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She said that she was going to the theatre with her brother.




АНГЛИЙСКИЙ

ЯЗЫК

ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ

РАДИОТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ

СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЕЙ

ВУЗОВ

 

 

Минск 2006

 

Авторы: Е.П.Тарасова, Т.Г.Шелягова, В.П.Киселева, Н.И.Шавель

 

Английский язык для студентов радиотехнических специальностей

А64 вузов: Е.П.Тарасова, Т.Г.Шелягова, В.П. Киселеваи др. - Мн.: БГУИР, 2006.− 213 с.

 

Учебное пособие направлено на формирование лексических навыков по тематике радиотехнического профиля, а также развитие навыков и умений чтения и говорения по специальности. Авторами учебного пособия соблюдены преемственность школьного и вузовского курсов, реализовано требование профессионально-ориентированного обучения.

В пособии имеется грамматический справочник, фонетический справочник и словарь общенаучной лексики.

 

 

СONTENTS

 

Unit One............................................................................................................5

Lesson 1 (5). Lesson 2 (8). Lesson 3 (10). Lesson 4 (11).

Unit Twо.........................................................................................................13

Lesson 1 (13). Lesson 2 (16). Lesson 3 (18). Lesson 4 (19).

Unit Three....................................................................................................21

Lesson 1 (21). Lesson 2 (25). Lesson 3 (27). Lesson 4 (27).

Unit Fоur........................................................................................................29

Lesson 1 (29). Lesson 2 (32). Lesson 3 (33). Lesson 4 (35).

Unit Five........................................................................................................36

Lesson 1 (37). Lesson 2 (39). Lesson 3 (41). Lesson 4 (42).

Unit Six..........................................................................................................43

Lesson 1 (44). Lesson 2 (47). Lesson 3 (48). Lesson 4 (50).

Unit Seven................................................................................................52

Lesson 1 (52). Lesson 2 (54). Lesson 3 (56). Lesson 4 (58).

Unit Eight...................................................................................................59

Lesson 1 (59). Lesson 2 (61). Lesson 3 (63). Lesson 4 (65).

Unit Nine........................................................................................................67

Lesson 1 (67). Lesson 2 (69). Lesson 3 (71). Lesson 4 (73).

Unit Ten...........................................................................................................74

Lesson 1 (74). Lesson 2 (76). Lesson 3 (79). Lesson 4 (80).

Unit Eleven...............................................................................................82

Lesson 1 (82). Lesson 2 (84). Lesson 3 (86). Lesson 4 (87).

Unit Twelve......................................................................................................89

Lesson 1 (89). Lesson 2 (92). Lesson 3 (94). Lesson 4 (95).

Unit Thirteen...........................................................................................97

Lesson 1 (97). Lesson 2 (100). Lesson 3 (103). Lesson 4 (105).

Unit Fourteen.......................................................................................107

Lesson 1 (107). Lesson 2 (109). Lesson 3 (111). Lesson 4 (113).

Unit Fifteen...............................................................................................115

Lesson 1 (115). Lesson 2 (119). Lesson 3 (121). Lesson 4 (123).

 

Грамматический справочник

 

I. Глагол.....................................................................................................126

§1. Основные формы глагола...................................................................126

§2. Система грамматических времен английского языка.....................127

§3. Страдательный залог.........................................................................129

§4. Согласование времен.........................................................................131

§5. Модальные глаголы...........................................................................132

§6. Сослагательное наклонение..............................................................134

§7. Условные предложения......................................................................136

§8. Глагол to be.........................................................................................137

§9. Глагол to have......................................................................................138

§10. Глагол to do........................................................................................138

§11. Глагол should......................................................................................139

§12. Глагол would........................................................................................139

II. Неличные формы глагола...............................................................140

§13. Инфинитив.........................................................................................140

§14. Причастие...........................................................................................142

§15. Герундий..............................................................................................144

Ш.Анализ предложения......................................................................146

§16. Простое предложение.........................................................................146

§17. Сложное предложение....................................................................149

§18. Усилительные конструкции..........................................................151

§19. Определительные сочетания...........................................................151

IV. Многофункциональные местоимения...........................153

§20 It.............................................................................................................153

§21. That-those.............................................................................................153

§22. These....................................................................................................154

§23. One........................................................................................................155

§24. Грамматическая омонимичность слов,

оканчивающихся на -s, -ed, -ing.................................................................155

Фонетический справочник................................................................................157

Словарь общенаучной лексики...................................................................160

READING COURSE

UNIT ONE

Grammar: Simple Sentence (§ 76).

Indefinite Tenses in the Active and Passive Voice (§2, 1).

Word-formation: suffixes -er, -or.

Individual Work: Lab Work "Indefinite Tenses".

 

LESSON ONE

Pre-text Exercises

 

I. Practise the reading of the following words:

inquiry [In'kwaIqri], physicist ['fizIsIst], discharge [dIs'tSa:G], genius ['GI:nIqs], medium ['mI:dIqm], ether ['i:Tq], circuit ['sE:kIt], to impinge [Im'pInG], diaphragm ['dqIqfrxm], interference [ˏIntq'fiqrqns], disturbance [dis'tE:bqns], to distinguish [di'stiNwiS], audience ['O:dIqns], to supervise ['su:pqvaIz], circumference [sq'kAmfqrqns], convenience [kqn'vI:nIqns].

