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Прочитайте слова и словосочетания, выучите их.
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| bond ultrasonic welding to couple in longitudinal direction to remain fusion anvil oscillation reflection contraction frictional heat forging insoluble prerequisite melting point uniform internal to obtain to embed entirely to apply | - связь, соединение - ультразвуковая сварка - соединять, сцеплять - в продольном направлении - оставаться - плавка; расплавление - наковальня - колебание, осцилляция, вибрация - отражение - сжатие, стягивание, усадка - тепло, выделяющееся при трении - ковка - нерастворимый - предпосылка - температура (точка) плавления - одинаковый, однородный - внутренний - получать - вставлять; вкладывать - совершенно, полностью - применять |
2. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What kind of vibration is used when bonding material through ultrasonic welding?
2. What is this procedure used for on an industrial scale?
3. How long has ultrasonic welding of plastics been in use?
4. What is the prerequisite for both working pieces?
5. Why is the joint quality very uniform?
6. What kind of vibration is used during ultrasonic metal welding? How are they introduced?
Составьте аннотацию текста А.
Прочитайте и переведите группы однокоренных слов. Помните о значении суффиксов.
To decide – decision; to generate – generator; electricity – electrical; type – typical; to press – pressure; to perform – performance; proper – properly – property; to vary – variety.
Сгруппируйте слова из списков А и В в синонимичные пары. Переводите их.
| A | B |
| to require to provide to enable to return to consist to operate to possess component | to have element to work to make possible to supply to be made up of to feed back to need |
6. Из списка слов выберите и прочитайте те, в которых буква "С": 1) передает звук [s],
2) передает звук [k]
Surface, expect, exclusive, fiction, predecessor science, crash, competitor, production, certain, climb, obstacle, endurance, creature, twice, contestant, ceremony, actually, avoidance, crystal, balancing, include, advanced, distraction, decision, accuracy, confidence, specifically.
7. Из списка слов выберите и прочитайте те, в которых буква "g": 1) передает звук [d3]
2) передает звук [g]
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Guide, regulate, dangerous, grasp, rigid, gather, leg, fatigue, intelligent, designate, origin, generation, category, against.
8. Прочитайте слова, обращая внимание на чтение буквосочетаний "ph"и "qu":
a) physical, microphone, sphere, trophy.
b) question, quickly, require, quite.
9. Запомните следующие глаголы, которые могут переводиться как "управлять". Дайте другие варианты их перевода. Составьте с этими глаголами предложения, переведите их на русский язык.
Regulate, control, supervise, guide, run, operate, handle, manipulate.
Text B
Isaac Newton
Isaac Newton was born in 1642, when a civil war was raging in England. In his youth he was known as a “silent, thinking boy”, who played little with other boys. At the age of 18 he entered Cambridge University, where he showed great ability in science. At 26 Newton became a professor or at the University. His three main interests were mathematics, mechanics and optics.
His first important discoveries were in mathematics. Soon afterwards he formulated his theory of colours and invented the reflecting telescope. He made a small model of this telescope for the Royal Society. It is still on display1 at the Society’s Museum and is shown to the Society’s most distinguished visitors. For example, it was shown to Yuri Gagarin, when he visited London in 1961.
At the age of 30 Newton was elected a fellow2 of the Royal Society. Newton’s first scientific publication concerned his theory of light and colours. In his publication he founded the science of spectroscopy. However, Newton’s discoveries at first met strong objections. Among those who refused to accept them were Christian Huygens, the Dutch mathematician, astronomer and physicist, and Robert Hook. Newton’s long controversy3 with them had a great effect upon him. For some time he published no further works.
Probably, his most famous work is the manuscript for the Royal Society known as “Principia”, which includes (in the form of theorems and proofs) the presentation of one of the most fundamental laws of the universe “the law of gravity”.
Newton died in 1727 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, with England’s heroes.
Notes:
to be on display1 - выставляться
a fellow2 - член (общества, коллегии)
controversy3 - спор, противоречие
Перескажите текст B.
2. Переведите слова, руководствуясь словообразовательными моделями:
a) существительное + ous = прилагательное
hazard – hazardous
monotony – monotonous
danger – dangerous
autonomy – autonomous
b) глагол + ive = прилагательное
repeat – repetitive
adapt – adaptive
select – selective
create – creative
с) глагол+ er (or) = существительное (производитель действия)
generate – generator
explore – explorer
innovate – innovator
win – winner
compete – competitor
d) глагол + tion/sion = существительное
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generate – generation
explore – exploration
innovate – innovation
compete – competition
identify – identification
move – motion
reject – rejection
solve – solution
produce – production
decide – decision
3. Прочитайте и переведите следующие интернациональные слова:
a) Mechanical, emotion, identify, regulate, regulation, distance, manipulator, adaptive, microphone, assemble, assembly, intelligent, selective, perspective (n), version, analyse, technician, exclusive, sphere, line, autonomous.
b) Elevator, accurate, application, generation.
Подберите из списка русские эквиваленты к английским словам из списка А.
| A | B |
| accurate the only advanced yet once whether to place to make | ставить однако заставлять точный ли как только единственный передовой |
Подберите к словам из списка А синонимы из списка B.
| A | B |
| To do Dangerous to look like whole to put however to manipulate to provide quick to photograph to have | To handle Yet to possess fast to supply to resemble to take pictures hazardous to perform entire to place. |
Supplementary Reading
Text 1
The First Conditioner
In 1902, Willis Haviland Carrier did for indoor climate control what Alexander Graham Bell did for communication and Henry Ford did for transportation. And he profoundly changed the way we live.
