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VI. Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык текст.

Organizing Files into Directories

A disk can hold several hundred or even thousands of files, depending on its size. The more files you have, the more difficult it is to keep track of them. To help you keep track of your files, you can use operating system commands to group your files into directories. Operating system lets you organize the files on your disk into directories. Directories are a way of dividing your files into convenient groups. Just as file folders in a file cabinet contain groups of related documents, directories contain groups of related files, such as the minutes and expense reports you create by using a word-processing program. You assign each directory a unique name so that you can identify it.

A directory may contain any number of files, but it is often more convenient to separate the files into subdirectories. When your directories become too large, you can use OS to create additional directories to further organize your files. A directory within another directory is called a subdirectory. This method of organizing the disk is rather like a tree where the files are the leaves of the tree and the directories are the branches. (The first directory is usually called the "ROOT").

You can have more than one file (leaf) with the same name if the files are in different directories.

The organization of directories, subdirectories, and files is called the directory tree. When you format a disk, OS creates one large directory, called the root directory, on the disk. All other directories you create branch out from the root directory.

You must tell the computer which directory it must use as its current working directory – that is, the directory you wish to work in.

Вариант 5

I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол- сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

1. Barbara is measuring some liquid in the measuring-glass.

2. A system of space television has helped to televise programs directly to huge territories.

3. An interesting research is being done in our institute laboratory.

4. The huge automatic unit in the shop is looked after by only a few men.

5. The research into the properties of these metals was done at one of the Moscow institutes.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский

1. The signals were sent by a powerful transmitter.

2. Combining hydrogen with oxygen in the proportion of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen we produce water.

3.When heated glass may be easily worked.

4. The solution is boiling.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The engineer will have to improve the accuracy of this machine-tool.

2. He had to work hard before he was able to submit his paper to a scientific journal.

3. They could visit this new automation shop.

4. They were allowed to replace the old equipment.

VI. Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык текст.

Multilevel Directories.

When there is more than one user on your computer, or when you are working on several different projects, the number of files in the directory can become large and unwieldy. To deal with this large number of files, you may want to keep your files separate from a coworker's or organize your programs into convenient categories.

In an office, you can separate and organize files that belong to different people or that relate to specific projects by putting them in different file cabinets. For example, you might put your accounting programs in one file cabinet and your letters in another. You can do the same thing with operating system by putting your files into different directories.

Directories let you group your files in convenient categories. These directories, in turn, may contain other directories (referred to as subdirectories). This organized file structure is called a multilevel directory system.

Note: The maximum number of files or directories that the root directory may contain varies, depending on the type of disk. This maximum capacity for a root directory may vary depending upon how the disk is formatted. The number of subdirectories on a disk is not restricted.

The first level in a multilevel directory is the root directory, which is created automatically when you format a disk and start putting files on it. Within root directory, you can create additional directories and subdirectories.

As you create new directories for groups of files, or for other people using the computer, the directory system grows. Moreover, within each new directory you can add new files or create new subdirectories.

Семестр III [3]

Форма текущего контроля

Контрольная работа №_ 3 _

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 1 (К УПР. 1)

Present Perfect Passive

The main question has already Главный вопрос уже обсудили.

been discussed.

Present Indefinite Passive

His scientific work isspoken much about. О его научной работе много говорят.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 2 (К УПР. II)

1. It is necessary to use the latest Необходимо использовать в промышленности

means of control in industry. новейшие средства контроля.

2. One should agree that that Следует согласиться, что этот эксперимент

experiment was of great importance имел большое значение для нашего

for our research. исследования.

3. It is hydrogen that will be the main Именно водород будет основным источником

source of energy in the car of the энергии в автомобиле в будущем.

future.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 3 (К УПР. IV)

1. What is the name of the book Как называется книга, которую

you are reading? ты читаешь?

2. The region we must explore Регион, который мы должны исследовать,

possesses great natural resources. обладает огромными природными ресурсами.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 4 (К УПР. V)

1. To operate the complex deviceУправлять этим сложным механизмом

Is rather difficult. довольно трудно. (подлежащее)

2. Our aim is to fulfill our work in Наша цель сосотоит в том, чтобы

time. выполнить работу во время. (часть сказуемого)

Вариант 1

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Sometimes a decision to compute is followed by a process of selecting the particular kind of computing machine best suited for the given problem.

2. Soon one will be able to get to Kronstadt by road as well as by sea.

3.May 7, 1895 has entered the history of science as the date of the invention of radio.

4. The builders are planning the road.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. It is proved that light needs time to travel any distance.

2. One must take part in scientific work.

3. Specialists consider that in future city transport will reject gasoline.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to do, to have.

1. You have to come to the language laboratory of the Institute to work at your pronunciation.

2. This material does not possess elastic properties.

3. Scientists had to create new materials foe industry.

4. The exam was to start in the morning.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

1. The methods we have just described are very effective.

2. The instruments our plant produces help to automate production process.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, определите функцию инфинитива.

