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Grammatical aspects of translation




 

1. What morphological difficulties can the translator come across in the process of translation?

2. What problems can arise when translating English articles?

3. List the ways of translating the Passive into Russian? Illustrate your answer with the examples.

4. Does the Subjunctive Mood always correspond to the same mood in Russian? If no, what other ways of rendering such sentences do you know? (They can also be rendered by the Indicative Mood (изъявительное наклонение) or the Infinitive.)

5. What should the translator do first, when rendering in Russian the sentences containing modal verbs and the non-finite forms of the verb?

Practice task

1. Translate the following sentences, taking into consideration all possible ways of conveying the diminutive forms of the italicized words.

 

№ п/п SL sentence TL sentence
  Вот в этом домике вырос мой папочка. This is the house me daddy grew up.
  Какой сегодня ветрище! What a wind today!
  Давай-ка встретимся утречком и обсудим эту проблему на свежую голову. Let’s meet in the morning and discuss this problem with a fresh head.
  До чего же у нее красивые глазки! What beautiful eyes she has!
  Agatha Christie’s novel Ten Little Niggers was first published in 1939. Повесть Агаты Кристи Десят негритят впервые была опубликована в 1939 году.
  Twinkle, twinkle, little star! How I wonder what you are! Up above the world so high, Like a diamond in the sky (English nursery rhyme) Мерцай, мерцай, звездочка, Как я жажду узнать, кто ты! Ты так высоко, над всем миром, как алмаз в небе!
  Brer Rabbit, the main character in the children’s story by Uncle Remus, is remembered for always escaping troubles at the last minute.   Братец Кролик, основной персонаж детской сказки Джоэля Харриса, повествование которой ведется от имени дядюшки Римуса, запоминается тем, что ему всегда удается избегать неприятностей в самый последний момент.
  The sun was shining and the birds were singing. I was sitting in the yard, when something strange happened …. Светило солнышко и пели птички. Я сидел во дворе, когда произошло что-то странное …

 

II. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the functions of the articles.

 

№ п/п English sentence Russian translation
  As the wedding is being held on a Friday, and not the weekend, the Prince will pay the borough the cheapest rate for the hire of the building, £156 an hour. Как свадьба проходит в пятницу, а не в выходные, принц будет платить городке дешевая цена за аренду здания, £ 156 час.
  There is a time to mourn and a time to rejoice. (The Book of Ecclesiastes) Есть время плакать и время радоваться.
  The August of 2014 will always rest in my memory. Август 2014 навсегда останется в моей памяти
  This painting is a Matisse. Это картина Матисса.
  The fact that the staff decided to go on strike, took the managers by surprise. Тот факт, что персонал решил объявить забастовку, застал руководство врасплох.
  That’s the book I need for my research. Это та книга, которая нужна мне для исследования.
  They say a young actor is a new Frank Sinatra. Они говорят, что некий молодой актер-это новый Фрэнк Синатра.

 

III. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Justify your choice of the TL structure.

