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The muscles of the forearm
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The anterior group
The superficial layer
Pronator teres (m. pronator teres /круглый пронатор)
· Origin. From the common flexor origin on the medial epicondyle of the humerus.
· Insertion. The lateral surface of the shaft of the radius.
· Action. Pronation of the forearm.
· Nerve supply. Median nerve.
Flexor carpi radialis (m. flexor carpi radialis /лучевой сгибатель запястья)
· Origin. From the common flexor origin.
· Insertion. The base of metacarpals 2 and 3.
· Actions. Flexion and abduction of wrist.
· Nerve supply. Median nerve.
Palmaris longus (m. palmaris longus /длинная ладонная мышца)
· Origin. From the common flexor origin.
· Insertion. The flexor retinaculum and the palmar aponeurosis.
· Action. Flexor of the wrist (muscle оften absent).
· Nerve supply. Median nerve.
Flexor carpi ulnaris (m. flexor carpi ulnaris /локтевой сгибатель запястья)
· Origin. From the common flexor origin and the posterior border of the ulna.
· Insertion. To the pisiform and thence by the pisometacarpal ligament to the 5th metacarpal.
· Actions. Flexion and adduction of the wrist.
· Nerve supply. Ulnar nerve.
The deep layers
Flexor digitorum superficial (m. flexor digitorum superficiallis /поверхностный сгибатель пальцев)
· Origin. From the common flexor origin and the shaft of the radius.
· Insertion. To the sides of the middle phalanges of the four fingers. The tendons are perforated by the tendons of flexor digitorum profundus.
· Actions. Flexion of the proximal two phalanges and of the wrist.
· Nerve supply. Median nerve.
Flexor pollicis longus (m. flexor pollicis longus /длинный сгибатель большого пальца кисти)
· Origin. From the front of the shaft of the radius.
· Insertion. To the distal phalanx of the thumb.
· Actions. Flexion of all the joints of the thumb.
· Nerve supply. Median nerve.
Flexor digitorum profundus (m. flexor digitorum profundus /глубокий сгибатель пальцев)
· Origin. From the front of the shaft of the ulna and its posterior border.
· Insertion. To the distal phalanges of the four fingers, the tendons passing through those of flexor digitorum superficialis.
· Actions. Flexion of the fingers and the wrist.
· Nerve supply. Half by the median nerve and half by the ulnar nerve.
Pronator quadratus (m. pronator quadratus /квадратный пронатор)
· Origin. From the lower end of the front of the radius.
· Insertion. To the lower end of the ulna.
· Action. Pronator of the forearm.
· Nerve supply. Median nerve.
The posterior group
The superficial layer
Brachioradialis (m. brachioradialis /плечелучевая мышца)
· Origin. The lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus.
· Insertion. The lower end of the radius.
· Action. Flexion of the elbow.
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· Nerve supply. Radial nerve.
Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis (mm. extensor carpi radialis longus et brevis /длинный и короткий лучевые разгибатели запястья)
· Origin. From the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus.
· Insertion. To the bases of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpals.
· Actions. Extension and abduction of the wrist.
· Nerve supply. Radial nerve.
Extensor digitorum (m. extensor digitorum /разгибатель пальцев)
· Origin. From the common extensor origin on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
· Insertion. To the bases of the middle and distal phalanges of the four fingers via the extensor expansion.
· Actions. Extension of the fingers and of the wrist (but see also the lumbricals and inlerossei).
· Nerve supply. Radial (posterior interosseous) nerve.
Extensor digiti minimi (m. extensor digiti minimi /разгибатель мизинца)
· Origin. From the common extensor origin.
· Insertion. To the extensor expansion of the little finger.
· Action. Extension of the little finger.
· Nerve supply. Radial (posterior interosseous) nerve.
Extensor carpi ulnaris (m. extensor carpi ulnaris /локтевой разгибатель запястья)
· Origin. From the common extensor origin and from the posterior border of the ulna.
· Insertion. To the base of the 5th metacarpal.
· Actions. Extension and adduction of the wrist.
· Nerve supply. Radial (posterior interosseous) nerve.
The deep layer
Supinator (m. supinator /супинатор)
· Origin. From the lateral side of the humerus and the ulna.
· Insertion. It wraps around the radius from behind to be inserted into the upper part of its shaft.
· Action. Supination.
· Nerve supply. Radial (posterior interosseous) nerve.
Abductor pollicis longus (m. abductor pollicis longus /длинная мышца, отводящая большой палец кисти)
· Origin. From the posterior surfaces of the radius and ulna.
· Insertion. To the base of the 1st metacarpal.
