde, hlūd, hlūda
G hlūdes hlūdes hlūdre hlūdra
D hlūdum hlūdum hlūdre hlūdum
Ac hlūdne hlūd hlūde hlūde, hlūd, hlūda
Ins hlūde hlūde - -

Declension of demonstrative pronouns

  That, those   This, these
Case M N F Plural   M N F Plural
N Þæt sēo Þā   Þēs Þis Þēos Þās
G Þæs Þæs Þære Þæra, Þāra   Þisses Þisses Þisse Þissa
D Þæm, Þām Þæm, Þām Þære Þæm, Þām   Þissum Þissum Þisse Þissum
Ac Þone Þæt Þā Þā   Þisne Þis Þās Þās
Ins Þỹ, Þon Þỹ, Þon Þære Þỹ, Þæm, Þām   Þys - - -

№ 13. Grammatical Categories of the Finite Verb in OE

  The categories Categorial forms The meaning Form-building means
1. Number      
2. Person      
3. Mood      
4. Tense        
Without a status of a category  
1. Time-correlatiopn      
2. Aspect      
3. Voice      

№ 14. Grammatical Categories of the Verbals in OE

The verbals The categories Categorial forms The meaning Form-building means
Infinitive verbal categories        
nominal categories        
Participle verbal categories        
nominal categories        
       
       

№ 15. Vowel changes in ME

OE short vowels Corresponding ME vowels OE long vowels Corresponding ME vowels
Qualitative changes Quantitative changes Qualitative changes Quantitative changes
i     i:    
e     e:    
æ     æ:    
a     a:    
o     o:    
u     u:    
y     y:    
ea     ea:    
eo (io)     eo: (io:)    
ie     ie:    

 

 

Vowel System in ME

Monophthongs:

 

Diphthongs:


№ 16. Vowel System in ME

Number of phonemes Lost vowels New vowels comparing to OE Peculiarities of the vowel system Oppositions within the system Vowel changes
  … monoph-thongs                  
… diphthongs              

№ 17. Consonant System in ME

Number of phonemes Lost consonants New consonants comparing to OE Peculiarities of the consonant system Oppositions within the system Consonant changes
                   

№ 18. Classification of ME consonants

Place of articulation   Manner of articulation     Labial, Labial - dental   Forelingual     Mediolingual (palatal)   Backlingual (velar)   Pharyngeal
Noise consonants   Plosives   voiceless          
voiced          
  Affricates voiceless          
voiced          
  Fricatives   voiceless          
voiced          
  Sonorants          

№ 19. ME Alphabet

Consonants Vowels
OE Letters Pronun-ciation ME Letters or digraphs ME Phonemes Letters or Digraphs
1.   Þ, ð, θ [ð ]   [e]  
      [ θ ]   [i]  
2.   …(w) [w]   [a]  
3.   c [k]   [o]  
      [k’]> [tS]   [u]  
4.   Z [γ]> […]   [e:]  
      [γ’]> […]   [F:]  
      [g]   [i:]  
      [j]   [a:]  
5.   f [f]   [o:]  
      [v]   [O:]  
6.   s [s]   [u:]  
      [z]   [ei]  
7.   h [h]   [ai]  
      [x]   [oi]  
      [x’]   [eu]  
8.   b [b]   [au]  
9.   d [d]   [ou]  
10.   l [l]      
11.   m [m]      
12.   n [n]      
13.   p [p]      
14.   r [r]      
15.   t [t]      
16.   x [ks]      
17. cw [kw]        
18. cZ [gg’] >[dZ]        
19. sc [sk’] >[S]        

Lost letters:

New letters:


№ 20. Development of Personal Pronouns (Расторгуева, с. 103, 231)

Singular Plural
Case OE ME NE OE ME NE
N D Acc G ic mē mec, mē mīn     wē ūs ūs, ūsic ūre    
N D Acc G Þū Þē Þē, Þēc Þīn     Zē ēow ēow, ēowic ēower    
N D Acc G hē him hine his     Nom. hīe, hī, hỹ, hēo   Dative him, heom   Acc. hīe, hī, hỹ, hēo   Gen. hira, heora,hiera, hyra    
N D Acc G hēo, hīo hire, hiere hīe, hī, hỹ hire, hiere    
N D Acc G hit him hit his    

 

Theories of development of OE hēo into ME she. (Резник, с. 155)

 

1)

 

2)

 

3)

 

 


№ 21. Vowel System in NE

Number of phonemes Lost vowels New vowels comparing to ME Peculiarities of the vowel system Oppositions within the system Vowel changes
  … monoph-thongs                    
… diphthongs            

№ 22. Consonant System in NE

Number of phonemes Lost consonants New consonants comparing to ME Peculiarities of the consonant system Oppositions within the system Consonant changes
                   

№ 23. Development of Nominal Grammatical Categories throughout the History of English

Gr. phenomena Parts of speech   Declension Gender Number Case Other gr. categories New gr. phenomena
Period
1. Noun OE ME NE              
2. Personal pronoun OE ME NE              
3. Demon-strative pronoun OE ME NE              
4. Adjective OE ME NE              

 

№ 24. Development of Grammatical Categories of the Verb throughout the History of English

Forms of the Verb Period Nominal gr. categories Verbal grammatical categories
Number Person Mood Tense Voice Time-correla-tion Aspect
Finite Verb OE ME NE                
Non-Finite Forms Infinitive OE ME NE                
Part. I OE ME NE                
Gerund ME NE                

 

 

Content of the examination in the History of English (4th year, I semester)

Sources:

A. Расторгуева Т.А. История английского языка. – М., 2005.

B. Reznik R.V., Sorokina T.S., Reznik I.V. A History of the English Language. – M., 2003.

C. Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П., Беляева Т.М. Практикум по истории английского языка. – С.-Пб., 2001.

