Главная | Обратная связь | Поможем написать вашу работу!
МегаЛекции

Unit 5. Infectious diseases




Грамматика: Условные предложения. Сослагательное наклонение.

LESSON 48

HOME ASSIGNMENTS I.* Определите значение слова 'if:

I. If there is common bile duct obstruction jaundice usually develops. 2. The surgeon wanted to know if all the surgical instruments necessary for the operation had already been adequately sterilized. 3. Persons who have been in contact with the sick may be infected with hepatitis if prophylactic vaccination against it is not carried out.

II. Прочтите предложения и сравните их с переводом на русский язык. Обратите внимание на выделенные сказуемые. Ответьте на вопросы:

I. a) Ifhe is at the Institute -tomorrow he will see my brother.

Если он будет в институте завтра, он увидит моего брата.

II. 6) If he were at the Institute tomorrow he would see my brother.

Если бы он был в институте завтра, он увидел бы моего брата, в) If you took this drug now you would feel an immediate relief.

Если бы вы приняли это лекарство сейчас, вы почувствовали бы немедленное облегчение.

III. г) Ifhe had been at the Institute yesterday, he would have seen my brother.

Если бы он был в институте вчера, он увидел бы моего брата, д) If he had taken this drug yesterday he would have felt an immediate relief.

Если бы он принял это лекарство вчера, он почувствовал бы немедленное облегчение. 1. Какое условие выражает предложение I (а), и к какому времени относится действие в этом предложении? 2. В каком времени стоят глаголы в I типе условных предложений? Как переводятся на русский язык эти предложения? 3. Какое условие выражают предложения II (б), (в), и к какому времени относится действие в этих предложениях? 4. В каком времени стоят глаголы во II типе условных предложений? Как они переводятся на русский язык? 5. Какое условие выражают предложения III (г), (д), и к какому времени относится действие в этих предложениях? 6. В каком времени стоят глаголы в III типе условных предложений? Как они переводятся на русский язык?

III. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите тип условных предложений:

1. If biopsy had revealed cancer cells in the lung, the patient would have been operated on. 2. If the temperature is extremely high viruses will not survive. 3. The gastric juice would contain much mucus if the examined patient had carcinoma. 4. The patient would not have developed severe anaemia, if he had not suffered profuse external bleeding because of a bad injury.

IV. Дайте полную форму бессоюзных придаточных условных предложений:

1. Had obstruction not been controlled, the patient would have undergone an emergency surgery. 2. Could the nurse carry out this procedure herself, she would not ask the doctor to help her. 3. Were I in your place, I should discontinue penicillin treatment. 4. Had the pain not radiated to the substernal area, the diagnosis of angina pectoris would have been excluded.

V. Прочтите предложения, обратите внимание на выделенные слова и их перевод. Ответьте на вопросы и выполните задание:


 

 


а) If he were not ill he would be at the Institute today (tomorrow). Were he not ill, he would be at the Institute today (tomorrow). If he had not been ill he would have been at the Institute yesterday.

б) It is necessary that he should examine the patient immediately. It is desirable that she be at the clinic at 2 o'clock.

It is important that he take this book.

в) The doctor insists that this pro­cedure be carried out immedi­ately.

I wish he be well again as soon as possible.

r) She looks as if(as though) she were ill.

д) You must keep your bed lest you should have a complication. He repeated his experiments many times so that he might get the exact data.

Если бы он не болел, он был бы в институте сегодня (завтра).

Если бы он не болел, он был бы в институте вчера.

Необходимо, чтобы он осмотрел больного немедленно.

Желательно, чтобы она была в кли­нике в 2 часа.

Важно, чтобы он взял эту книгу.

Врач настаивает, чтобы эта проце­дура была выполнена немед­ленно.

Как я хотел бы, чтобы он выздоро­вел как можно скорее!

Она выглядит так, как будто бы она больна.

Вы должны лежать в постели, что­бы не было осложнения.

Он повторял эксперименты много раз, чтобы можно было полу­чить точные данные.


1. Что выражает сослагательное наклонение? 2. Как передается в английском языке сослагательное наклонение? 3. Определите виды придаточных предложений, в которых употребляется сослагательное наклонение. 4. Как образуется сослагательное наклонение в русском языке?