№ п/п English sentence  
  This area has been designated by UNESCO as World Heritage Site. Этот район был внесен в список Всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО.  
  Plays, gambling, drinking and the like were frowned on by the city fathers. frowns on - осуждать Пьесы, азартные игры, алкоголь и тому подобное осуждались отцами города.
  National airlines have long been seen as powerful symbols of their countries’ economic virility. virility - 1) возмужалость; 2) смелость,; энергичность Национальные авиакомпании уже давно рассматриваются как мощные символы экономической зрелости (возмужалости) своих стран.
  The practice of HRM is underpinned by a number of theories. underpin - поддерживать, подкреплять (аргумент и т. п.) Практика управления персоналом опирается на ряд теорий.
  Freedom is never given; it is won. A. Philip Randolph Свобода никогда не дается, она завоевывается
  Of course, some offenses are neglected by citizens as well as by officials Разумеется, некоторые виды преступлений игнорируются как обычными гражданами, так и должностными лицами    
  The old rhetoric was attributed to Aristotle, who taught that to persuade required careful attention to logos, ethos, and pathos in an attempt to persuade one’s interlocutor. Старую риторику приписывали Аристотелю, который учил, что убеждение своего собеседника требует пристального внимания к слову (мировому разуму, логосу), характеру и пафосу (настроению, эмоциям).
  More than 50 per cent of the clothes, particularly high-fashion items, are made in Zara’s own factories in Spain, most of them close to its headquarters. Более 50 процентов одежды, в том числе и элементы высокой моды, производятся на собственных заводов Зара в Испании, большинство из них расположены близко к офисам
  Jobs that were not even considered five years ago have been created because of the Internet revolution. Вакансии, которые еще 5 лет назад даже не рассматривались, были созданы из-за интернет-революции
  The governments of Asia seem to have been convinced by employers that workers shouldn't have the right to organize and bargain. Кажется, правительства стран Азии были убеждены работодателями, что работники не должны иметь право объединяться в профсоюзы (???)

 

II. Translate the following sentences paying attention to their initial structures.

 

№ п/п English sentence Russian translation
  Had I been a photographer, not a writing journalist, I would have been sacked. Если бы я был фотографом, не пишущим журналистом, то меня бы уволили.
  If our standard of living doubles in the next forty years … we will theoretically quadruple our impact, a physical impossibility. Если наш уровень жизни в два раза в ближайшие сорок лет... мы теоретически четыре раза наше влияние, физически невозможно.
  So soon as this is recognized, the distinction between economy in consumption and economy in investment becomes blurred … Так что скоро, как это признается, различие между экономикой потребления и экономикой в области инвестиций становится размытым...
  These kinds of changes will be wrenching, as they will affect both the daily routine and self-conception of everyone involved in creating and distributing news. Эти изменения будут мучительными, так как они будут влиять и на ежедневную рутину, и на самосознание всех людей, вовлеченных в создание и распространение новостей.
  The president, who is often referred to as the “most powerful man in the free world”, is the ultimate commander-and-chief of the United States military and is constitutionally charged to “take care the laws be faithfully executed.” Президент, которого часто называют «самым влиятельным человеком в свободном мире», является верховным главнокомандующим вооруженных сил соединенных штатов и конституционно обязан «следить за добросовестным исполнением законов»
  Starck is best known for architecture and interiors, although he is increasingly branching out into other areas … Старк наиболее известен за архитектуру и дизайн, хотя он все чаще работает в других областях    
  Despite the fact that U.S. organizations spend over $100 billion annually on incentive programs, many business people question their effectiveness. Несмотря на то, что американские организации тратят более 100 миллиардов долларов в год на программы стимулирования, многие деловые люди ставят под сомнение их эффективность.
  While practitioners’ roles have long been a popular focus in public relations research, comparatively little research has been conducted to assess practitioners’ use of the Internet … В то время как практикующих роли уже давно популярны внимание в исследованиях по связям с общественностью, сравнительно мало исследований было проведено для оценки практикующих использование Интернета...

III. Translate the following sentences into Russian, defining the functions of the modal verbs.

Function English sentence Russian translation
Incredibly, doubt Can the government be prevailed upon to lower taxes? Неужели можно уговорить правительство снизить налоги?
reproach It might be supposed that the accession of solar light would be accompanied by increase of temperature. Можно было бы предположить, что увеличение светлого времени суток будет сопровождаться ростом температуры.
Possibility I can’t teach anybody anything. I can only make them think. Socrates Я не могу кого-то чему-то научить. Я могу только заставить их думать.
An order The government is to accelerate its privatization program. Правительство должно ускорить программу приватизации.
advisability Care should be taken when making this computation … computation - расчет Следует проявлять осторожность, производя это вычисление...
Persistence referring to the future Problems we ignore now will come back to haunt us. Проблемы, которые мы игнорируем сегодня, будут преследовать нас в будущем
possibility One of the lessons of our new information environment is that you cannot entirely separate the message from the messenger. Один из уроков нашей новой информационной среды заключается в том, что нельзя полностью отделить сообщения от посланника.
possibility To be regarded as viable candidates, female politicians must use persuasive techniques surrounding their sporting exploits. Следует рассматривать как жизнеспособные кандидатов, женщины-политики должны использовать убедительные методы, окружающие их спортивные подвиги.