II. Make sure if you can read the words correctly and say what Russian words help you to guess their meaning:

gigantic, phenomenon, stress, reality, concept, theory, component, battery, apparatus, centre, radius, technique, natural, idea, definition, genius, history, diaphragm, experiment, polarization, radio, diffraction, atmosphere, interference, system, telegraph, communication, telephone, radiation, limit, mathematics.

III. Form nouns adding the suffixes -er, -or to the given verbs. Translate the nouns and verbs into Russian:

Example: to design – a designer (конструировать – конструктор)

to detect – a detector (детектировать – детектор)

to build, to operate, to contain, to receive, to read, to produce, to transmit, to invent, to discover, to drive, to translate, to visit, to convert, to regulate, to accumulate, to react, to use, to vibrate, to record.

IV. Give the initial words of the following derivatives:

Example: wireless – wire

transmission – to transmit

greatly, discharge, lecturer, atmospheric, successful, improvement, inventor, radiation, definition, equipment, purely, economic, powerful, development, operation, rapidly, information, atomic, magnetic, agreement, regulation, instruction, communication, technological, considerable, generation, separately, production, industrial, historic, logical, researcher.

V. State what parts of speech the words in heavy type belong to. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. The study of this phenomenon is very important. The physicists study the structure of matter. 2. Energy can have many forms. What forms the basis of this compound? 3. We time our clock by radio. It is high time to go to the Institute. 4. The train leaves at six in the evening. Will you go to the Crimea on leave? 5. We must set the time for the beginning of the experiment. Give this worker a set of tools. 6. Air is a mixture of gases. Air the room, please. 7. The generator charges the batteries. The charges of an electron and of a proton are equal in strength. 8. The experiment may result in a new scientific concept. The result of the process was the release of the energy. 9. Point out a mistake in this translation. Speak to the point. 10. It is light in the room. Don't light the lamps.

VI. Define the parts of the following simple sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. In the first year the students have many general subjects. 2. This article is about the story of radio. 3. She began to translate the text yesterday. 4. Every student is present at the lecture today. 5. The methods of radio engineering are now used in various fields of science and technology. 6. There are thousands of radio amateurs different countries. 7. One cannot read such articles without a dictionary. 8. It is necessary to help him. 9. We usually take measurements with great accuracy. 10. It becomes cold in autumn. 11. There were many explanations of the phenomenon of light. 12. In January, it snowed all the time. 13. Several types of microphones are in wide use now. 14. Nobody could solve this problem. 15. One may determine the wave frequency. 16. Let us take part in the expedition. 17. To read is necessary. 18. Energy is the ability to work. 19. By reading English books we increase our vocabulary. 20. They offered me some interesting work. 21. There exist various types of radio receivers. 22. Every day at 8 o'clock in the morning the students come to the Institute.

VII. Define the tense-forms of the verbs in the following sentences and translate them:

1. Yesterday the students of our group came to help me with mathematics. 2. Our scientists will further develop various kinds of computers. 3. Radio waves are the longest members of the family of electromagnetic waves. 4. Where did the first international conference on radio take place? 5. Modern orbital stations weigh up to 20 tons. 6. If you work much, you will get good results. 7. My friend does not like sports. 8. Will you go to the library tomorrow? 9. When the lectures are over, we shall go to the reading hall. 10. We shall meet tomorrow at the same place. 11. According to the time-table, the train gets in at half past eight. 12. I left school three years ago. 13.1 completely agree with your opinion. 14. She not only sings, she plays the guitar as well. 15. You found the lost book, didn't you? 16. He spoke to me in a very friendly way. 17. Which part of the concert did you like most? 18. It was so warm a day that we decided to go to the river. 19. She speaks English well. 20. Electricity cables stretch over the fields. 21. We shall not leave home until you come. 22. She never listens to the advice which I give her. 23. If the water continues to rise, these fields will be under water.

VIII. Translate the following sentences into Russian:

1. He will give you the book when you need it. 2. If we put water into a tube, it will take the shape of the tube. 3. I'll solve this equation if you help me. 4. Unless it is too late, we shall go there. 5. The circle will become an ellipse after you compress it. 6. We shall use this substance in the experiment provided it has the necessary properties. 7. As soon as you return from the lab, we'll begin our work. 8.1 won't be able to explain this phenomenon if I do not analyse all the data. 9. Your experiment will not give good results until you change the speed of the reaction. 10. My friend will translate the text if you give him your dictionary. 11. I shall do it if it is necessary. 12. If he concentrates his attention on his studies, he will pass his exams successfully.

IX. Soy the following sentences in the Past Indefinite Active. Don't forget to make the necessary changes:

Example: He usually has his breakfast at 8 o'clock, (yesterday, at 9 o'clock) Yesterday he had his breakfast at 9 o'clock.

