Mainframes, Minis and Micros

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00.0166.02.01

 

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Фамилия, имя, отчество студента _________________________________________

 

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КОМПЬЮТЕРНЫЙ

 

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ

 

 

МОДУЛЬ 2

 

“HARDWARE”

 

 

Составитель И.Н. Мороз

 

 

МОСКВА

 

 

 

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Составитель: И. Н. Мороз – кандидат педагогических наук

 

Рецензент: М. Н. Алексеева – кандидат филологических наук, доцент

 

Рекомендовано научно - методическим

 

Советом РосНОУ

 

КОМПЬЮТЕРНЫЙ

 

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ

 

Модуль 1. “Computer English: What’s Special?” Модуль 2. “Hardware”.

 

Модуль 3. “Data, Programs and Languages”.

 

МОДУЛЬ 2

 

В предлагаемом модуле описаны основные компоненты компьютер - ной системы: процессор, память, устройства ввода / вывода.

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

 

 

БАЗОВОЕ СОДЕРЖАНИЕ МОДУЛЯ....................................... 4

 

НАУЧНО - ТЕМАТИЧЕСКИЙ ОБЗОР

 

СОДЕРЖАНИЯ МОДУЛЯ.......................................................... 5

 

1. Конфигурация.......................................................................... 5

 

2. Процессор.................................................................................. 13

 

3. Память....................................................................................... 22

 

4. Устройства ввода и вывода.................................................... 33

 

КЛЮЧИ К ЗАДАНИЯМ.............................................................. 47

 

ЛИТЕРАТУРА.............................................................................. 60

 

Для студентов Российского нового университета

 

 

00.0166.02.01

 

© И. Н. Мороз, составитель, 2005

 

© РосНОУ, 2005

 

 

 

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БАЗОВОЕ СОДЕРЖАНИЕ МОДУЛЯ

 

Составляющие компьютерной системы. Основные компоненты ком - пьютерной системы. Конфигурация. Характеристики.

Структура процессора. Устройство управления. Арифметико - логичес - кое устройство.

Единицы измерения памяти. RAM, ROM. Виды памяти. Диски и дис - ководы. Жесткий диск, дискета, оптические технологии.

Основные устройства ввода: клавиатура, «мышь», сканеры; другие устройства. Устройства вывода: монитор, принтер, графопостроитель.

НАУЧНО-ТЕМАТИЧЕСКИЙ ОБЗОР СОДЕРЖАНИЯ МОДУЛЯ

 

		1. КОНФИГУРАЦИЯ
		Active Vocabulary
to attach		to enable		to feed		permanent
attachment		able		food		to regard
certain		unable
	ability		to include		regard
certainty		disability				regardless
certainly		to execute		to influence		sequence
common			influence
	execution		influential		sequential
common sense		executor				to specify
current		executive		internal
			external		specific
currently		to extract				specification
electric current		extraction		means
to embody				by means of
Упражнение 1.Выберите правильный перевод:
a) to enable
1) создавать	2) давать возможность	3) выполнять 4) включать в себя
b) to execute
1) создавать 2) включать в себя		3) присоединять	4) выполнять
c) common
1) распространенный 2) внешний	3) последовательный	4) способный
d) permanent
1) распространенный 2) постоянный	3) неспособный	4) внешний
e) to extract
1) присоединять	2) извлекать	3) выполнять	4) давать возможность
f) sequence
1) создание	2) определенность	3) последовательность	4) выполнение

 

 

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g) certain
1) общий	2) постоянный	3)	внутренний	4) определенный
h) internal
1) внутренний	2) внешний	3)	постоянный	4) общий
i) to attach
1) создавать	2) присоединять	3)	включать в себя	4) определять
j) external
1) распространенный 2) внутренний		3) внешний	4) постоянный
Упражнение 2. Cлову из левого столбика подберите перевод из пра-
вого столбика:
a) certainly		1)	присоединять
b) sequence		2)	текущий
c) current		3)	последовательность
d) to attach		4)	давать возможность
e) external		5)	средство
f) means		6)	описание
g) to influence	7) внешний
h) to enable		8)	включать
i) specification	9) конечно
j) include		10) влиять

 

Упражнение 3. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы по его со - держанию:

 

Computer Structure

 

The definition of a computer is as follows:

 

A computer is a collection of resources, including digital electronic processing devices, stored programs and sets of data, which, under the control of the stored programs, automatically inputs, outputs, stores, retrieves and processes the data, and may also transmit data to and receive it from other computers. A computer is capable of drawing reasoned conclusions from the processing it carries out.