 

IV. Translate the following sentences into Russian, defining the functions of the non-finite forms of the verb.

 

Non-finite form of the verb English sentence Russian translation
  The dramatic death of Princess Diana while being chased by paparazzi is unlikely to bring press intrusion to an end. Драматический смерть принцессы Дианы в то время как гонится папарацци вряд ли принесет пресс вторжение к концу.
  Scientists have spent years researching into the effects of certain chemicals on the human brain. Ученые потратили годы исследования в воздействии некоторых химических веществ на человеческий мозг.
  The majority of people surveyed said that they would be happy to earn less money if they had more time to be with their loved ones. Большинство опрошенных сказали, что они были бы счастливы, чтобы заработать меньше денег, если у них было больше времени, чтобы быть со своими близкими.
  Although never officially designated as an air raid shelter, the Marples* was a conspicuously robust building with an extensive network of cellars below ground. It's not surprising that many people in the vicinity congregated there for refuge. * the Marples - отель «Марплз» Хотя никогда официально обозначен как бомбоубежище, Marples * был явно надежный здание с обширной сетью подвалов под землей. Это не удивительно, что многие люди в непосредственной близости собрались там для убежища.
  There sat a reporter pencil in hand to take down his words. Там сидел репортер с карандашом в руках, чтобы записать его слова.
  Rules are therefore believed to generate important and far-reaching consequences. Правила, следовательно, считается, создают важные и далеко идущие последствия.
  Hence there is scope for financial and other motivations to be used at local levels. Таким образом, существует возможность для финансовых и других мотиваций, которые будут использоваться на местном уровне.
  There will be more messages for people to choose from —and more difficulty in avoiding the choice. Там будет несколько сообщений для людей, чтобы выбрать из и даже больше трудности в уходе выбор.
  H&M’s base at Regeringsgaten 48, Stockholm, is certainly democratic in appearance. Located in the commercial centre of the city, just up the road from an enormous H&M flagship store, it is blocky and practical. The lifts, to be quite honest, could do with a bit of a makeover. H & M в базу в Regeringsgaten 48, Стокгольм, конечно демократическая по внешности. Отель расположен в коммерческом центре города, только по дороге из огромного H & M флагманский магазин, это блочные и практично. Подъемники, если быть совсем честным, могли бы сделать с немного макияж.

 

V. Read and translate the newspaper article A Marriage that Matures will Double Your Money and comment on the ways of translating the grammatical categories it contains.

MARRIAGE can make you wealthy – as long as you stay together and never get divorced.

A study of 9,055 people in America, tracked since they were teenagers in 1979, has found that those who married and stayed married accumulated almost twice the personal wealth of their single peers.

The big threat to married people was divorce. On average, splitting up cost married people more than three-quarters of their net worth.

“Becoming married and staying married really do increase your wealth”, Jay Zagorsky, the author of the study, said yesterday. “But I would not marry with the idea of getting rich. I think that is a terrible idea because if you get dissatisfied with your marriage, divorce will destroy your wealth”.

Ohio State University’s Centre for Human Resource Research collected the data from the subjects, now in their forties, by interviewing them every other year over more than a quarter of a century.

The study, published in the current issue of the Journal of Sociology, defined wealth as the total value of a person’s assets, such as property, stocks and bank accounts, minus their liabilities, such as mortgages.

Married participants were found to be 93 per cent richer than the singles in the group.

“There seems to be a dramatic reduction in spending when people get married”, Mr Zagorsky said. “It’s just cheaper for two people to live than one”.