1. John often tells me about his holidays, (yesterday afternoon, his family) 2. The postman usually comes at half past seven, (the day before yesterday, at six) 3. We go to the seaside for a week every August, (last autumn, into the country) 4. She always arrives at the office a few minutes before nine o'clock, (yesterday morning, at nine o'clock) 5. They sometimes go to the theatre, (last month, to the circus) 6. She often writes to her mother, (last week, two letters) 7. His sister regularly attends evening classes at the Institute, (two years ago, an open-air pool) 8. He is always at home on Sunday, (last Sunday, at the library). 9. Lessons begin at nine o'clock, (on Monday, at half past nine)

X. Translate the sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the verbs in the Indefinite Passive:

1. Sounds are produced by the vibration of matter. 2. The translation from one language into another will soon be performed by computers. 3. Waves are carried in all directions from the vibrating body, 4. The first-year students are not taught special subjects. 5. Many problems of great interest are discussed at our seminars. 6. A lot of us were invited to the conference. 7. The methods of radio engineering are now applied in various fields of science and technology. 8. The agreement was signed ten years ago. 9. The research will be carried out over a period of four months. 10. Much attention is given to the development of radio engineering. 11. Lasers are now used for many scientific, medical and industrial purposes. 12. The laboratories of our Institute are equipped with modern devices. 13. The results of these experiments will be published in a scientific journal. 14. The importance of sport is known to everybody. 15. We were provided with the necessary literature. 16. The equations were solved by the machine.. 17. The young scientist was invited to take part in the conference.

XI. Say the following sentences in the Indefinite Passive. Use the words in heavy type as the subjects of your sentences:

Example: Scientists use crystals in electronic devices.

Crystals are used by scientists in electronic devices.

1. Scientists developed several types of lasers. 2. I shall inform you about the new discovery. 3. Solar batteries generate electricity. 4. The researcher carries out the experiments at high temperatures. 5. You always make the same mistakes. 6. He will bring the book next time. 7. Radio employs electrical energy to transmit sounds, images and signals. 8. The lecturer spoke about the latest works in the sphere of radioelectronics. 9. He showed me the articles from the latest magazine. 10. Mendeleyev presented his table in 1869. 11. New data will support the results of our research. 12. These devices distribute the electric energy. 13. Heat converts ice into water. 14. A.S.Popov invented the first radio receiver. 15. The engineer will check the apparatus in the lab. 16. Their laboratory occupies a separate part of the building. 19. Radio devices perform various communication tasks. 18. We use such devices for amplification of radio signals.

XII. Make sure if you remember the following verbs. Consult a dictionary:

to follow, to show, to reduce, to exist, to differ, to correspond, to impinge, to suggest, to measure, to confirm, to appear, to inspire, to supervise, to change, to add, to draw, to mean, to reason, to create, to call, to hold, to develop, to broadcast, to use.

XIII. Match up the words similar in meaning:

to begin, to call, to reduce, essential, to start, to decide, to receive, definite, to name, velocity, to produce, to decrease, to apply, quickly, speed, to operate, research, to suggest, to obtain, to propose, investigation, to make, to use, certain, rapidly, principal, to work, to solve.

XIV. Listen to the tape-recorded lexical programme. Try to memorize the words and word-groups:

■to take a step forward – сделать шаг вперед ■ to put forward a theory – выдвинуть теорию ■ merely – только, всего лишь ■ to make a discovery – сделать открытие ■ essential – основной ■ to give rise to – способствовать ■ loose – свободный, незакрепленный ■ mouthpiece – микрофон ■ to suggest a method – предложить метод ■ to turn to –обратиться ■ thereby – посредством этого to include – включать в состав, содержать ■ persistent – упорный, настойчивый ■ convenience – удобство ■ point – точка.

LESSON TWO

I. Study text A. Try to understand all details. Use a dictionary if necessary:

 

Text A

The Story of Radio

1. Without understanding the inquiries of pure science1, we cannot follow the story of radio. It begins perhaps with Joseph Henry, an American physicist, who discovered in 1842 that electrical discharges were oscillating. A gigantic step forward was taken by James Maxwell, a Scottish physicist and one of the great mathematical geniuses of the 19-th century. By purely mathematical reasoning2, Maxwell showed that all electrical and magnetic phenomena could be reduced to stresses and motions in a medium, which he called the ether. Today we know that this "electrical medium" does not exist in reality3. Yet the concept of an ether helped greatly, and allowed Maxwell to put forward his theory that the velocity of electric waves in air should be equal to that of the velocity of light waves, both being the same kind of waves4, merely differing in wave length.

2. In 1878, David Hughes, an American physicist, made another important discovery in the pre-history of radio and its essential components. He found that a loose contact in a circuit containing a battery and a telephone receiver (invented by Bell in 1876) would give rise to sounds in the receiver, which corresponded to those that had impinged upon the diaphragm of the mouthpiece.

3. In 1883, George Fitzgerald, an Irish physicist, suggested a method by which electromagnetic waves might be produced by the discharge of a condenser. Next we must turn to Heinrich Hertz, the famous German physicist, who was the first to create, detect and measure electromagnetic waves, and thereby experimentally confirmed Maxwell's theory of "ether" waves. In his experiments he showed that these waves were capable of reflection, refraction, polarization, diffraction and interference.

4. A.S.Popov (1859-1906) was in 1895 a lecturer in physics. He set up a receiver in 1895, and read a paper about it at the Meeting of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society on April 25 (May 7, New Style) 1895. He demonstrated the world's first radio receiver, which he called "an apparatus for the detection and registration of electric oscillations". By means of this equipment, Popov could1 register electrical disturbances, including atmospheric ones. In March 1896 he gave a further demonstration before the same society. At that meeting the words "Heinrich Hertz" were transmitted by wireless telegraphy in Morse code and similarly received before a distinguished scientific audience5. Popov became the inventor of the radio, May 7 being celebrated each yearas "Radio Day" in many countries.