· Actions. Abduction and extension of the thumb.
· Nerve supply. Radial (posterior interosseous) nerve.
Extensor pollicis brevis (m. extensor pollicis brevis /короткий разгибатель большого пальца кисти)
· Origin. From the back of the radius.
· Insertion. To the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb.
· Action. Extension of the proximal phalanx of the thumb.
· Nerve supply. Radial (posterior interosseous) nerve.
Extensor pollicis longus (m. extensor pollicis longus /длинный разгибатель большого пальца кисти)
· Origin. From the back of the ulna.
· Insertion. Into the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb.
· Actions. Extension of all the joints of the thumb.
· Nerve supply. Radial (posterior interosseous) nerve.
Extensor indicis (m. extensor indicis /разгибатель указательного пальца)
· Origin. From the back of the ulna.
· Insertion. To the side of the extensor digitorum tendon to the index finger.
· Action. Helps to extend the index finger.
· Nerve supply. Radial (posterior interosseous) nerve.
The muscles of the hand
The thenar muscles
Abductor pollicis brevis (m. abductor pollicis brevis /короткая мышца, отводящая большой палец кисти)
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· Origin. From the flexor retinaculum and adjacent carpal bones.
· Insertion. To the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb.
· Action. Abduction of the thumb.
· Nerve supply. Median nerve.
Flexor pollicis brevis (m. flexor pollicis brevis /короткий сгибатель большого пальца кисти)
· Origin. From the flexor retinaculum and adjacent carpal hones.
· Insertion. To the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb. Its tendon contains a sesamoid bone.
· Action. Flexion of the proximal phalanx of the thumb.
· Nerve supply. Median nerve.
Adductor pollicis (m. adductor pollicis /мышца, приводящая большой палец кисти)
· Origin. Oblique head from the bases of metacarpals; transverse head from the shaft of the 3rd metacarpal.
· Insertion. To the base of the medial side of the proximal phalanx of the thumb. The tendon contains a sesamoid bone.
· Action. Adduction of the thumb.
· Nerve supply. Deep branch of the ulnar nerve.
Opponens pollicis (m. opponens pollicis /мышца, противопоставляющая большой палец кисти)
· Origin. From the flexor retinaculum and adjacent carpal bones.
· Insertion. To the shaft of the 1st metacarpal.
· Action. Produces opposition of the thumb.
· Nerve supply. Median nerve.
The hypothenar muscles
Palmaris brevis (m. palmaris brevis /короткая ладонная мышца)
· Origin. From the flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis.
· Insertion. To the skin of the ulnar border of the palm.
· Action. Tenses the palmar aponeurosis.
· Nerve supply. Ulnar nerve.
Abductor digiti minimi (m. abductor digiti minimi /мышца, отводящая мизинец)
· Origin. From the pisiform bone.
· Insertion. To the base of the proximal phalanx of the little finger.
· Action. Abduction of the little finger.
· Nerve supply. Ulnar nerve.
Flexor digiti minimi brevis (m. flexor digiti minimi brevis /короткий сгибатель мизинца)
· Origin. From the flexor retinaculum and adjacent carpal bone.
· Insertion. To the base of the proximal phalanx of the little finger.
· Action. Flexes the proximal phalanx of the little finger.
· Nerve supply. Ulnar nerve.
Opponens digiti minimi (m. opponens digiti minimi /мышца, противопоставляющая мизинец)
· Origin. From the flexor retinaculum and adjacent carpal bones.
· Insertion. To the shaft of the fifth metacarpal.
· Action. Opposition of the little finger.
· Nerve supply. Ulnar nerve.
The middle muscles of the hand
The lumbrical muscles (mm. lumbricales /червеобразные мышцы)
· Origins. The four muscles arise from the sides of the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus.
· Insertions. To the lateral sides of the dorsal extensor expansions of the extensor digitorum tendon.
· Actions. Flexion of the metacarpophalangeal joints and extension of the interphalangeal joints.
· Nerve supply. Medial two muscles by the ulnar nerve and lateral two by the median nerve.
The interossei (mm. interossei /межкостные мышцы)
· Origins. Dorsal from adjacent sides of four metacarpals and palmar from one side of each metacarpal.
· Insertions. Both dorsal and palmar are inserted into the sides of the proximal phalanges and the dorsal extensor expansions in such a way that the dorsal interossei abduct the fingers and the palmar adduct them.
· Actions. Adduction and abduction as above. Both sets of muscles produce flexion of the metacarpophalangeal joints and extension of the interphalangeal joints, as in the ‘precision grip’.
· Nerve supply. All by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve.
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