But a failed marriage cancels out this “wealth effect”. Divorced participants saw their wealth drop so heavily that they ended up 77 per cent poorer than single people.

The survey found that personal net worth began to decline four years before a divorce took place.

“The paper shows divorces hurt people four years ahead of time”, Mr Zagorsky said. “I think some of these people are separating. Some of these people are disillusioned with the marriage and there is an impact from that”.

The research did not separate out the effects of having children or of remarriage.

Divorced men did better than divorced women, on average they had about 2⅓ times as much wealth. But in absolute terms, the difference amounted to only $5,124 (£2,900).

“Men do fare a little bit better in percentage terms, but absolutely there is not a big difference between men and women”, Mr Zagorsky said. “In absolute terms, becoming divorced really hurts both men and women”.

The study has implications for public policy in countries such as Britain, which in 2001 recorded the lowest number of marriages since 1897.

БРАК может сделать вас богатым - пока вы не остаться вместе и никогда не разводятся.

Исследование 9055 человек в Америке, гусеничных, так как они были подростками в 1979 году, показало, что те, кто женился и остался замуж накопленный почти в два раза личного богатства их отдельных коллег.

Большой угрозой для женатых людей был развод. В среднем, дробление стоимость замуж людей больше, чем три четверти их собственного капитала.

"Став замуж и остаться замуж действительно увеличить свое богатство", Джей Загорский, автор исследования, сказал вчера. "Но я бы не вступать в брак с идеей разбогатеть. Я думаю, что это ужасная идея, потому что если вы получаете недовольны ваш брак, развод уничтожит свое богатство ".

Центр Университета штата Огайо по исследованиям Human Resource собраны данные из субъектов, в настоящее время в их сороковых, путем опроса их раз в два года в течение более чем четверти века.

В исследовании, опубликованном в последнем номере журнала социологии, определяется богатство как общей стоимости активов лица, такие как недвижимость, акции и банковские счета, за вычетом их обязательств, таких как ипотечные кредиты.

Женатые участники оказались 93 процентов богаче, чем на одного человека в группе.

"Там, кажется, резкое сокращение расходов, когда люди женятся", сказал г-н Загорский. "Это просто дешевле для двух человек, чтобы жить, чем одному".

Но неудачный брак отменяет эту "эффект богатства". Разведенные участники видели их падение богатство так сильно, что они в конечном итоге 77 процентов беднее, чем одинокие люди.

В ходе опроса выяснилось, что собственный капитал начал снижаться за четыре года до развод состоялся.

"В работе показано, разводы людям больно четыре года раньше времени", сказал г-н Загорский. "Я думаю, что некоторые из этих людей отделения. Некоторые из этих людей являются разочаровался в браке и есть эффект от этого ".

Исследование не выделить эффекты, имеющие детей или от повторного брака.

Разведенные мужчины сделали лучше, чем разведенные женщины, в среднем у них было приблизительно 2⅓ раз больше богатства. Но в абсолютном выражении, разница составила всего $ 5124 (£ 2900).

"Мужчины делают тариф немного лучше в процентном отношении, но абсолютно нет большой разницы между мужчинами и женщинами", сказал г-н Загорский. "В абсолютном выражении, став развелись действительно больно и мужчины и женщины".

Исследование имеет значение для государственной политики в таких странах, как Великобритания, которая в 2001 году было зафиксировано рекордно низкое количество браков с 1897 года.

 

SEMINAR 6

 

1. What is functional style? Give the classification of styles.

2. What are the main demands which a good translator should meet in the process of translation of scientific literature? State the main ways of translating terms.

3. Describe the structure of a newspaper item. Explain the peculiarities of translating newspaper headlines (from English into Russian and vice versa). Comment on the ways of translation of clichés.

4. What does the problem of stylistic devices touch upon? How does it correlate with translation?

5. List the most widespread lexical and syntactical stylistic devices which should be born in mind when translating from English into Russian.