5. Marconi invented a system of highly successful wireless telegraphy, and inspired and supervised its application.

6. Such is the story of the many inventors of wireless telegraphy, working with each other's equipment, adding new ideas and new improvements to them. It was a patient, persistent inquiry into natural laws and it was animated by the love of knowledge6.

7. During the first years of its development, radio communication was called "wireless telegraphy and telephone". This name was too long for convenience and was later changed to "radio" which comes from the well-known Latin word "radius" – a straight line drawn from the centre of a circle to a point on its circumference. Wireless transmission was named radio transmission, or simply "radio".

8. The term "radio" now means the radiation of waves by transmitting stations, their propagation through space, and reception by receiving stations. The radio technique has become closely associated with many other branches of science and engineering and it is now difficult to limit the word "radio" to any simple definition.

 

 

Notes

1. without understanding the inquiries of pure science – на зная истоков чистой науки

2. by purely mathematical reasoning – при помощи чисто математических рассуждений

3. does not exist in reality – на самом деле не существует

4. both being the same kind of waves – причем обе являются волнами одного типа

5. distinguished audience – авторитетная аудитория

6. to be animated by the love of knowledge – быть движимым любовью к знаниям

 

II. Say whether the following statements are true or false:

1. H.Hertz was the first to create electromagnetic waves. 2. A.S.Popov could not register atmospheric disturbances. 3. A.S.Popov is the inventor of the radio. 4. The words "Heinrich Hertz" were transmitted by wireless telegraphy in Morse code.

III. Answer the following questions on paragraph I:

1. Who discovered the oscillation of electrical discharges? 2. Does "the ether" exist in reality? 3. What did the concept of an ether help Maxwell in?

IV. Find the information dealing with the discovery made by David Hughes. Relate this information to your partner.

V. Which paragraph contains the information directly connected with the invention of radio. Render this information.

VI. Translate paragraph 5-6 into Russian.

VII. Read paragraph 5 and speak about Marconi's contribution to the development of radio.

VIII. Explain the origin of the word "radio".

IX. Speak about the story of radio using the information from the text.

 

LESSON THREE

I. Look through the list of the English words and their Russian equivalents, facilitating reading Text B:

to concern – касаться, относиться; to design – конструировать; equipment – оборудование; home-made – отечественный; electronic valve – электронная лампа; broadcasting station – радиовещательная станция; superpower oscillator valve – сверхмощная генераторная лампа; under the guidance – под руководством; special-purpose radio station – радиостанция специального назначения; amateur designer – радиолюбитель (конструктор); radio-controlled models – радиоуправляемые модели; remote control ─ дистанционное управление; far-away Galaxies – отдаленные Галактики.

 

II. Skim through text В and say in Russian or in English what it is about. You are given 3 minutes.

Text В

Nowadays local radio stations broadcast their own programmes in addition to relaying central radio broadcast programmes. Dozens of thousands1 of various special-purpose radio stations are in operation in aeroplanes, trains, ships, etc. There are also thousands of radio amateurs who use short-wave radio sets for long-distance contacts, "fox-hunters" (a special kind of sport), amateur designers constructing radio-controlled models of aeroplanes and ships as well as many other types of different purpose radio equipment.

In the late 1930s and especially after World War II other branches of radio engineering developed rapidly: television, remote control of different equipment by means of radio (telecontrol), radio-location (radar), radio navigation, etc.

The methods of radio engineering are now used in various fields of science and technology, e.g. in physics, chemistry, geology, medicine, astronomy, mathematics, etc. At present there is no branch of science where use is not made of2 some kind of radio equipment. Distant areas of the Universe are studied with the help of radio. Spacecrafts are guided by radio. Radio devices have made it possible the information to be obtained3 about the mysterious and amazing phenomena taking place in far-away Galaxies as well as inside atomic nuclei.

 

Notes

1) dozens of thousands – десятки тысяч

2) use is not made of – не используется

3) have made it possible the information to be obtained – дали возможность получить информацию

 

III. Look through the text again and say:

a) what branches of radio engineering rapidly developed after World War II;

b) in what branches of science and technology the methods of radio engineering are used now.

LESSON FOUR

I. Look through the list of the English words and their Russian equivalents for text C:

unlike – в отличие; to assign – определять; appropriate – соответствующий; preliminary – предварительный; to undertake – предпринимать; to exchange – обмениваться; to man – комплектовать; to stir – вызывать, возбуждать; to originate – брать начало, отправлять; to destine – предназначать; distinction – различие; latter – последний (из упомянутых); to accept – принимать; subsequent – последующий.

II. Read text C carefully. While reading look for the answers to the following questions:

1. Do electromagnetic waves know man-made frontiers? 2. What was the reason for calling the preliminary international radio conference? 3. What principles became the basis for the regulation of radio communication? 4. What principles were accepted at the First International Radiotelegraph Conference?

Text С

The First International Radiotelegraph Conference

1. The very nature of radio1 made it international, right from its beginning. Unlike the cables of the telephone or the wires of the telegraph, electromagnetic waves know no man-made frontiers2; once emitted from their antenna, only their strength decides to what distance they travel. Throughout the history of radio it has always been the aim to choose and assign appropriate frequencies by international agreement, to lay down the rules3 for the operation of radio stations and to approve standards for apparatus and their operators.