 

From the hardware point of view, the essential features of this definition are ‘a collection of... digital electronic processing devices’.

 

Computers vary enormously in size, processing power and cost. Nevertheless, all computers consist of one or more functional devices, each carrying out one or more of the tasks described above. Each device performs a precisely specified task, and connects to other modules via defined interfaces. Modules of the same type of computer may be exchanged, and new modules added, without modification to their internal workings. The phrase ‘plug-compatible’ describes units which may be connected in this manner.

 

Mainframes, Minis and Micros

 

Very broadly speaking, there are three classes of computers, according to their size and complexity. These classes are known as mainframes, minicomputers (or minis) and microcomputers (or micros).

Mainframes are large computers, comprising a number of free-standing units. Mainframes are generally housed in specially designed, air-conditioned rooms. Connections between the units are made by wires running beneath the floor of the room. Mainframes are very powerful, and support a number of applications running concurrently. Very large mainframes are known as supercomputers.

Minicomputers are smaller than mainframes, with several functional devices mounted in a rack in a single unit. Minicomputers do not generally require an air-conditioned environment. They are often to be found in laboratories, factories and offices. Minicomputers can support more than one application running concurrently, though not as many as mainframes.

 

Microcomputers are the newest addition to the computer family. They are small and cheap, and are (generally) contained in a few small units. Their distinguishing feature is that processing is carried out on a single microprocessor chip. Although they are very versatile, microcomputers can only support one application at any one time.

The classification of computers into mainframes, minis and micros is only very approximate. Computers are getting smaller and more powerful all the time Micros are being introduced with the capability of minis only a few years old. Minicomputers are incorporating microprocessors to assume the capability of mainframes.

 

1) What do you understand by the expression ‘plug compatible’?

 

2) Describe the way in which mainframes are usually accomodated.

 

3) How are the free-standing units of a mainframe connected?

 

4) Do the mainframes run applications singly?

 

 

 

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5) What features of a minicomputer (apart from its size) differ from those of a mainframe?

6) Where might one typically find a minicomputer in use?

 

7) What is the single most distinctive feature of the microcomputer?

 

8) Is it possible for a microcomputer to support more than one application running concurrently?

 

9) Why do you think the writer ends by saying this classification (of computers) is only very approximate?

(C.S.)

 

Упражнение 4. Прочитайте текст, обращая внимание на выделен - ную терминологию:

 

Configuration

 

Computers are electronic machines which can accept data in a certain form, process the data and give the results of processing in a specified format as information.

 

Three basic steps are involved in the process: First, data is fed into the computer’s memory. Then, when the program is run, the computer performs a set of instructions and processes the data. Finally, we can see the results (the output) on the screen or in printed form.

Information in the form of data and program is known as software, and the electronic and mechanical parts that make up a computer system are called hardware. A standard computer system consists of three main sections: the CentralProcessing Unit (CPU), the main memory and the peripherals.

Perhaps the most influential component is the Central Processing Unit. It is to execute program functions and to coordinate the activities of all the other units. In a way, it is the ‘brain’ of the computer. The main memory holds the instructions and data which are currently being processed by the CPU. The peripherals are the physical units attached to the computer. They include storagedevices and input/ output devices.

 

Storage devices (floppy or hard disks) provide a permanent storage ofboth data and programs. Input devices enable data to go into the computer’s memory. The most common input devices are the mouse and the keyboard. Output devices enable us to extract the finished product from the system. Forexample, the computer shows the output on the monitor or prints the results onto paper by means of a printer.

 

On the rear panel of the computer there are several ports into which we can plug a wide range of peripherals – modems, fax machines, optical drives and scanners.

 

These are the main physical units of a computer system, generally known as the configuration.

(E.C.U.)

 

Упражнение 5. Прослушайте текст и скажите, верны ли данные ут - верждения. Измените предложения, содержащие неправильную информа - цию так, чтобы они тоже стали верными.