 

Practice task

I. Read the extracts from five sources and identify their functional style. Translate them into Russian.

 

№ п/п Text extract Type of style
  In fact, we may have already reached the diminishing point. We are seeing many dangerous signs of this usurpation of planetary production, foremost of which is the loss of other forms of life – extinctions. Before we reach 60 or 70 percent utilization of the NPP, we will witness an ecological crash. Hundreds of thousands of special will vanish because they will not be able to complete with us for food. These newly depleted ecosystems will be reduced to soil substrates into which we will have to force increasing amounts of chemicals to grow decreasing amounts of food. Every living system in the world today is in decline. Between 1975 and 2005, the world’s forests were reduced by 608 million acres. In 1991, 42 million acres were cut or destroyed, the highest rate of reduction in the history of humankind. Since that time, owing to efforts by governments and civil society, that figure has been reduced somewhat to 32 million acres. Of that total, 15 million acres are primary forests, ecosystems with no prior signs of human impact, which are the most biologically diverse lands of the world. Publistic literature
  Payment of this amount is to be effected upon expiration of the guarantee period within 30 days of receipt by the Buyers of the Seller’s invoice and provided there are no grounded claims from the Buyers. All Bank expenses for collection are to be paid as follows: - all expenses of the Bank of the Sellers’ country to be borne by the Sellers; - all expenses of the Bank for Foreign Trade of the RF to be borne by the Buyers. Official documents
  Abuse of the elderly must be treated with the same seriousness as child abuse, with police receiving special training to protect older people from what has become a “national scandal”, a charity said today. Newspaper
  Elizabeth found the interest of the subject increase, and listened with all her heart; but the delicacy of it prevented farther inquiry. Mr Wickham began to speak on more general topics, Meryton, the neighbourhood, the society, appearing highly pleased with all that he had yet seen, and speaking of the latter especially with gentle but very intelligible gallantry. letter
  A translated text, whether prose or poetry, fiction or non-fiction, is judged acceptable by most publishers, reviewers and readers when it reads fluently, when the absence of any linguistic or stylistic peculiarities makes it seem transparent, giving the appearance that it reflects the foreign writer’s personality or intention or the essential meaning of the foreign text – the appearance, in other words, the translation is not in fact a translation, but the ‘original”. Science

 

II. Find five examples of translating into English the titles of Russian literary works and vice versa.

 

III. Render the following sentences into Russian. Comment on the way of translating terms.

 

№ п/п English sentence Russian translation Way of translation
  Modern apprenticeships were originally introduced by the government as a means of developing key skills.   *modern apprenticeship - an arrangement that allows a school leaver to gain vocational qualifications while being trained in a job Профессионально-техническая подготовка выпускников школ была инициирована правительством как способ развития основных трудовых навыков. Analogous translation
  Usually small businesses (for-profit or nonprofit) have to carry out these activities themselves. Обычно малые предприятия (коммерческие или некоммерческие), должны выполнять сами эти мероприятия. эквивалент
  On the whole, these ESP systems have their origin on software that integrates information from different applications into one universal database. ERP system = enterprise resource planning system В целом, эти системы ESP имеют свое происхождение на программное обеспечение, которое интегрирует информацию из различных приложений в один универсальный базе данных. calque
  Other colonized peoples have invoked it with respect to the “brain drain”, or “human capital flight”   calque
  “Skill” stands for narrow, domain-specific ability.   definition
  With minor state involvements, the high school movement started at the grass-roots level, particularly the communities with the most homogeneous populations.   Semantic translation
  Particular needs often include special transportation services or waste-disposal services.     Establishment equivalent
  Social workers, to be true to their mission, must strive to benefit each individual as much as is possible, but they must also seek to change the systems themselves.     Calque, transcription
  Euler's identity is named after Leonhard Euler, one of the most prolific mathematicians of all times.   Establishment equivalent
  The aim of the facilitator is to guide the group’s thinking.   transcription