2. Preliminary International Conference on Radio took place in Berlin as early as 19034. A.S.Popov was one of the chief Russian delegates. Nine countries met to undertake preliminary studies for the international regulation of radio. Part of the reason, if not the major one5, for calling this conference was to stop the attempt of Marconi to monopolize radio. In order to establish his monopoly, he had given instructions to his operators only to exchange wireless signals with other stations also manned by Marconi operators, and it was this action6 by a private company which stirred up most opposition.

3. In the Final Protocol of the Preliminary Berlin Conference it was laid down that "Coast stations should receive and transmit telegrams originating from or destined for ships at sea without distinction as to the system of radio used by latter". In spite of7 the very elementary state of radio in 1903, this principle and the others of the Final Protocol became the basis for the regulation of radio communication.

4. 29 nations came to the First International Radiotelegraph Conference in Berlin, 1906. It accepted the Radio Convention, Radio Regulations and the fundamental structure for all subsequent conferences.

Notes

1) the very nature of radio – сама природа радио

2) man-made frontiers – искусственные преграды

3) to lay down the rules – установить правила

4) as early as 1903 – еще в 1903 году

5) part of the reason, if not the major one – одна из причин, если не самая главная

6) it was this action... which – именно этот поступок

7) in spite of – несмотря на

 

III. Say what made radio international.

IV. Explain why electromagnetic waves have no man-made frontiers.

V. Find the information about the necessity of the international agreement on appropriate wave frequencies. Say what other points of such an agreement are mentioned in this part of the text.

VI. Unite paragraphs 2 and 3. Propose the most suitable title for this part out of the following ones:

 

1. Preliminary International Conference on Radio.

2. Marconi's Monopoly on Radio.

3. The Decisions of the Preliminary International Conference on
Radio.

VII. Give two main reasons for organizing the Preliminary International Conference on Radio.

VIII. Say

a) how Marconi tried to monopolize radio; b) what the decisions of the Preliminary Conference were.

IX. Which paragraph contains the information directly connected with the title of the text? Render this information.

X. Imagine that you are to make a report. While preparing it use the

main information of texts А, В and С (Write 10-13 sentences.) The following plan is available:

1. First important discoveries in the field of radio.

2. A.S.Popov's contribution to the development of radio.

3. Problems discussed at the first radio conference.

Key t a Lesson 3 The application of radio.

 

UNIT TWO

Grammar: Continuous Tenses (Active and Passive) (§2.2).

Functions of the verb to be (§ 8}

Word-formation: suffix -ness.

Individual Work: Lab Work "Functions of the verb to be".

LESSON ONE

Pre-text Exercises

I. Practise the reading of the following words:

exclamation [ˏeksklə'meɪS(ə)n], acquaintance [ə'kweɪnt(ə)ns], experience [ɪks'pɪərɪəns], occurence [ə'kʌr(ə)ns], bullet ['bulɪt], microwave ['maIkrəweɪv], equipment [I'kwIpmənt], frequency ['fri:kwənsɪ], wavelength ['weɪvleNT], intelligence [In'telɪʤ(ə)ns], message ['mesIG], to occur [ə'кə:], cancer ['kænsə], nothing ['nATIN], ultraviolet ['ʌltrə'vaɪəlIt].

II. Make sure if you can read these words correctly and say what words in the Russian language help you to guess their meaning:

guide, cycle, spectrum, to register, reason, organization, position, to start, satellite, typical, electronics, to characterize, interval, activity, vibration, object, programme, hospital, machine, radar, distance, problem, antenna, sport, form, interesting, element, progress, result, test.

III. Give the initial words of the following derivatives:

different, communication, cooker, technological, invisible, equipment, vibration, quickly, responsible, relatively, typical, ceaselessly, probably, magnetic, ultraviolet, announcement, occurence, transmitter, receiver, organization, hunter.

IV. Form nouns adding the suffix -ness to the given adjectives. Translate them into Russian:

Example: complete – completeness

great, effective, useful, light, bright, ready, soft, black, thick, rough, weightless, shapeless, exact, unique, hard, harmful, empty, brief.

V. State what parts of speech the words in heavy type belong to. Translate the sentences:

1. He works as a teacher. One of Mendeleyev's important works is his book "Principles of Chemistry". 2. He thought about his future work. The book contained his thoughts about further development of national economy. 3. Charge this battery, please. 4. Your answer to the question was not logical. You answer the questions really well. 5. These houses are nine stories high. Our laboratory houses various kinds of equipment. 6. A centimetre is a measure of length. We measure energy in the form of heat. 7. I like music and have many records. The instrument records the changes of temperature. 8. If you have no book, you may use mine. What's the use of doing it? 9. Use a piece of copper wire to repair the instrument. Wire the day of your arrival. 10. How many seconds are there in a minute? The second experiment was very interesting for its results. 11. Einstein gave all his life to the increase of human knowledge. The discoveries in physics increase our possibilities in other sciences 12. Men and women in our country have equal rights. A right angle equals 90°.