1. The Russian science was the first to make great contribution to the development of space technology.

2. In order to make interplanetary flights in the future it is necessary to know factors affecting the human organism.

3. The main purpose of the computers is to solve complex problems quickly.

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Обратите внимание на правила перевода объектного и субъектного инфинитивного оборотов.

1. We found them to be interested in the problem.

2. We consider Lomonosov to be the founder of the Russian literary language.

3. The capacity of this aggregate proves to be increasingduring the experiment.

4. The discovery of a laser is sure to be of great value.

VII. Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык текст.

TYPES OF SOFTWARE

A computer to complete a job requires more than just the actual equipment or hardware we see and touch. It requires Software — programs for directing the operation of a computer or electronic data.

Software is the final computer system component. These computer programs instruct the hardware how to conduct processing. The computer is merely a general-purpose machine which requires specific software to perform a given task. Computers can input, calculate, compare, and output data as information. Software determines the order in which these operations are performed.

Programs usually fall in one of two categories: system software and applications software.

System software controls standard internal computer activities. An operating system, for example, is a collection of system programs that aid in the operation of a computer regardless of the application software being used. When a computer is first turned on, one of the systems programs is booted or loaded into the computers memory. This software contains information about memory capacity, the model of the processor, the disk drives to be used, and more. Once the system software is loaded, the applications software can be brought in.

System programs are designed for the specific pieces of hardware. These programs are called drivers and coordinate peripheral hardware and computer activities. User needs to install a specific driver in order to activate a peripheral device. By installing the driver you «teach» your main board to «understand» the newly attached part.

Applications software satisfies your specific need.

Вариант 2

1. A lot of various organizations have taken part in the design of the flood defence complex.

2. The building of the road is being planned by the designers of our Institute.

3. Such solution will make the problem more difficult.

4. The speed with which arithmetic operations are performed is affected by a number of factors.

1.It is necessary to find new resources of cheap energy.

2.It was Einstein who came to the conclusion that the electromagnetic field is influenced by the gravitational field.

3.This metro station was opened last year and the one will be put into operation in two years.

1. Man had to learn to obtain electric power directly from the Sun.

2. At present most of the industrial enterprises have their own electric power stations.

3. Specialists do not use solar cells in industry as they are too expensive.

4. The engineers are to study the problem of using cosmic rays.

1. The hostel our students live in is situated not far from the metro station.

2. I think he has made a mistake in his calculations.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, определите функцию инфинитива.

1. To design new buildings is the work of an architect.

2. To measure volumes we must know the dimensions of a body.

3. Our plant was the first to install the automatic equipment.

1. We know Kramskoy to be the inspirer and organizer of the Peredvizhniki movement.

2. He considered himself to be the happiest man when he became the winner of the competition.

3. The neutrons and protons of an atom are known to be linkedtogether to form a compact nucleus.

4. The application of this device is unlikely to givebetter results.

VII. Прочитайте перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык текст.

OPERATING SYSTEMS

When computers were first introduced in the 1940's and 50's, every program written had to provide instructions that told the computer how to use devices such as the printer, how to store information on a disk, as well as how to perform several other tasks not necessarily related to the program. The additional program instructions for working with hardware devices were very complex, and time-consuming. Programmers soon realized it would be smarter to develop one program that could control the computer's hardware, which others programs could have used when they needed it. With that, the first operating system was born.

Today, operating systems control and manage the use of hardware devices such as the printer or mouse. They also provide disk management by letting you store information in files. The operating system also lets you run programs such as the basic word processor. Lastly, the operating system provides several of its own commands that help you to use the computer.

Windows 95 & 98 (Windows 2000) are the most popular user-oriented operating systems with a friendly interface and multitasking capabilities. The usage of Windows 95 and its enhanced version Windows 98 is so simple that even little kids learn how to use it very quickly. Windows 95 and 98 are DOS compatible, so all programs written for DOS may work under the new operating system.

Operating system represents the complex of system and auxiliary resources. OS is a support for program supports of higher level – applied and majority of the auxiliary applications.

Вариант 3

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо - временную форму и залог сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The relationship between the computers and the people that use them has been given much attention.

2. Radio is playing an ever increasing role in our life.

3. In 1938 the first TV station came into being in Moscow but the war stopped the development of television.

4. There will be more new synthetic materials in future.

1. It is the number of electrons within the atom that determines the properties of a substance.

2. The territory of Moscow is larger than that of London.

3. In London one must get used to the left-side traffic.

1. Some substances do not conduct heat.

2. Our plant is to increase the output of consumer goods.]

3. Soon our industry will have new and cheap sources of energy.

4. These computers will have to perform millions of operations per second.

1. I think the drawing will be ready tomorrow.

2. Every substance a man comes in contact with consists of molecules.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, определите функцию инфинитива.