VI. * Переведите предложения и объясните перевод:

1, It is necessary that the group of blood be determined before the transfusion is given to the patient. 2. The physician suggested that the electrocardiogram should be repeated. 3. He looked as ifhe were very tired. 4. It is not very likely that hemoglobin level should increase in the course of the disease. 5. It is better to operate on immediately lest the appendix should rupture. 6. The doctor insisted that chemotherapy be discontinued. 7.1 wish the findings of the laboratory analyses be better.

VII. Прочтите слова, которые совпадают с русским значением, а затем слова, которые не совпадают:

immunity [i'mju:niti], invasion [in'vei3n], natural ['naetjral], absolute ['aebsaluit], antidote ['aentidout], specific [spi'sifik], neutralize ['nju:tralaiz], vital ['vaitl]

VIII. Выучите следующие слова. Переведите предложения:

lack [laek] v нехватать, недоставать; и недостаток,нехватка, отсутствие. The patient was lacking red blood cells.

relative ['relativ] а относительный; relative to smth относительно чего- л., по поводу чего-л. Relative association was established in those two cases. This article was relative to the latest developments in genetics.

previous ['pri;vjas] а предшествующий, предыдущий. The previous attack of pain was particularly severe.

injure [lind33] v повреждать, поражать, травмировать. The patient developed acute pain because of the injured leg.

inject [in'd3ekt] v вводить (лекарство); делать инъекцию. Tuberculin was injected to this patient.

subcutaneous ['sAbkju'teinjas] а подкожный. Subcutaneous injections were given to this patient daily.

employ [im'pbi] v применять, использовать

IX. Образуйте новые слова при помощи префиксов и переведите их: sub-: cutaneous, cortical, febrile, serous, sternal, mucous;

in-: sufficient, direct, active, adequate, digestion, complete

X. 1. Прочтите текст А. 2. Найдите и переведите предложение, содер­жащее сослагательное наклонение. 3. Выпишите английские эквивален­ты следующих словосочетаний:

прямой контакт, особое свойство сопротивляемости, в (при) различных условиях, выздоровление наступает, наличие любой инфекции

4. Напишите аннотацию этого текста:

Text A. Immunity

Infectious diseases are known to be caused by the invasion and growth of microorganisms in the human body. Infection may result from direct contact with patients or from indirect one.

But the human organism is known to have a specific capacity of resistance against infection, which is called immunity, it being natural and artificial. Under various conditions it may be entirely lacking, it may be relative, rarely it may be absolute. A previous attack of an infectious disease produces a more or less permanent protection against its subsequent infection.

In the course of their growth in the body many pathogenic microorganisms produce virulent poisons or toxins, they causing the characteristic symptoms of a particular disease. To meet the infection the cells of the body produce a chemical antidote which is specific for this particular infection and is known as an antitoxin. If the patient can produce a sufficient amount of this antidote to neutralize the toxins before the vital organs are injured recovery occurs. If the human body had not this capacity we should suffer from all infectious diseases.

If the toxin can be isolated from bacterial cultures and injected into men an artificial immunity can be produced which results from the formation of antitoxin.

The cellular elements of the tissues also take an active part in the protection of the organism against the infection. The presence of any infection usually produces leucocytosis and bacteria in the tissues are surrounded by white cells or phagocytes which prevent the spread of bacteria destroying them.

If the reaction against invading bacteria is insufficient, vaccines may be injected subcutaneously to produce a more active resistance of the protective mechanisms of the body. Vaccines are employed not only to contribute to the treatment of a disease, but to establish an active artificial immunity.

CLASS ASSIGNMENTS

XI. Translate the following sentences:

1. If Anton Leeuwenhock (1632-1723) [iiu:anhuk] had not discovered the specific power (силу) of lenses, he should not have seen the world of microbes.

2. The patient's sclerae were yellow as ifhe had jaundice. 3. The patient must be given vaccination lest he should become infected. 4. Chronic gastritis would not be so dangerous to life if the patient were not so young. 5. It is likely that the symptoms should recur since the process of inflammation has not been controlled yet. 6. It is necessary that the patient be administered a strict diet to control gastric pains.