VI. Make sure if you remember the three forms of the following verbs. Translate the verbs into Russian:

be – was/were – been; bear – bore – born; begin – began – begun; buy – bought – bought; feed – fed – fed; find – found – found; get – got – got; give – gave – given; hold – held – held; hear heard – heard; know– knew – known; lie – lay – lain; make – made – made; meet – met – met; run – ran – run; say – said – said; send – sent – sent; sit – sat – sat; take – took – taken; understand – understood – understood.

VII. Define the tense-forms of the verbs in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. Belarusian people are developing the economy of the country. 2. The output of the factory will be growing during the current five-year period. 3. Our scientists are using the energy of atom in various spheres of life. 4. The engineers were attaching the wires to the devices when I came in. 6. At present they are studying various aspects of this problem. 7. When we listen to a radio programme we are using the rays that are called radio waves. 8. The scientist was solving a new problem when we visited his laboratory last week. 9. What is she doing this week? 10. John was reading a book when I came to see him. 11. My friend is writing an article for the newspaper. 12. The student was carrying out this experiment for twenty minutes. 13. The plane was flying over the Ukraine. 14. I'm working too hard this year. 15. Molecules in a gas are constantly moving. 16. The electron is circling in an orbit around a nucleus.

VIII. Read the following sentences and say which of them are in the Active and which are in the Passive Voice. Translate them into Russian:

1. While the experiment was being carried out nobody left the laboratory. 2. A new type of computing equipment is being produced at our plant. 3. At present scientific work is being done mostly by large groups of researchers. 4. The apparatus will be working when you come. 5. The scientists who are carrying out research into nuclear physics deal with the most difficult problems. 6. For twenty minutes the air in the laboratory was being purified by two ventilators. 7. The solar battery is converting the energy of sun rays directly into electric energy. 8. This experiment was being carried out under low pressure.9. For a long time the electronic devices were being used for control. 10. An interesting research in the field of electronics is being done at our Institute. 11. Prospects of the usage of solar energy are already understood by everybody. 12. Now solar energy is being studied by a lot of research groups. 13. Our scientists and engineers are developing new types of electronic and cybernetic devices. 14. We were looking for a more simple method of solution but could not find it. 15. The engineers will discuss the advantages of this new system. 16. Our laboratory is housed in an old building.

IX. Translate the following word-groups. Pay attention to the tense forms of the predicates:

the problem occupied; the century began; they are obtaining; the scientists understood; the satellite was on its orbit; the property depended; the program is being broadcast; the physicist was searching; a new radio set was demonstrated; the elements constituted; the man thought; new results are being obtained; the chemist wrote; the discovery established; the particle became; the scientist was applying; the point of view differed; the engineer is measuring; the concept explains; the idea was supported; the particle will be divided; the phenomenon was explained; astronomy is studying; the telescope is built; the power plants were being controlled; the observation shows; the energy was converted; the data will be checked.

X. Analyse the functions of the verb to be. Translate the sentences into Russian:

The results of the experiment are of great importance for our further work. 2. There are no chemical plants in our town. 3. The substance that we are speaking about is water. 4. We are to translate technical literature in the second year. 5. It was the study of natural phenomena that made it possible to formulate various laws. 6. Probably the most important use of electricity in the modern house is producing light. 7. Technical progress is now impossible without high-quality materials. 8. Electronics is being used more and more throughout the industry. 9. The electron is a particle. 10. The machine is of five parts. 11. Our task is to finish the test by 7 o'clock. 12. Radio was invented by a talented Russian scientist A.S.Popov. 13. Words in a dictionary are in alphabetical order. 14. Smoking is dangerous. 15. The temperature is three degrees above zero. 16. My friends are mostly students. 17. It is the only positive solution. 18. The British are very proud of their sense of humour. 19. This scientific discovery was the result of six years' research. 20. Our aim is to accomplish this task as soon as possible. 21. He will be an engineer in two years. 22. Their house is in the middle of the village.

XI. Match up the words which are similar in meaning:

purpose, in the sphere of, to make, important, aim, proper, common, to work out, to vary, time, in the field of, significant, ray, to define, to operate, to develop, to differ, to show, method, to function, to demonstrate, technique, device, to determine, standard, to produce, suitable, beam, period, instrument.

XII. Try to memorize the words and word-groups:

■ probably – возможно, вероятно ■ exclamation – восклицание ■ to be related to – иметь отношение к ■ to have similar experience – иметь подобный опыт ■ to have nothing to do with – не иметь ничего общего с ■ to turn out – оказываться ■ after all – в конечном счете ■ to listen to a radio programme – слушать программу по радио ■ to refer to – ссылаться; называть ■ sun-tan lamp – лампа для загара ■ to guide – направлять, вести ■ bullet – пуля ■ cancer – рак, раковая опухоль ■ to resemble – иметь сходство; напоминать ■ complete – полный, законченный.

LESSON TWO

I. Read the title of the following text. Can you guess what the text might be about?

II. Study text A. Try to understand all details. Use a dictionary if necessary:

Text A

Seven Rays, One Family

1. "Isn't it a small world."1 You have probably heard this exclamation many times. People often say it when they find that acquaintances they had met at different times and places, and whom they never connected with each other, turn out to be related to each other. Scientists often have a similar experience with occurrences in nature. Things or events that at first seem to have nothing to do with3 each other turn out to be related after all. We shall repeat this experience with seven kinds of rays. We find them in different places, and use them in different ways, but they are close relatives. They are members of one family, the family of electromagnetic waves.