 

Characteristics

 

Input Computer Output

 

 

Sec. Storage

 

Figure 1.

 

a) All information to be processed must be prepared in such a way that the computer will understand it.

 

b) Because of the complex electronic circuitry of a computer, data can be either stored or moved about at high speeds.

c) Not all computers can process data given to them and produce results.

 

d) The basic concepts of data processing are restricted to computer alone.

 

e) The processor is the central component of a computer system.

f) All other devices used in a computer system are attached to the CPU.

 

g) Memory devices are used for storing information.

 

h) Computers are very much restricted in what they can do.

 

i) Computers today cost less, are smaller, and need fewer people to operate them than in the past.

 

j) Computers haven’t changed our working conditions very much.

 

Упражнение 6. Приведенным ниже терминам подберите соответ -

 

ствующее объяснение:
a) software;	d) peripheral devices;	g) monitor;
b) floppy disk;	e) hardware;	h) input;
c) output;	f) Central Processing Unit	i) port.

 

1. The brain of the computer.

 

2. Physical parts that make up a computer system.

3. Programs which can be used on particular computer system.

 

 

 

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4. The information which is presented to the computer.

 

5. Results produced by a computer.

 

6. Hardware equipment attached to the CPU.

 

7. Visual display unit.

 

8. Small device used to store information. Same as ‘diskette’.

9. Any socket or channel in a computer system into which an input/output device may be connected.

 

Упражнение 7.

 

а) Прочитайте словосочетания и переведите их:

 

to direct and control signals; storage location;

 

to enter the information into the computer; to display the results;

 

direct access.

 

b) Прочитайте текст, обращая внимание на терминологию. Приведи - те русские эквиваленты выделенным терминам, при необходимости вос - пользуйтесь специальным словарем:

 

A computer has four basic components: input, processor, memory and output. The processor has two parts: the control unit, which directs and controls the signals and commands inside the processor, and the arithmetic-logical unit which does the five arithmetic operations and the three decision-making operations.

 

In a computer, internal memory or primary memory refers to the storage locations inside the computer whereas secondary memory refers to the storage embodied in the peripherals. The types of internal memory are core, as in the mainframes; semiconductor or chip, as in microcomputers. Secondary memory, on the other hand, may be classified as either sequential (tape) or direct-access (disk).

 

The input devices enter the information into the computer. After the processor has operated on it, the output devices display the results of the computations on a printer or a terminal, or store them on disk.

 

(E.C.S.)

 

Упражнение 8. Используя диаграмму (стр. 11), заполните пропуски в приведенном ниже тексте:

 

 

 

l

 

Computer system
			l
A	r

 

er

 

 

access

 

 

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A computer, has four basic components: input, processor, memory, and output. The CPU consists of two parts: the 1_____, which directs and controls the signals and commands inside the processor, and the 2______ unit, which does the arithmetic operations and the decision-making operations. While the 3_____ is made up of a 4_____, a 5_____, a 6_____, and a 7_____, the 8_____

 

is composed of 9_____, a 10_____, and 11_____.

 

In a computer, internal memory or 12_____ refers to the storage locations inside the computer, whereas 13_____ refers to the storage embodied in the peripherals. 14_____ may be divided into 15_____ (16_____) and 17_____

 

(18_____). The 19_____ devices can be either a 20_____, a 21_____, or a 22_____. These devices enter information into the computer. After the processor has operated on it, the 23_____ devices display the results of the computations on either a 24_____ or a 25_____, or store them on tape or disk for future use.

 

(O.E.C.)

 

Упражнение 9. Заполните пропуски, используя данные слова:

 

processing	input	output
single-purpose	hardware	processor
secondary memory	magnetic tape	magnetic disk
personnel

 

1) Information … takes place in the …, not in the … device or … device.

 

2) The … refers to all the electromechanical devices used in a computer installation.

3) … and … units are used as … storage devices.

 

4) A computer isn’t usually a … machine and may require specialized … to operate it and all its related equipment.

 

Упражнение 10. Дайте общую характеристику структуры компью - тера, используя информацию текстов и свои знания.