1. They promised to supply us with the necessary equipment.

2. The experiment to be carried out is of great importance for our research.

3. To convert chemical energy into electrical energy we must use an electrical cell.

1. We believe her to earn her own living herself.

2. When I called on my friend I found him to have left for Leningrad.

3. These chemical changes appear to have been causedby heat.

4. Carbon steel has been known to bethe principal product of the steel industry.

VII. Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык текст.

WINDOWS 95

Windows 95 is a new operational system with an easy interface based on the expanding windows principle which uses icons to graphically represent files and their types. Windows 95 makes the way you and your computer interact easy. Most everyday tasks are now easier to accomplish than ever before. For example, the second mouse button has become a powerful weapon. The old Windows 3.0 Program Manager and File Manager have been replaced. The desktop tools that replace them are very like those found on a Macintosh. For example, there is a Recycle Bin that makes it easier to recover accidentally deleted files.

Your computer probably will crash less running Windows 95 than it did with Windows 3.1 and 3.0 or even DOS. Most memory related problems have been removed. Built-in networking features make it easy to reliably share files with co-workers across the room or across the world. And MS-DOS as we know it is so well hidden that you'll rarely give it a thought. Yes, you can still run DOS programs and older Windows applications but most users will probably want to spend most of their time using Windows 95 applications instead.

Microsoft says that it is moving forward to the time when we'll all think more about our data and less about the specific name-brand programs used to create them.

Window 95 plug-and-play capability makes it easy to upgrade your computer hardware. And portable computer users will like what Microsoft has done to make their lives calmer.

A new Windows shortcuts capability makes it easy to reach frequently used files and other necessities. A new Find feature helps you to locate and examine the contents of files in a flash. Most of this is accomplished without sacrificing performance

Вариант 4

1. Magnetic amplifiers have been employed for more than fifty years; transistors were first reported upon in 1948 – 1949.

2. There exist more compounds of hydrogen than of any other element.

3. Some powerful radio stations have recently been built in the northern regions.

4. The machine-tool will measure its production itself.

1. The success in chemistry made it possible to obtain a lot of new materials.

2. One must apply the material that can be machined easily.

3. It is the energy of falling water that is used to dive turbines.

1. The operators dealing with radioisotopes must have protective suits.

2. The engineers are to study the problem of using solar energy.

3. The chemical industry is one of the leading branches of our national economy.

4. Metals conduct electricity better than semiconductors do.

1. We know radio and radar systems play a very important role at every report.

2. The information science gets about other galaxies comes through radio telescopes.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, определите функцию инфинитива.

1. The teacher told her students to learn the poem by heart.

2. To translate a sentence is to discover its meaning.

3. The working people all over the world are uniting to fight the threat of a new war.

1. We know Kramskoy to succeed in understanding and revealing the deep inner world of the poet.

2. We saw the car stop at the door.

3. Many proteins were found to bemixtures of several chemical compounds.

4. These experiments are likely to have been madein suitable conditions.

VII. Прочитайте перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык текст.

HOW MUCH SHOLD AN EDUCATED MAN KNOW ABOUT COMPUTERS?

Some years ago in the United States of America a discussion on the question what an educated man is was organized. At this discussion one of the definitions of an ‘educated man’ was this:

An educated man:

- is able to read, write, and to arithmetic;

- has a basic knowledge of the history and geography of world and man;

- understands the scientific method, and has an elementary knowledge of at least one science;

- has an elementary knowledge of mathematics and logic, what they are, and how to use them;

- knows at least one other language besides his own well enough to read it and talk a little in it;

- can say what he means in suitable words both speaking and writing;

- is able to listen, know how to learn, and enjoy learning;

- never forgets that his views and opinions may be wrong, and is always ready to change them on evidence;

- has an elementary knowledge of computers and programming, and some active experience with a whole computer is highly desirable.

An educated man of 200 years ago did not need to know anything about science. The educated man of 25-30 years ago did not need to know anything about computers. But the educated man of today needs to have at least some significant knowledge of science, and at least a little significant knowledge about computers.

The summary knowledge that an educated man should know about computers could be put down on ten sheets of paper in about 3,000 words.

Вариант 5

1. Much attention is being paid to the development of three-dimensional television.

2. Our specialists had workers out a new flexible line some month ago.

3. The tests were being carried out well.

4. Many graphics programs are controlled by a mouse or some other device.

1. It is necessary to obtain accurate data on the possibility of living and working in space.

2. The peoples know that their joint efforts can secure peace in the whole world.

3. We had to find new methods of investigation because the old ones were unsatisfactory.

1. A programme for the construction of new types of spaceships is to be carried out this year.

2. This device does help them a lot in their work.

3. We had to change the design of this machine.

4. The speed of electrons is almost the same as that of light.

1. We know electricity produces heat.

2. The new materials the Russian chemists developed were used in space technology.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, определите функцию инфинитива.

