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Unit 3. The Physiology of the nervous system
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Правила чтения: Буква о перед Id, st.
Словообразование: Суффиксы -ize (-ise); -ancy, -ency; -ant, -ent; -ness Грамматика: Времена Perfect Passive. Усилительная конструкция it is...
that. Формы инфинитива. Перфектный инфинитив после модальных
глаголов.
LESSON 21
HOME ASSIGNMENTS
Запомните:
1. Буква о перед Id и st читается [эи]: cold [kauld] холодный; простуда; post [paust] почта.
2. При помощи суффикса -ize [aiz] образуются глаголы. Вариантами этого суффикса являются -yse, -yze, -ise: summarize резюмировать; analyse анализировать.
3. -ancy, -ency - суффиксы существительных: infancy f'infsnsi] младенчество; insufficiency недостаточность.
4. -ant, -ent- суффиксы прилагательных: constant постоянный; significant важный, существенный.
5. Суффикс -ness образует существительное от прилагательного: weak слабый — weakness слабость.
I. Прочитайте следующие слова:
old, told, bold, hold, fold, sold, host, most
II. Прочитайте и переведите следующие слова:
а) realize, recognize, criticize, generalize, specialize
б) sufficiency, urgency, persistency, emergency, deficiency, dependency, efficiency
в) distant, present, absent, important, dependent, different r) badness, readiness, coldness, whiteness, redness
III. Выполните следующие задания и ответьте на вопросы:
I. Дайте формулу страдательного залога группы Indefinite. Употребите глагол to write по этой формуле. 2. Поставьте вспомогательный глагол to be из формулы to be + III форма в Perfect. Какую формулу вы получили?
3. К какому залогу и к какой группе времен вы отнесете эту формулу?
4. Какой глагол в формуле Perfect Passive to have been + HI форма (written)
изменяется по временам, лицам и числам? 5. Как образуются отрицательная и вопросительная формы? (см. с. 271)
IV.* Найдите сказуемые, определите время каждого сказуемого и дайте формулу, по которой они образованы:
1. The direction of the nerve fibers has already been established experimentally. 2. Several new medical schools have been founded in our country recently. 3. The exact amount of the blood in the experimental animal has just been estimated.
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V.* Найдите и переведите предложения со сказуемыми в страдательном залоге:
1. The doctor has treated the patient with pneumonia. 2.1 have been treated at this clinic. 3. The professor has just delivered the lecture on the exchange of gases in the lungs. 4. The lecture on the exchange of gases in the lungs has been delivered today.
VI. Прочитайте следующие предложения, сравните их перевод и ответьте на вопросы, данные ниже:
I. M. Sechenov investigated blood gases in 1858. И. М. Сеченов исследовал газы крови в 1858 году.
It was Sechenov who investigated blood gases in 1858. Именно Сеченов исследовал газы крови в 1858 году.
It was blood gases that Sechenov investigated in 1858. Именно газы крови исследовал Сеченов в 1858 году.
It was not until 1858 that Sechenov investigated blood gases. (Именно) только в 1858 году Сеченов исследовал газы крови.
Какая конструкция в английских предложениях соответствует русскому «именно», «только»? Для чего она употребляется? (см. с. 289)
VII.* Переведите следующие предложения:
1. It is in the alveoli that the respiratory metabolism takes place. 2. It is hemoglobin that carries oxygen to different tissues of the human body. 3. It was not until 1628 that blood circulation was described by William Harvey.
VIII. Используйте усилительную конструкцию для выделения членов предложения (письменно):
Prof. Lesgaft understood well the importance of physical culture.
IX. Прочитайте и переведите следующие слова:
mechanism ['mekanizm], cortex ['ko:teks], communication [k3,mju:ni'keijn], stimuli ['stimjulai], summarize ['sAmaraiz], analyse ['aenalaiz], constant [Tomstant], hypothalamus [^laipr/Gaslamas]
X. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания:
complicate ['komplikeit] v усложнять, осложнять; complicated ['knmphkeitid] а сложный; запутанный
directly [di'rekth] adv прямо; непосредственно; немедленно
ear [is] л ухо
sense [sens] n чувство, ощущение; смысл, значение
pain [pem] и боль
smell [smel] n обоняние; запах; v обонять; пахнуть
feeling ['fi:lirj] n чувство, ощущение
order ['о:йэ] п порядок; приказ; v назначать, прописывать; заказывать {лекарство); in order to для того, чтобы
move [mu:v] v шевелиться; двигать(ся), передвигать(ся)
area ['еэпэ] п область; поле; пространство
control [kan'trsul] n контроль; управление, проверка; v управлять; контролировать; купировать {боль, болезнь); проверять
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vision ['vi3(a)n] п зрение
almost ['otlmaust] adv почти; едва не
XI. 1. Прочитайте текст А. 2. Найдите и переведите предложения, содержащие а) усилительный оборот; б) Present Perfect Passive. 3. Найдите английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний и выучите их:
органы чувств, по поводу (Л) боли, многое другое, двигательный отдел коры головного мозга
4. Составьте план текста:
Text A. The Brain
Scientists consider that our brain is the most complicated mechanism which has ever been constructed.