 

 

	2.	ПРОЦЕССОР
	Active Vocabulary
to call	equal	to maintain	rapid
to call for	to equal	maintenance	rapidly
call	to equalize
to carry	equality	to make	to register
to flow	to make up	register
to carry out	make-up
code	flow	manual	regular
to function	to retrieve
coding
to encode	function	to manufacture	retrieval
to decode	functional	manufacture
decoder	functionality	manufacturer	to transfer
to coordinate	to interpret	to order	transfer
coordination	interpretation	order
coordinated	interpreter	in order to

 

	Упражнение 11.Выберите правильный перевод:
	a) rapid
1) равный,	2) общий,	3) быстрый,	4) правильный;
	b) order
1) вызов,	2) обслуживание,	3) поиск,	4) порядок;
	c) transfer
1) пересылка,	2) обслуживание,	3)равенство,	4) поток;
	d) regular
1) равный,	2) общий,	3) быстрый,	4) правильный;
	e) equal
1) равный,	2) общий,	3) быстрый,	4) правильный;
	f) maintenance
1) вызов,	2) обслуживание,	3) поиск,	4) порядок;
	g) to make up
1)	пересылать,	2) выбирать,	3)	составлять,	4) выполнять;
	h) to carry out
1)	пересылать,	2) выбирать,	3)	составлять,	4) выполнять.

 

 

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Упражнение 12. C лову из левого столбика подберите перевод из правого столбика:

 

a) maintenance	1)	быстрый
b) sequence	2)	поддерживать
c) regular	3)	обслуживание
d) to transfer	4)	равный
e) rapid	5) определенный
f) to support	6)	правильный
g) certain	7) упорядочить
h) to retrieve	8)	последовательность
i) equal	9)	находить(данные)
j) to order	10) пересылать

 

Упражнение 13.

 

a) Прочитайте словосочетания и переведите их:

 

transfer rate; transfer time;

 

data retrieval; function key;

 

disk drives; tape drives.

 

b) Прочитайте текст, затем предложения 1 – 7. Определите, какие из них содержат верную информацию. Выпишите и переведите термины:

 

What’s inside a computer?

 

The nerve centre of a microcomputer is the Central Processing Unit, or CPU. This unit is built into a single microprocessor chip – an integrated circuit – which executes program instructions and supervises the computer’s overall operation. The unit consists of three main parts:

 

1) the Control Unit, which examines the instructions and causes the circuits and the rest of the components – disk drives, monitor, etc. – to be activated to execute the functions specified;

 

2) the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), which performs mathematical calculations (+,-,etc.);

3) the registers, which are high-speed units of memory used to store information. One of these registers is the Program Counter (PC) which keeps track of the next instruction to be performed in the main memory. Another is the Instruction Register (IR) which holds the instruction that is currently being executed.

 

 

One area where microprocessors differ is in the amount of data – the number of bits – they can work with at a time.

The programs and data which pass through the central processor must be loaded into the main memory (also called the internal memory) in order to be processed. Thus, when the user runs an application, the microprocessor looks for it on secondary memory devices (disks) and transfers a copy of the application into the RAM area. RAM (Random Access Memory) is temporary, i.e. its information is lost when the computer is turned off. However, the ROM section (Read Only Memory) is permanent and contains instructions needed by the processor.

 

Most of today’s computers have internal expansion slots that allow users to install acceleration cards or co-processors. As the word implies, an acceleration card is a board that increases the processor speed. A co-processor is a siliconchip that performs precise task and mathematical operations at a very high speed.

 

The power and performance of a computer is partly determined by the speed of its microprocessor.

A clock provides pulses at fixed intervals to measure and synchronize circuits and units. The clock speed is measured in MHz (megahertz) and refers to the frequency at which pulses are emitted.

 

1. The CPU directs and coordinates the activities taking place within the computer system.

2. The Arithmetic Logic Unit performs calculation on the data.

 

3. A chip is an electronic device composed of silicon elements containing a set of integrated circuits.

4. RAM, ROM and secondary memory are the components of the main

 

memory.

 

5. Information cannot be processed by microprocessor if it is not loaded into the main memory.

6. ‘Permanent’ storage of information is provided by RAM.

 

7. The speed of the microprocessor is measured in megahertz. One MHz is equivalent to one million cycles per second.

 

(E.C.U.)

 

Упражнение 14.

 

a) Прочитайте текст, выпишите и переведите термины:

 

 

 

 

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