XII. Pick out the appropriate phrase fo end the sentences:

1. If the human body had no resistance capacity... (a) people would develop any infectious diseases; 6) even direct contacts with infected people would never result in diseases) 2. If a previous attack of a certain infectious disease did not produce a more or less permanent immunity... (a) all of us would be immune (невосприимчивые) to any subsequent attack of this particular infection; 6) people would lack resistance to subsequent infection) 3. If all of us had absolute immunity... (a) antitoxins would not be able to neutralize toxins; 6) no infectious disease would ever develop in the human organism)

XIII. Finish the sentences using Complex Object:

1. In the practical therapy class the students watched... (а) как сестра делала больным подкожные и внутримышечные инъекции; б) как оперировали больного с закупоркой желчных протоков) 2. The scientists have found... (а) что фагоциты окружают и разрушают бактерии, проникшие в ткани; б) что антитоксины нейтрализуют действие токсинов)

XIV. Pick out the sentences corresponding fo Text A:

1. a) Artificial immunity results from prophylactic vaccination, b) Artificial immunity is due to the formation of specific antitoxins. 2. a) Immunity may vary depending on various conditions, b) Immunity may be present only in certain persons. 3. a) Toxins produce the characteristic symptoms of a particular infectious disease, b) Some microorganisms, like mucobacterium tuberculosis, produce little or no toxin during growth.

XV. 1. Read Text B. 2. Determine the meaning of the words in bold type from the context. 3. Say about what Pasteur spoke in his lecture. 4. What conclusion have you come to having read the text?

Text B. Asepsis

If all the works carried out by the great French researcher Pasteur were divided into three groups they would form three great discoveries.

The first one might be formulated thus: "Each fermentation is produced by the development of a particular microbe."

The second one might be given this formula: "Each infectious disease is produced by the development of a particular microbe within the human organism."

The third one might be the following: "The microbe of an infectious disease, under certain conditions, is attenuated1 in its pathogenic activity; from a microbe it becomes a vaccine."

In 1878 while delivering his lecture on the theory of microbes at the Academy of Sciences in Paris Pasteur said that if he were a surgeon, who knew of the dangers produced by microbes existing on the surface of every object, particularly in hospitals, not only should he use clean instruments, but after washing his hands with the greatest care, he would employ only those bandages and charpie2 which had been heated to a temperature of 130° or 150°C.

If he employed the water he would heat it to a temperature of 110° or 120°C, since observation had shown the clearest water to contain still greater number of microbes.

Had those principles of asepsis, on which Pasteur insisted, not been strictly followed in medicine thousands and thousands of human lives would have been lost because of sepsis.

Notes

1. to attenuate [a'tenjueit]—ослаблять, разбавлять

2. charpie l'Japi]—карпия, льняные нитки для перевязки ран

LESSON 49

HOME ASSIGNMENTS

I. Запомните чтение следующих слов. Найдите их перевод ниже: diphtheria [dif,0iaria], prostration [pras'treijan], tonsil f'tonsi], larynx

['laerrjks], toxemia [tok'simia], delirium [di'liriam], disintegrate [dis'intigreit]

отравление крови (заражение крови); прострация, изнеможение; бред; бредовое состояние; распадаться; дифтерит миндалевидная железа; гортань

II. Выучите следующие слова: backache ['baekeik] п боль в спине smear ['smia] п мазок

culture ['kAltja] п посев; выращивание бактерий extreme [iks'tn:m]а крайний; чрезвычайный convalescence [,konva'lesns] п выздоровление

fatal ['feitl] а летальный, смертельный

outcome ['autk/vm] n исход

III. 1. Прочтите текст С. 2. Найдите и переведите предложения, содержащие: а) сослагательное наклонение; б) сложное дополнение; в) сложное подлежащее; г) самостоятельный причастный оборот. 3. Выпишите английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

температура была непостоянной, пульс был неправильный, незначительно увеличенное количество, мазок был взят на посев, налеты на миндалинах, очищение горла

4. Перескажите текст от лица врача:

Text С. Diphtheria

The patient was a seven-year-old girl. Her fever was irregular and considerably elevated. The general symptoms, such as headache and backache were not severe, but her pulse was weak and irregular. The urinalysis revealed protein to be present in a slightly increased amount.

The patient's throat being examined, the physician noticed it be coated with a membrane. To make an adequate diagnosis the smear was taken for culture which revealed diphtheria bacilli. If diphtheria bacilli had not been revealed in the smear the doctor might have doubted the diagnosis.

The disease having progressed, prostration became marked. The membranes which had been seen at first on the tonsils were spreading to the pharynx and larynx.