D. Lectures (for all the themes).

Theory

1. The Indo-European languages. Classification. The origin of the Indo-Europeans and their language (D).

2. The earliest period of Germanic history. Proto-Germanic. (A, p.25 – 27).

Classification of Proto-Germanic (B, p. 17-21).

Linguistic features of Proto-Germanic languages. (A, p.34-40, 42-45, 46-48; B, p. 21-30).

Modern Germanic Languages (A, p. 24-25).

3. Chronological divisions in the history of English (A, p.49-55).

4. Old English: Germanic settlement of Britain (B, p.34-36).

5. Old English dialects. Linguistic situation (A, p.61-63; B, p.39-41).

6. Old English manuscripts and runic inscriptions (B, p.36-39, 43).

7. Old English alphabet and pronunciation (A, p.71-73; C, p.4-6).

8. OE phonetics. (A, p.75; B, p.44).

OE vowels: their origin and peculiarities of the system (B, p.78-79; A, p.84-85).

Independent and assimilative vowel changes in Old English (C, p.13-14, 17-22).

9. Old English consonant system: peculiarities, phonetic changes, origin of the phonemes (A, p.87-90; C, p.21-22).

10. Old English grammar: the nominal system (B, p.90; A, p.92-93, 45).

11. Old English noun: grammatical categories, morphological classification (A, p.93-96, C, p.26-30).

12. Old English adjective (A, p.105-108, B, p.101-103).

13. OE pronouns (A, p.102-104, B, p.99-101).

14. Old English verb: grammatical categories of the finite verb (A, p.109-112; B, p.109-110).

15. Old English verb: grammatical categories of the verbals (A, p.112-114).

16. Morphological classification of OE verbs (A, p.114-115; B, p.111-112).

Minor groups of verbs (A, p.122-124)

Practice

1) Transcribe the underlined words from the Old English text.

2) Give the etymological analysis of the words in bold type from the text.

3) Give the morphological analysis of the given words from the text.

 


Content of the examination in the History of English (4th year, II semester)

 

Sources:

A. Расторгуева Т.А. История английского языка. – М., 2005.

B. Reznik R.V., Sorokina T.S., Reznik I.V. A History of the English Language. – M., 2003.

C. Lectures.

 

1. Historical and linguistic situation in the 11 – 15 cc.

Scandinavian invasions (A, p.150-151)

Norman conquest (A, p.151-154, $299)

ME dialects (A, p.154-155, 159)

2. Development of the national literary English language (15-19 cc)

Formation of the English national language (B, p. 53-56)

Emergence of the nation (B, p. 64-71)

3. Spelling changes in ME (A, p.184-187)

4. Vowel system in ME

Unstressed vowels (A, p.190-191)

Stressed vowels (quantitative and qualitative changes (A, p.192-197), diphthongs (A, p.198-200)

Peculiarities and oppositions within the system (C.)

5. Consonant system in ME.

Sibilants and affricates, fricatives, loss of consonants (A, p.209-213)

Peculiarities and oppositions within the system (C.)

6. Vowel system in NE

Great Vowel Shift, vocalization of [r] and other quantitative and qualitative changes (A, p.200-202, 204-207). Peculiarities and oppositions within the system (C.)

7. Consonant system in NE.

Sibilants and affricates, “Verner’s Law in NE” and other changes (A, p.210-214)

Peculiarities and oppositions within the system (C.)

8. The Noun (A, p.222-229, C.)

Decay of declensions. Grammatical categories (gender, case, number) in ME and NE in comparison with OE.

9. Personal Pronouns. (A, p.230-234, C.)

Lexical replacements. Categories of gender, case and number in OE, ME and NE. Possessive pronouns (absolute and conjoint forms).

10. Demonstrative Pronouns. (A, p.234-236, C.)

Categories of gender, case and number in OE, ME and NE. The article.

11. The adjective (A, p.237-240, C.)

Decay of declensions. Grammatical categories (gender, case, number, degrees of comparison) in ME and NE compared with OE.

12. Finite forms of the verb.

Categories of number, person, mood and tense in ME and NE compared with OE (A, p.241-245). Morphological classes (B, p. 159-163). Irregular verbs (B, p. 164-166). Development of the categories of voice, time-correlation and aspect (A, p.267-273).

13. Verbals.

The Infinitive, Part.I and Part.II in ME and NE in comparison with OE (A, p.245-247). Analytical forms (A, p.274-276). The Gerund (A, p.247-248).

14. Minor groups of verbs (A, p.256-259).

 

 


The history of the English Language Name: ……………………………… Group …

Lectures Seminars
Date Assignments Fulfillment Date Assignments Fulfillment
1.       1.      
2.       2.      
3.       3.      
4.       4.      
5.       5.      
6.       6.      
7.       7.      
8.       8.      

 

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