2. The kind of ray that mankind has known for the longest time is light. It helps us see the objects that surround us, when the objects reflect the light into our eyes. Because our eyes can detect light, we call it a visible ray. The other rays are invisible.

3. We find three types of invisible rays in use in our homes. When we listen to a radio programme, we are using the rays that are called radio waves. When we cook a meal on an electric cooker, we are using hurried rays, sometimes referred to as heat rays. When we sit under a suntan lamp, we are using ultraviolet rays. We meet the other three types of rays outside the home. Inside the hospital we shall find X-rays, produced by X-rays machines, and used for taking pictures of the insides of our bodies. At airports everywhere we shall find microwaves used with radar equipment to detect planes in the air, or guide them in to land. Also in hospitals we find gamma rays used as invisible bullets to kill cancer cells.

4. These seven types of rays resemble each other in that they are all electromagnetic waves. What makes them different from each other is their frequency or their wavelength. The distance that the wave moves during the time it takes for one complete cycle of vibration is called the wavelength of the wave. The frequency is the number of cycles in a second. Notice that radio waves are the longest of the electromagnetic waves and have the lowest frequency.

Notes

1. Isn't it a small world – Мир тесен.

2.occurrences in nature – явления в природе

3. things or events that at first seem to have nothing to do with... – предметы или события, которые, как кажется на первый взгляд, ничего не имеют общего...

 

III. Say whether the following statements are true or false:

1. These seven types of rays do not differ from each other. 2. Seven kinds of rays are close relatives. 3. We find three types of invisible rays in use in our homes. 4. We meet three types of rays outside the home. 5. These seven types of rays differ from each other in their frequency. 6. The frequency is the number of cycles in a second. 7. Radio waves have the highest frequency.

 

IV. Find the information explaining why we call light a visible ray. Read the information to your partner.

V. 1) Answer the questions on paragraph 3:

1. What rays do we deal with when we listen to a radio programme? 2. How are infrared rays referred to sometimes? 3. What rays do we use when we sit under a sun-tan lamp? 4. What kind of rays can we find inside the hospital? 5. Are microwaves used with radar equipment?

2) Name the types of invisible rays we find in use: a) in our homes-, b) outside the home.

VI. In paragraph 4 find the English equivalents to the following words:

луч, тип, частота, расстояние, напоминать, длина волны, период, полный (законченный), двигаться, называть, длинный, низкий, количество.

VII. Speak about the electromagnetic waves using English words from the logical diagram.

VIII. Fill in the boxes of the following logical diagram with English equivalents.

IX. Say briefly what each paragraph is about.

                       
 
 
     
 
   
частота
 
длина волн
 
       
электромагнитные волны
 

 


X. Read paragraph 4 again and say what makes the seven rays different from each other.

LESSON THREE

I. Look through the list of the English words and their Russian equivalents for better understanding text B:

subtle – тонкий, неуловимый; to occur – происходить; to convert – преобразовывать; receptive – восприимчивый; beyond – за пределами; wavelength – длина волны; to range – колебаться в пределах; frequency – частота; to approach – приближаться; beam – пучок; луч; to fan out – расходиться, распространяться.

II. Read text В. Find out the main information of the text.

Text В

Radio Waves

During the last few decades, a subtle change has occurred which none of our senses1 can register. Radio waves, bearing messages in many tongues2, flow ceaselessly around us, through us and above us. We can only hear and see them if we convert them to other waves to which our ears and eyes are receptive.

Radio waves are the longest members of the family of electromagnetic waves. In the spectrum, in which the waves are arranged in order of increasing wavelength3, they lie beyond the infrared waves. Their wavelengths range from about three hundredths of a centimetre to about 300 kilometers. Radio broadcasts today are made by two different methods known as AM (amplitude modulation) and FM (frequency modulation). The frequencies of the waves used are expressed in kilocycles or megacycles. The vibrating current is fed into an antenna from which the radio waves are broadcast into space.

Microwaves are the smallest radio waves. In the spectrum of electromagnetic waves they lie between infrared rays and the long radio waves. The shortest microwaves have a wavelength of about three hundredths of a centimetre and a frequency of one million megacycles. The longest microwaves have a wavelength of about three metres and a frequency of one hundred megacycles.

The first microwaves made by man were the two-foot waves produced by Heinrich Hertz. It is interesting that they were the last to be put to a practical use. Long waves were easier to produce and send out over long distances. Scientists had to return to the use of short waves in order to solve a problem4 that came up during World War II. The problem was "How can you detect an approaching enemy plane while it is still far away? " A possible answer to the problem was to send a beam of radio waves. Long radio waves could not be used for this purpose because they fan out too quickly from the broadcasting antenna. Very short waves were necessary to make the radar system work. So new transmitters and receivers were designed to make and use microwaves.

NOTES

1) none of our senses – ни одно из наших чувств

2) bearing messages in many tongues – несущие сообщения на многих языках

3) in order of increasing wavelength – в порядке увеличения длины волны

4) in order to solve a problem – чтобы решить проблему

 

III. Find answers to the following questions:

1. Can we hear and see radio waves? 2. What place do radio waves occupy in the spectrum of electromagnetic waves? 3. Who produced the first microwaves? 4. Were the microwaves the first to be put to a practical use? 5. What kind of problem came up during World War II?