The weight of the human brain is from one to two kg (kilograms). It has a volume of about 3.21 litres and consists of about 12 billion (миллиард) cells. It has been determined by the scientists that each cell is connected to the other directly or indirectly by nerve fibers.
The brain is the centre of a wide system of communication. It has been found out that a constant flow of stimuli comes into the brain through the spinal cord. The stimuli come to the brain from our eyes, ears, and other sense organs for pain, temperature, smell and other feelings. When all the received stimuli have been summarized and analysed the brain sends orders through the nerve fibers in the spinal cord to different parts of the human body. It is due to these orders that one eats, moves, hears, sees and does many other things.
To estimate the functions of different areas of the brain many experiments have been carried out by the investigators. It is due to such experiments that the investigators have been able to determine those areas of the brain which control vision, hearing, physical movements and even emotions.
Due to experimental studies it has been determined that the motor cortex controlling many body movements of the human being becomes tired rapidly. But the hypothalamus which controls such functions as blood pressure is almost never tired.
CLASS ASSIGNMENTS
XII. Say the following sentences in the Past and Future Perfect Passive:
1. The work has been completed. 2. The important findings have been proved. 3. The number of leucocytes has been counted. 4. A female patient has been transferred to the hospital.
XIII. Make the following sentences negative and interrogative:
1. The new methods of research had been included into my work. 2. The course of treatment has been prolonged. 3. The structure of the pancreas will have been described in the new book.
XIV. Use the construction 'it is (was)... that' to emphasize the parts of the sentence in bold type:
1. The motor cortex controls many movements of the human being. 2. During the systole both ventricles of the heart contract. 3. On deep respiration the vital capacity of the lungs may become 6 litres. 4. In 1538 Andreas Vesalius published his six-volume work "Tabulae Anatomicae".
XV. Translate into Russian:
1. constant communications between sense organs; 2. a complicated case; 3. in the heart area; 4. the feeling of pain; 5. to control a disease; 6. to examine hearing; 7. to analyse the disfunction of movements
XVI. Choose the nouns that can be used with the given verbs:
to control, to move, to send
findings, head, disease, pain, hands, movements, patient, respiration, letter, heartbeat, order, vision, legs
XVII. Choose the verbs that can be used with the given nouns:
the pain can (be discharged, be estimated, be controlled)
the area can (be extended, be published, be pumped)
the smell can (be covered, be entered, be felt)
the vision can (be breathed in, be investigated, be complicated)
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XVIII. Read the passage and say what interesting things you have learned:
If the human being has a bad headache he often feels pain within the skull. But really the nerves through which pain stimuli pass exist mainly in the blood vessels and nervous system, but not in the proper substance of the brain. So the brain itself does not feel pain.
XIX. Memorize the words. Translate the sentences:
feed [fi:d] (fed, fed) v кормить(ся), питать(ся); feeding [Ti:dirj] питание. The mother feeds her infant. Milk is the main feeding of an infant.
obtain [ab'tem] v приобретать; получать; доставать. During our life we obtain much experience.
develop [di'velsp] v развивать(ся); обнаруживать(ся); появляться, разрабатывать, создавать. The patient developed a bad pain in the stomach.
supply [sa'plai] v обеспечивать, снабжать; питать; п питание; снабжение; запас. Blood supply may become decreased in some heart disease.
response [n'spDns] n ответ; реакция. The response to the treatment was rapid.
XX. Translate the words with the same root:
condition, conditioned, unconditioned; protect, protective, protection; production, productive, produce; add, addition, additional, additionally; developed, developing, development
XXI. Read, translate, and name the suffixes in the following words:
general, generalize; dependent, dependency; weak, weakness; insufficiency, insufficient; analysis, analyse; red, redness; infant, infancy
XXII. Read Text B. Translate it. State the difference between conditioned and unconditioned reflexes:
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