 

IV. Restore the following newspaper headlines into full sentences. Translate them into Russian.

 

№ п/п English headline Restored sentence Russian translation
  Britain and France to sign defense treaty    
  Reassessment of nation’s defences urgently required    
  British protesters arrested    
  Hero of wartime elephant Dankirk to be honoured    
  Activist released after NY protest    
  EU group votes to curb high-frequency trade    
  Cameron flunks the Magna Carta test    
  Spain to unveil more savage cuts    
  Male DNA found in women’s brains    
  UFO gives a dazzling show in night skies    

 

VI. Find some examples of translating clichés.

 

VII. Translate the following sentences into Russian and define the lexical stylistic device for each example.

 

Device English sentence Russian translation
  Corporate power “is something more than men,” wrote John Steinbeck. “It’s the monster. Men made it, but they can’t control it”.  
  America the Beautiful    
  ‘The Vandals were savages. They destroyed much, they created nothing. …’  
  Fifth column    
  Like pioneer plants, we were aggressive and competitive.    
  If you have money, you have advertising muscle, so you can control your editorial presence …  
  Because of distance from Mother England, they [colonists] were already autonomous in most practical day-to-day matters.  
  The collapse of the old information order scourged journalism with a poisonous blend of doubt and defiance.  
  … the launch of Lagerfeld’s ‘capsule’ collection for H&M was the consummation of a long-time hot and heavy flirtation between haute couture and high street  

 

VIII. Translate the following emphatic sentences into Russian. Comment on their original structures.

 

Type of construction English sentence Russian translation
  Not only food but fuel, water, and electricity can serve as limits to carrying capacity.  
  The best sales teams are successful not because of the sales methodology but because they have the best sales managers. sales team - группа сбыта  
  Only in recent years have HR scholars and professionals focused on developing models that can measure the values added by HR.  
  This is so, since it is a firm’s personnel who actually construct a good, or provide a service.  
  What’s so exciting about it from a technical point of view is how innovative the company has been since it was set up in 1815.  
  Like most designers at his level, Williamson is intent on creating his own style: ‘I don’t follow trends. If anything, I think it’s my job to create trends’.  
  Williamson says: ‘However big your company ultimately becomes, it’s vital you keep control over that’.  
  Perhaps the most obvious comparison is the partnership between Pierre Berge and Yves Saint Laurent. Partners in life as well as in business, they founded their company in 1961 …  
  Once the need for Internet recruiters was recognized, a professional organization was established.  
  The more a company recruits on the Internet, the greater the need for Internet recruiters.  

 

 

SEMINAR 7

 

1. What are the basic characteristics of a translation technique?

2. Comment on the cases of employing lexical translation techniques.

3. List the types of lexico-semantic modifications.

4. What lexico-grammatical transformations can be employed in the process of translation?

5. Explain the courses of grammatical transformations.

6. State the main types of grammatical transformations.

Practice task

I. Translate the following words and word combinations into Russian and state the lexical translation technique you employed.

 

№ п/п SL word Translation Way of translation
  культ личности    
  media event    
  сени    
  baby-box    
  силовики    
  recruiter    
  old country    
  queen mother    
  upgrade (e.g. of a device)    
  warhead    
  black economy    
  visiting professor    
  roller coaster    
  вечный огонь (у мемориала)    
  job fair    
  health maintenance    
  dress-down Friday    
  shuttle diplomacy    
  тамада    
  labor spy    

 

II. Translate these sentences into Russian and state the lexico-grammatical techniques you had to resort to. The first two sentences are given as an example.

