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11. Look through the words in exercise 11 and underline adjectives. Adjectives are formed with suffixes y, -ous, -able(-ible), -ive, -al(ical), -ful, -less, -ive, -ic, -ant (-ent)
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11. Look through the words in exercise 11 and underline adjectives. Adjectives are formed with suffixes y, -ous, -able(-ible), -ive, -al(ical), -ful, -less, -ive, -ic, -ant (-ent)
12. Learn the words and translate their derivatives
Repeat (v) – repetition, repeating, repeated, repetitive, repeatedly;
Reach (v) – reaching, reached, reachless;
Heavy (adj)– heavier, heaviest, heavily;
Chief (adj) – chiefly;
Develop (v) – development, developing, developed, undeveloped;
Explode (v) – explosion, explosive, exploded, explosible;
Expand (v) – expansion, expanding, expanded, expansive;
Separate (v) – separating, separated, separation, separable, separator;
Exert (v) – exertion;
Ignite (v) – ignition, ignited, igniting;
Fuel (n)
Fuel (v) – refuel, fueled, fueling;
Reciprocate (v)– reciprocation, reciprocating;
Silence (n) – silent, silently;
Vary (v) – variety, various, variable, varying, varied;
13. Read the text, underline the adjectives and translate them
One of the most important landmarks in engine design comes from Nicolaus Otto who in 1876 invented an effective gas engine. In May 1876, Otto built the first four-stroke piston cycle internal combustion engine. This was the first practical alternative to the steam engine. Otto's practical internal combustion engine has been used to power vehicles.
14. Read the sentences. Underline the adjectives and explain if they are in comparative or superlative degree
1. The diesel engine has heavier parts than the gasoline engine. 2. Similar but much smaller engines are used in scooters. 3. The four-stroke-cycle engine is the most common engine type. 4. Most of car engines are of the four-stroke type but some of the smaller engines are of the two-stroke type. 5. The largest internal combustion engines in the world are diesels, used in some locomotives and large ships. 6. A car engine with twelve cylinders is more powerful than a car with six cylinders. 7. The greatest number of automobiles uses either Otto-cycle gasoline four-cycle piston engines or diesel piston engines. 8. The steam engine is the most important invention of the industrial revolution. 9. Gasoline is the best fuel for automobile engines
1. Air-cooled engines are not so popular as water-cooled engines. 2. A car with six cylinders is not so powerful as a car engine with twelve cylinders. 3. A steam engine is not so powerful as an internal combustion one because it uses better-quality fuel.
1. The greater is the number of cylinders in an engine, the smoother will be its running. 2. The smaller details we have in a mechanism, the more difficult it is to study it. 3. The more petrol there is in the combustion chamber, the ‘richer ’ is the air/fuel mixture. 4. The slower the car moves, the more fuel it burns. 5. The more steam there is, the faster a train or a boat is moving.
15. Read the sentences choosing the alternative in brackets
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1. The internal combustion engine is (more noisy/noisier), (hotter/more hot), and (dirtier/more dirty) than the electric motor. 2. 90°C is the (most suitable/ suitablest) working temperature of an engine. 3. Diesel engines have (heavier/the heaviest) parts than gasoline ones. 4. Petrol engines are usually (the lightest/lighter) and (the most small/smaller) than diesel engines. 5. This fuel burns (gooder/better) than gasoline. 6. The (greater/greatest) is the number of cylinders in an engine, the (smoother/smoothest) will be its running. 7. The (most hot/hotter) is the cylinder wall, the (smaller/smallest) are the losses through friction(трение). 8. The (higher/most high) the temperature at which heat engines can be operated, the (more efficient/efficinter) they will be. 9. The (slower/slowerest) the car moves, the (more/most) fuel it burns.
16. Look at the following words and decide which ones are verbs and nouns. Learn the new words
| Produce - production, compress- compression, ignite - ignition, combine- combination, operate - operation, react - reaction, expand - expansion, reciprocate – reciprocation, circulate – circulation, compress – compression, revolve – revolution, move – movement, place – placement, develop – development |
17. Fill in the gaps with the correct forms of the words in bold
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18. For questions 1-4 read the text and decide which answer A, B, C best fits each space
The first practical internal combustion 1. __________ was that of E. Lenoir (1860). Two years later Beau de Rochas showed that for good efficiency it is necessary to 2. ___________ the explosive mixture before igniting it, and in 1876 this idea was 3. _________ realized in an explosion engine by N. A. Otto. The Otto cycle is the standard cycle in automobile, airplane and many stationary and marine engines. The fuel 4. ________ by Lenoir and Otto was coal gas.
1. a) engine b) engineering c) engineer
2. a) compression b) compressive c) compress
3. a) successful b) successfully c) success
4. a) useful b) used c) using
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