While trying to figure out a way to solve a printing company’s humidity problem, this young engineer invented mechanical air-conditioning.
The Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing and Publishing Company of Brooklyn were having difficulty with its printing jobs during the summer. The paper it used absorbed moisture влагаfrom the air and expanded, so colors printed on humid days didn’t line up with those printed on drier days. The result was blurry images.
Carrier, then 25, theorized he could control the troublesome moisture in the printing plant by chilling the air. He designed a machine that blew air over artificially cooled pipes... and the process controlled both humidity and temperature.
The term ''air-conditioning'' didn’t come into use until 1906, however. That’s when textile engineer Stuart Cramer patented an apparatus that released moisture into the air to condition yarn.
Carrier had called his invention ''Apparatus for Treating Air''. But Cramer’s name was considerably catchier and was the one that eventually stuck for cooling equipment.
Names aside, Carrier’s invention was soon being used in many industrial buildings, including the Celluloid Corporation that made film for the movie industry... a portent of things to come.
The first use of air-conditioning for the sole purpose of human comfort came in 1914, when Carrier designed special equipment for the Charles Gates mansion in Minneapolis, Minnesota. That first home conditioner was 6,10 meters long, 1,83 meters wide and 2,13 metres high!
Carrier also developed Dielene a safer refrigerant than ammonia. This allowed the air-conditioning of public places, not just industrial plants.
In 1922, air-conditioning made its public debut at Grauman’s Metropolitan Theatre in Los Angeles. In 1925, the Rivoly Theatre in New York lured patrons in from the heat with the promise of a ''refrigerating plant'' to keep them cool.
Air-conditioning was real life safer for the movie industry, since business traditionally dropped off during the hot summer month. This way especially true in the South, where theatres advertised ''cool and clear'' weather inside as relief from oppressive heat.
The first department store to be air-conditioned was the J.L. Hudson Co. in Detroit in 1924. That solved the problem of people fainting in the crowed basement on sale days!
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The White House got its air-conditional system in 1930.
Yet another invention made it possible to cool skyscrapers. Conventional methods of air-conditioning required large ductwork along walls and ceilings. In 1939, Carrier developed a system that distributed conditioned air at high velocity through small conduits and offered room-by-room control, making it practical for the first time to cool tall buildings.
It was also in the late ‘30s that the availability of Freon, a nonflammable refrigerant, made room air conditioners possible. The units could be made safer and for less money, since Freon was especially suitable for small units with less capacity. Carrier played no part in the development of Freon, but he was quick to make use if it as a pioneer in the field of small units.
Willis Carrier died in 1950, before home air-conditional systems became common. That was a development he likely could not have foreseen back in 1902 when he set out to find a way to improve printing.
Text 2
Static Electricity
We shall give an account of the electrification of bodies in terms of atomic structure. The atoms, normally containing equal numbers of electrons and protons (units of negative and positive charges respectively), are broken up, and electrons pass from one body to another, leaving the former positively and the later negatively charged. This is not the normal condition of matter, and at the first opportunity the positively charged body acquires electrons and the negatively charged body expels electrons, so as to recover the neutral state.
The Electric Current
When a conductor joins two points of different potential, electricity flows from one to the other along the conductor until the potentials are equal.
This process is very rapid, and with good conductors is completed in a fraction of a second. While it lasts, an electric current is said to flow from one point to the other. By convention, the direction of the current is said to be that from the higher to the lower potential, i. e. the direction in which positive charges would travel, but actually, owing to their much greater mobility, it is the negative electrons, which move, and it is their motion, which constitutes the current. It is unfortunate that, before the existence of electrons was thought of the conventional direction of the current should have been wrongly chosen, but it is now too late to alter the convention. The student must bear in mind that when a current is said to flow from A to B, what actually happens is that electrons flow from B to A.
Magnetism
The existence of magnets shows that matter can be active. Everyone knows something of the property of certain pieces of iron steel - and to a smaller extent, cobalt and nickel- by which they can attract other pieces of iron and steel and hold them up against gravity; and there is, in fact, a naturally occurring oxide of iron, knows as "lodestone" which has the same property. If we suspend a magnet by its center so that it hangs horizontally, and then bring the end of another magnet near one of its ends, we find that the suspended magnet is either attracted or repelled; while if we present the other end of the second magnet to the same end of suspended one, the reverse happens-there is either repulsion or attraction. On the other hand, either end of the magnet will attract pieces of iron, which are not magnets.
Magnetic Polarity
We have here a behavior somewhat similar to that of electrified. The magnitude of the force is again far greater than that of gravity; and there is the same attraction and repulsion between bodies affected, and only attraction between an affected and an unaffected body. We therefore speak of positive and negative magnetization if we wish. We do not, however, use these terms, but speak of two ends of the magnet as "north" and "south" poles. The reason for this is that a freely suspended magnet always hangs so that one end points approximately towards the north and the other approximately towards the south, and if we disturb it, it always returns to the position. We therefore speak of the north-speaking poles, and these names are usually abbreviated to north (N) and south (S) poles.
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Text 3
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