 

English sentence Russian translation
He also gave money to a small North Carolina college, which became Duke University. Он также пожертвовал деньги на маленький колледж в Северной Каролине, который позже приобрел статус университета и был назван в честь своего мецената «Дьюк юнивесити».   Addition
For example, over many years corporations have created enough wealth to raise living standards dramatically in industrialized nations. Например, за много лет корпорации накопили достаточный запас материальных ценностей, чтобы значительно поднять жизненный уровень населения в промышленно развитых странах.   nation - 1) народ, нация; народность; 2) государство, страна   Specification
University professors sing the praises of Einstein, Socrates, and occasionally a more prestigious version of ‘Mr. Chips’.     *Мистер Чипс - центральный персонаж книги Дж. Хилтона [Hilton, James] " До свидания, мистер Чипс" [" Goodbye, Mr. Chips"] (1935) и одноименного фильма по ней (1939); учитель латыни, отдающий все силы и любовь своим ученикам. Синоним учителя, преданного своему делу.
He [Duke] installed Bonsak machines in four new manufacturing plants that soon ran 24 hours a day.    
Child labour, once widespread in the United States, is no longer permitted, but exists in other nations.  
The past 20 years have seen novel changes in sentencing practices …  
Other conceptions of labor dispense with these assumptions.    
All successful designers, from an icon like Gaultier to a young tyro emerging from the backstreets of New York, understand that they are running a business.  
Hopefully tomorrow's public relations practitioners will exercise more ethical control than some of their earlier forerunners.    
In the 1980s, much academic ink was spilled over the “productivity paradox,” where businesses had invested heavily in information technology over the preceding two decades, but, despite the capital outlay, had very little to show for their efforts.  
In October 2005 he [Williamson] added an additional, iridescent feather to his cap by being appointed as the designer at Emilio Pucci.  
There are millions of candidates online, reviewing hundreds of thousands of job openings listed at thousands of career sites on the Web.  
Mass tourism did not really begin to develop, however, until two things had occurred.    
Zara is renowned for whisking budget interpretation of catwalk style into its stores with breathtaking speed.  

 

III. Translate the following sentences into Russian taking into account a ‘theme-rheme’ relation between the setting and the point being made.

 

№ п/п   English sentence Russian translation
  A variety of activities can be used to emphasize a woman’s development of the ability to create her own goals.  
  Holocaust memorials and museums have become important tourist destinations throughout Europe.  
  It’s worth noting that hand-painted poster boards are still used to advertise movies.  
  The cease-fire has gone into effect.  
  A long-standing relationship exists between sports and the notion of masculinity.  
  The Washington Post’s role in uncovering the Watergate scandal is another example of the media’s involvement in the national events.  
  Communications are effective in a performance improvement program because of the way our brains work. performance improvement program - программа по повышению производительности труда  

 

IV. Translate the following sentences into Russian and state the type of the grammatical transformation you resorted to.

 

Type of grammatical transformation English sentence Russian sentence
  Companies in ascending industries change societies by altering all three of their primary elements – ideas, institutions, and material things.    
  The Bradford Formula is used to calculate an “attendance score”.  
  So soon as this is recognized, the distinction between economy in consumption and economy in investment becomes blurred. For, up to a point, consumption is investment in personal productive capacity.    
  Prevent domination by individual members of the group by bringing in other people and asking cross-reference questions.    
  The theory is that short, frequent and unplanned absences are more disruptive than longer absences.  
  Communications are effective in a performance improvement program because of the way our brains work.  
  Our next stop is a factory floor, where four cutting tables can cut as many as 8,000 garments a day.  
  Bowling is another sport in which a number of presidents actively participated in while in the White House.    
  Clearly, a focus on practice is fundamental.  
  Many persons are unaware that these crimes exist.  
  The Internet is a valuable recruiting tool, especially for reaching prospective employees in their twenties and thirties.    
  This scenario is routine, happening literally hundreds of thousands of times in jurisdictions throughout the United States each year.  
  The UN Development Program says the goal of in­vestment and trade liberalization is to improve the quality of life.  
  But I won’t pretend to be a detached, disinterested observer. Nobody believes in them anymore anyway.  

 

 

V. Analyze the following article from the point of view of employing translation techniques.

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