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How were igneous rocks formed?




4. Do you know how sedimentary rocks have originated?

5. What is the most important characteristic feature of sedi­
ments?

6. Do sedimentary rocks account for 10 per cent of the Earth's
crust?

7. Is gravel a consolidated mechanical sediment? And what about
sand and clay?

What are cementing substances? Can calcium carbonate be
used as a cementing substance?

8. Are there only fine-grained sandstones?

 

10. What can you say about chemical sediments?

11. Can you give an example of organic sediments? How are they
formed?

11. •) Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих слов и сочетаний слов.

Земная кора a) sandstone

Растворяться в воде б) fine-grained sand

Песчаник в) the Earth's crust

Уплотненные осадки г) exposed rocks

5. изверженные породы д) to dissolve in water

Мелкозернистый песок е) like gypsum

Затвердевать ж) consolidated sediments

Подобно гипсу з) igneous rocks

Обнаженные породы и) to solidify, to consolidate

Б) Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.

Coarse-grained sand а) разрушительная сила

Siltstone and shale воды

The destructive action б) пластовые месторождения

Of water в) доледниковый период

Existing rocks г) крупнозернистый (грубо-

Chemical decay зернистый) песок

Sedimentary rocks д) частицы вещества

Stratified deposits e) алеврит и сланец

Pre-glacial period ж) существующие породы

Particles of a substance з) осадочные породы

И) химический распад


94 Unit 4

12. Заполните пропуски • предложениях, используя следующие слои.

а) consolidate consolidation consolidated «consolidated

1.... is the process of cementation of loose fragments of sedimen­
tary rocks.

2. As is known, sedimentary rocks... under the pressure of over­
laying beds.

3. Limestone, for example, is the... rock which occupies vast
areas of the Earth's surface.

4. Gravel, sand and clay form the group of... mechanical sedi­
ments, because they consist of loose uncemented particles.

Б) stratify stratification stratified

1. Bedding or... is the most characteristic feature of sedimentary
rocks.

2. Coal is a... deposit that has been developed from plant re­
mains.

3. Coals... by the decay of organic material.

4. As a result of physical, chemical or biochemical changes veg­
etable remains are... and changed into peat or coal, micro-organisms
remains changed into mineral oil, bones into phosphorite, etc.

13. Подберите из списков А и Б близкие ио значению слои:

A. to consist of Б. solidified

to differ stratified, layered

bedded to realize

consolidated to transform

to change matter

substance to be like

to be similar (to) to finish

to complete to vary

to understand to be composed of

14. Переведите следующие предложены, обращая витание на перевод
неопределенных местоимений some, any и их производных:

1. Have you any books on geology?

2. There is some interesting information about the internal struc­
ture of the Earth.

3. The rock near the Earth's centre is somewhere between 10 and
IS times as dense (плотный) as water.

4. Igneous rocks, more than any other kind of rocks show that
the Earth is still changing.

5. Is there anybody in the lab? — Yes, there is. There is some­
body
there.

6. In some cases limestone is a clastic (обломочный) rock.


Unit 4______________________________________________ 95

15. Вставьте в предложены some/any/no/someone/anyone/no one/somebody/
anybody/nobody/somethtng/anything/notking/somewhere/anywhere/nowhere.

1. Do you live_____ in the centre?

2. There's_____ at the door. Can you go and see who it is?

3. Why are you looking under the table? Have you lost___?

4. He left the house without saying_____ to______.

5. The film is really great. You can ask_____ who has seen it.

6. Can you give me______ information about places to see in

the town?

7. "Where did you go for your holidays?" — "_______ I stayed

at home."

8. There were_____ shops open.

9. We had to walk because there was____ bus.

10. The station is______ near here.

16. Вставьте it или there по смыслу.

1. Is______ raining hard?

2. Are_____ many beautiful buildings on this street?

 

3. _____ is almost three o'clock.

4. _____ is hard to learn English in such a short time.

5. _____ is no place like home.

6. _____ was almost eight o'clock when they arrived.

7.______ is someone at the door, isn't there?

8. _____ were not many students in class today.

9. _____ are only 28 days in February.

17. Закличете предложения, используя конструкцию there + be.

There is_____ There are several______

There are_____ Is there______

There was_____ Are there______

There were_____ There isn't______

There will be____________ There aren't______

18. Определите, в каких предложениях употреблены глаголы в страдательном залоге. Переведите предложения:

1. Geologists divided the rocks of the Earth into three main classes or
types. They are divided into sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic
rocks.

2. Gravel, sand and clay form the group of unconsolidated mechani­
cal sediments. They are formed-by the destructive action of water and
wind.

3. Coal is used as fuel. People have used coal as fuel for a long time.



Unit 4


Составьте предложения по образцу, используя слова из обеих колонок.

Образец: Conglomerate is formed from gravel.


Sandstone

Rock salt Mineral oil Shale

Peat and coal Igneous rocks

Sedimentary rocks Metamorphic rocks


through the sedimentation

of mineral substances, from sand, from clay minerals, from organic remains, from particles of pre-existing rocks, by the accumulation of plant

remains, from magma, from either igneous or sedimentary

rocks.


20. Употребите данные в скобках глаголы в соответствующей времен­
ной форме:

1. There (to be) three main groups of rocks, namely, sedimen­
tary, igneous and metamorphic rocks.

2. These rocks (to make up) the crust of the Earth.

3. Sedimentary rocks (to be divided) into: mechanical sediments —
gravel, sand, sandstone, shale, etc; chemical sediments — rock salt,
gypsum, ironstones, etc; organic sediments — peat, coal, etc.

4. The particles of consolidated rocks (to be cemented) firmly to
one another.

5. Gypsum (to be formed) through sedimentation of mineral
substances that (to be dissolved) in water.

6. It is quite obvious that the textures of igneous rocks (to vary) accord­
ing to the depth at which rocks (to be formed) many years ago.

7. Exposed igneous rocks (to be formed) at various depths.

21. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение
местоимения either я союза either... or.

 

Местоимение Парный союз
either тот или другой; и тот, и другой either... or либо... либо; или... или

1. Metamorphic rocks have been derived either from igneous or
from sedimentary rocks.

2. Sediments are formed either at the surface or near the sur­
face of the Earth by the action of heat, water and the remains of
organisms.


Unit 4_______________________________________________ 97

3. Mechanical sediments can be either consolidated or uncon-
solidated.

4. Igneous rocks are formed as extrusive or as intrusive masses
solidified either at the surface of the Earth's crust or deep under­
ground.

5. Either of these rocks are very important because they are of­
ten rich in mineral deposits.

22. Переведите предложения, используя следующие слом и сочетания
слов. (Обратите внимание на время и залог глагола-сказуемого.)

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