IV. Speak about the characteristics of radio waves and microwaves.

LESSON FOUR

I. Look through the list of the English words and their Russian equivalents:

activity – деятельность; to support – поддерживать; to administer – управлять; responsible – ответственный; announcement – сообщение; to intend – намереваться; to remain – оставаться.

II. Before you read the text study the questions. Then read the text to yourself to find out which questions the author answers:

1. What is the name of the organization responsible for administering radio sport in Great Britain? 2. What word is the key one in radio sport? 3. Is radio sport supported by the government? 5. Do "foxes" identify themselves every five minutes? 6. Is the competitive spirit typical of Soviet electronics?

Text С

Radio Sport: a Serious Business

1. In Russian vocabulary the electronics enthusiasts are known as "radio sportsmen". Radio sport is a highly organized, serious activity supported and administered by the government. The organization responsible for administering radio sport is called the Radio Sports Federation. In radio sport, the key word is competition. The highest award, one held by a relatively few sportsmen, is "Master of Radio Sport". One particularly interesting form of radio competition is called "Fox Hunting". This is a contest in which teams of "hunters" (young people carrying portable direction finders) race against time2 to find "foxes" (hidden transmitters). The rules call for3 the three "foxes" to take up positions one or two miles apart in a large wooded area. At the starting signal, the "foxes" begin identifying themselves by voice announcements4 at one-minute intervals, each "fox" therefore being on the air5 once every five minutes. The announcements, which are very brief, are made on amateur bands6 by means of low-powered transmitters, usually homemade. The winning "hunter" is the one who first locates all three "foxes" in sequence7. The kind of competitive spirit8 that characterizes radio sport is typical of electronics in general. Whether it be the technological state of the art, TV via communication satellite, or techniques for electronic training, the our people are fully aware of the importance9 of communications-electronics in the space age, and they intend to remain competitive in every possible way.

Notes

l) a portable direction finder – переносный радиопеленгатор

2) race against time – бегут на время

3) fthe rules call for – правила требуют

4) identify themselves by voice announcements – дают знать о себе голосом

5) on the air – в эфире

6) amateur band – радиолюбительский диапазон частот

7) in sequence – последовательно, одну за другой

8) competitive spirit – дух соревнования

9) are fully aware of the importance – вполне понимают значение

 

III. Say whether the following statements are true or false:

1. In radio sport the key word is competition. 2. One particularly interesting form of radio competition is called "Fox Hunting". 3. Each "fox" is on the air once every five minutes. 4. The announcements, which are very long, are made on amateur bands. 5. The winning "hunter" is the one who last locates all three "foxes" in sequence. 6. They are fully aware of the importance of communications-electronics in the space age.

IV. The text contains three main ideas. Divide the text into three logical parts and say briefly what each part is about.

V. Say how radio sport is characterized in the introductory part.

VI. a) What is the main principle of radio competition called "Fox Hunting"? b) Find the information in the text about the rules of "fox hunting" and answer the following questions:

 

1. What do the "foxes" do at the starting signal? 2. How often do "the foxes" identify themselves? 3. What devices do "the foxes" use to make voice announcements? 4. The winning "hunter" is the one who first locates all three "foxes" in sequence, isn't he?

VII. Can you say in what way the competitive spirit that characterizes radio sport shows itself in the development of electronics.

VII. Retell briefly the information you have learned from the text.

IX. Imagine that you are going to take part in a scientific conference. The theme of your report is "The Family of Electromagnetic Waves". While preparing the report use the information of texts А, В, С and the following plan:

1. Seven kinds of rays are close relatives.

2. The use of electromagnetic waves.

3. Characteristics of radio waves.

4. Short waves and their application in radio sport.

UNIT THREE

 

Grammar: Perfect Tenses Active and Passive (§2, 3).

Perfect Continuous Active (§ 2, 2).

Functions of the verb to have(§ 9).

Word-formation: suffixes -less, -ful.

Individual Work: Lab Work "Functions of the verb to have".

 

LESSON ONE

Pre-text Exercises

I. Practise the reading of the following words:

knowledge ['nPlIG], record ['rekɔ:d], manual ['mxnjuəl], conversation [ˏkPnvə'seISn], drum [drAm], to shout [ʃaVt], pattern ['pætn], to reverse [rI'vE:s], to reproduce [ˏri:prq'dju:s], to wind [waInd], means [mi:nz], to store [stO:(r)], stereo ['steriqV], channel ['Cxnl].

II. Make sure if you can read these words correctly and say what words in the Russian language help you to guess their meaning:

modern, person, phonograph, code, signal, telegraph, symbol, method, diaphragm, experiment, poem, to reproduce, stereo, process, principle, line, microphone, original, music, laboratory, energy, apparatus, instrument, diameter, type..

III. Form adjectives adding the suffix -ful to the given nouns. Translate the nouns and adjectives into Russian:

Example: beauty – beautiful – красота – прекрасный

harm, power, use, fruit, skill, purpose, wonder, care, success, truth hope, taste, respect, meaning, art, change, peace, watch, help.

IV. Form adjectives adding the suffix -less to the given nouns. Translate the nouns and adjectives into Russian:

Example: hope – hopeless – надежда – безнадежный

wire, noise, help, motion, friend, aim, shape, branch, cause, character

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