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Exercise 2. Read and translate the adverbs. Name the adjectives from which the adverbs are formed.
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Fully, originally, smoothly, considerably, recently, deeply, highly, heavily, principally, properly, definitely
Exercise 3. Translate the nouns formed from the verbs in the left column.
| ignition heat consumption inclusion operation performance accomplishment improvement driver expression mixture rise requirement supply | to ignite - зажигать to heat - нагревать to consume - потреблять to include - включать to operate - действовать to perform - выполнять to accomplish - достигать, выполнять to improve - улучшать to drive - водить, управлять to express - выражать to mix - смешивать to rise - поднимать to require - требовать to supply - снабжать |
Exercise 4. Find the Russian equivalents.
| 1. to propel 2. source 3. to produce 4. device 5. to require 6. reliable 7. reliability 8. payload 9. to receive 10. specific fuel consumption 11. to consume 12. to reduce 13. flexibility 14. overhaul | 1. гибкость 2. двигать 3. источник 4. капитальный ремонт 5. надежность 6. надежный 7. полезная нагрузка 8. получать 9. потреблять 10. прибор, агрегат 11. производить 12. требовать 13. удельный расход топлива 14. уменьшать |
Exercise 5. Match the columns.
A.
| 1. to propel the airplane 2. to consist of 3. to transform into 4. must meet 5. can be divided among 6. to receive the maximum possible power 7. to get lower 8. to increase the reliability by 9. to produce | 1. using more than one engine 2. through the air 3. the propulsive force 4. the fuel and the engine 5. specific fuel consumption 6. for minimum weight 7. certain requirements 8. electrical power 9. the airframe, the propulsion system and the payload |
B.
| 1. propulsion 2. energy 3. propulsive 4. engineering 5. fuel 6. specific 7. nuclear 8. atomic 9. engine 10. overhaul | 1. consumption 2. energy 3. field 4. force 5. fuel consumption 6. period 7. process 8. reliability 9. source 10. system xercise Answer the Questions: |
Exercise 6. Read the text “Air propulsion” and answer the questions:
1. What does an aircraft propulsion system consists of?
2. What are the aims of propulsion system?
3. Why do cargo planes have turboprops?
4. What airplanes do require very high excess thrust and why?
5. What does thrust depend on?
Text: Air propulsion
An aircraft propulsion system generally consists of an aircraft engine and some means to generate thrust, such as a propeller or a propulsive nozzle.
An aircraft propulsion system must achieve two things. First, the thrust from the propulsion system must balance the drag of the airplane when the airplane is cruising. And second, the thrust from the propulsion system must exceed the drag of the airplane for the airplane to accelerate. In fact, the greater the difference between the thrust and the drag, called the excess thrust, the faster the airplane will accelerate.
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Some aircraft, like airliners and cargo planes, spend most of their life in a cruise condition. For these airplanes, excess thrust is not as important as high engine efficiency and low fuel usage. Since thrust depends on both the amount of gas moved and the velocity, we can generate high thrust by accelerating a large mass of gas by a small amount, or by accelerating a small mass of gas by a large amount. Because of the aerodynamic efficiency of propellers and fans, it is more fuel efficient to accelerate a large mass by a small amount. That is why we find high bypass fans and turboprops on cargo planes and airliners.
Some aircraft, like fighter planes or experimental high speed aircraft require very high excess thrust to accelerate quickly and to overcome the high drag associated with high speeds. For these airplanes, engine efficiency is not as important as very high thrust. Modern military aircraft typically employ afterburners on a low bypass turbofan core. Future hypersonic aircraft will employ some type of ramjet or rocket propulsion.
Exercise 7. Fill in the missing words from the table and translate the text:
| Third law, engine, Latin, working fluid, drive, gas turbines, machine, thrust, generated through, reaction, aircraft engine, mechanical power, forwards. |
What is propulsion? The word is derived from two_____words: pro meaning before or____and pellere meaning to drive. Propulsion means to push forward or____ an object forward. A propulsion system is a____ that produces____ to push an object forward. On airplanes, thrust is usually_______ some application of Newton's_____ of action and______. A gas, or________, is accelerated by the______, and the reaction to this acceleration produces a force on the engine.
An _______ is the component of the propulsion system for an aircraft that generates _______. Aircraft engines are almost always either lightweight piston engines or_________.
Exercise 8. Match words with their definitions:
| 1. Thrust 2. Propulsion 3. Engine 4. Bypass 5 Drag 6. Propulsive nozzle | a) A machine that converts energy into mechanical force or motion b) A pipe or channel used to conduct gas or liquid around another pipe or a fixture. c) The force that propels an object in a given direction d) The aerodynamic force that opposes an aircraft's motion through the air. e) A driving or propelling force. f) A device designed to control the direction or characteristics of a fluid flow (especially to increase velocity) as it exits (or enters) an enclosed chamber or pipe via an orifice. (the exhaust duct of the engine) |
Unit III
Power Plant is the Heart of the Engine
Essential Vocabulary
| 1. advantage 2. disadvantage, 3. air-breathing engine 4. jet engine 5. rocket engine 6. ramjet engine 7. pulsejet engine 8. gas-turbine engine 9. turbojet engine 10. turboprop engine 11. turbofan engine 12. turboshaft engine 13. to belong 14. application 15. to boost 16. combustion chamber 17. compressor (axial, centrifugal) 18. to compare 19. in comparison (with) 20. complicated 21. to cool 22. to deliver 23. to differ (from) 24. to eject 25. essential 26. feature 27. fuel 28. fuel consumption 29. inlet assembly 30. load-carrying capacity 31. nozzle (exhaust) 32. propellant 33. solid propellant 34. liquid propellant 35. to be similar (to) 36. to utilize | - преимущество - недостаток воздушно-реактивный двигатель - реактивный двигатель - ракетный двигатель - прямоточный двигатель - пульсирующий двигатель - газотурбинный двигатель - турбореактивный двигатель - турбовинтовой двигатель - турбовентиляторный двигатель - турбовальный двигатель - принадлежать - применение - ускорять - камера сгорания компрессор (осевой, центробежный) - сравнивать - по сравнению (с) - сложный - охлаждать - доставлять - отличаться (от) - выбрасывать, выпускать - основной - черта, особенность - топливо - расход топлива - входное устройство грузоподъемность выхлопное сопло ракетное топливо твердое ракетное топливо жидкое ракетное топливо быть) похожим (на) использовать |
Exercise 1. Read the following words. Pay attention to their pronunciation.
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- capacity, expand, comparison;
- various, air, compare, care;
- application, special, propulsion, machine;
- mixture, feature, actually, approach;
- majority, engine, jet, project;
- liquid, equivalent, quality, quantity.
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