The patient received an adequate treatment with diphtheria antitoxin which contributed to the clearing up of the throat. Had the antitoxin treatment not been employed so soon toxemia would have been intense and delirium and prostration extreme or heart failure, respiratory paralysis or bronco-pneumonia might have developed.

After four or five days the membrane which had been extending over the tonsils, pharynx, and larynx began to loosen (зд. разрыхляться) and disintegrate. In 10 days convalescence was noted to have advanced favourably and the danger of a fatal outcome was considered to have been completely eliminated.

IV. * Выберите предложения в сослагательном наклонении:

1. The bacteriologist was sure that the blood smear would reveal cocci. 2. If it were a severe form of diphtheria it would be characterized by general prostration, cardiac depression and even anaemia. 3. The physician did not doubt that the smear culture would reveal diphtheria bacilli. 4. Had the temperature been accompanied by vomiting, headache and chills the diagnosis of diphtheria would have been possible. 5. Subcutaneous injections of antibiotics should be given regularly lest the disease progressed.

V. Переведите, употребив сослагательное наклонение (письменно):

1. На вашем месте я назначил бы больному повторный анализ. 2. Врач настаивал, чтобы больной наблюдался по поводу отдаленных результатов в течение года. 3. У больного были такие желтые склеры, как будто бы он болел желтухой.

VI. Пользуясь ключевыми словами, напишите историю болезни:

to be admitted to the hospital, to complain of, on physical examination, symptoms, to reveal, laboratory findings, antitoxin treatment, the course of the disease, convalescence

CLASS ASSIGNMENTS

VII. Translate the following word combinations:

1. летальный исход; 2. мазок крови; 3. обложенный язык; 4. тяжелое отравление крови; 5. бредовое состояние; 6. чрезвычайное утомление; 7. выздоровление было гладким (без осложнений)

VIII. Choose a noun that can be used as an attribute of each of the nouns given below:

blood, diphtheria, lymph node, barium, emergency, tissue, incubation

antitoxin, biopsy, meal, surgery, degeneration, period, smear

IX. Choose the verbs to be used with the nouns:

to complain of, to support, to prescribe, to sterilize, to eliminate, to remove

a strict diet, chills, the danger, the theory, a benign tumour, surgical instruments

X. Translate the following sentences:

1. If chemotherapy had not been discontinued last week liver damage would have become too severe. 2. Profuse external bleeding had to be controlled in time lest the patient would die. 3. The physician insisted that the patient should follow a strict diet. 4. This idea is likely to be supported by everybody. 5. It is important that all surgical instruments be sterilized adequately.

XI. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the words given in bold type:

1. Looking back at the great discoveries of science many of them seem so simple. 2. Having been sterilized for only a few minutes the instruments were not considered to be harmless. 3. A little barium meal was given to the patient when the filling defect was being revealed. 4. Does the atmospheric air contain little or much moisture at the seaside? 5. Few effects of gastric ulcer are marked in patients during remissions, but inadequate diet is responsible for their recurrence.

XII. 1. Translate the extract using a dictionary. 2. Entitle it. Say what Dr. Martin undertook to save the girl's life:

TextD

Mary was a child of seven or eight. Doctor Marlin found her lips and fingers blue, and her face pale. From time to time she made an effort to breathe deeply and coughed up much saliva with grayish specks.

It was, he considered, quinsy or diphtheria. Probably diphtheria. No time now for bacteriological examinations and many other clinical tests. The doctor was watching the girl nervously trying her pulse again and again.

Doctor Martin decided to get diphtheria antitoxin from me nearby town and asked the child's father to ring up the chemist's there.

Martin was waiting nervously looking at the child. Her hoarse breathing became terrible. Should he operate: cut into the larynx so that she might breathe? He had to do something. "Get a few hot towels and keep them around her neck," Martin said to the child's mother. At that moment the child's father appeared telling him that there was nobody at the chemist's. "Then listen. I am afraid this may be serious. I must get some antitoxin. I am going to drive to town myself. You continue these hot applications. And the room must be moister. So keep a little boiling water here. No use of medicine now. I'll be back soon."

From "Arrowsmith" by Sinclair Lewis. (Adapted)

LESSON 50

HOME ASSIGNMENTS Revision

Поделиться:





Воспользуйтесь поиском по сайту:



©2015 - 2024 megalektsii.ru Все авторские права принадлежат авторам лекционных материалов. Обратная связь с нами...