1. It is necessary for Russian specialist to know a foreign language.

2. Our idea was to design a new device for automatic control.

3. To increase the productivity of labour one must use the methods we have just described.

1. We know him to have been an excellent portrait painter.

2. We knew the report to have consisted of two parts.

3 Light and radio waves are said to beof similar nature.

4. The laser beam seems to havealmost unlimited industrial possibilities.

VII. Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык текст.

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

How are directions to be expressed to the computer? The computer is not another human being with whom one can speak easily and clearly in common English. For expressing directions to a computer the programmer in practice uses special programming languages.

Because computers can accept letters and numbers, nearly all the programming languages express the directions in some combination of letters and numbers.

The programming languages in use fall into three general categories in terms of their similarity to ordinary English: machine languages, symbolic languages, and automatic coding languages. In terms of their importance for computer utilization, the machine languages are the most basic, for the computers can use them directly. But symbolic and automatic coding languages are more convenient for the programmer use because they are more similar to English.

Instructions in a machine language are almost always represented by particular combinations of letters and numbers acceptable to a given computer. Programs written in an appropriate machine language can be directly accepted and used by a computer.

Symbolic languages use symbolic addresses in the operands and usually also are used as the addresses for the instructions. This is in contrast to machine languages, which use absolute addresses. An absolute address is one expressed in machine language. It identifies a specific and physical location of data in storage. An indirect address is an absolute or symbolic address which has as its contents the absolute address (usually) of the operand needed by the instruction. Indirect addresses allow greater flexibility in programming because the programmer by changing the contents of indirect addresses can, in effect, modify a program.

Семестр IV [4]

Форма текущего контроля

Контрольная работа №_ 4 __

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 1 (К УПР. I)

a system analyst - is a person who identifies the information needed and develops a management info system with the assistance of computer programs.

системный аналитик – кто определяет необходимую информацию, и развивает информационную систему управления с помощью компьютерных программ.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 2 (К УПР. II)

Swift = fast, rapid, lightning быстрый

Вариант 1

I. Дайте определения к следующим словам:

a computer whiz (whizard), a hacker, a computer-literate person, a computer science student.

II. Приведите синонимы к следующим словам:

costly, financial standing, to introduce into, to obtain, issue, to concern, tiny, magic, artificial, to turn on, accurately, anxiety, fear, to lead to, old-fashioned command, to spin, to require.

III. Приведите антонимы к следующим словам:

fraud, tiny, fragile, fearful, to frustrate, dead, intelligent, capable, short-lived, damage, to find jobs, slow, to foul up.

IV. Вставьте данные слова в предложения (перепишите и переведите предложения):

analytical, digital, unreliable, sophisticated, solve, core, processor, computations, an integral circuit.

1. The Difference Engine could... equations and led to another calculating machine, the... Engine, which embodied the key parts of a computer system: an input device, a..., a control unit, a storage place, and an output device.

2. Ada Lovelace helped to develop instructions for carrying out... on Babbage machine.

3. J. Atanasoff devised the first... computer to work by electronic means.

4. First-generation computers were..., the main form of memory being magnetic...

5. In the third generation software became more...

6. What was the name of the first... computer to work electronically?

7. When electricity passed through the..., it could be magnetized as either “off’ or “on”.

Вариант 2

I. Дайте определения к следующим словам:

A computer engineer, a computer programmer, a computer operator.

II. Приведите синонимы к следующим словам:

To aid, strength, to speculate, nothing more than, to lift, ancestors, to manufacture, to single out, precision, to perfect, in recent times, pattern, to develop, information-processing machine.

III. Приведите антонимы к следующим словам:

Descendants, automated machine, exception, virtue, intelligence, to transmit, reliable, sufficient, in the early 19th century, in modern times.

IV. Вставьте данные слова в предложения (перепишите и переведите предложения):

computer networks, info, computer literate, routine, boring, repetitive tasks, accuracy, to come to terms with, quantative.

1. Society is heading in the direction of... majority.

2. Computer programs now can integrate text,... data and graphs.

3. The source of... is the computer.

4. It is difficult for some people to come... the speed of change in the modem world.

5. Many... which people find... and tiring can now be carried out by machines.

6. Computers give us speed,..., scope, quality, flexibility, large capacity, elimination of the... and..., increased efficiency.

7. We need... with expanding computer technology and adjust our vision to a whole new world.

8. As more and more people are linked by..., how soon will it be before the paperless office becomes a reality?

Вариант 3

I. Дайте определения к следующим словам:

Convenient, practical, private.

II. Приведите синонимы к следующим словам:

To encrypt, to secure, confidential, biometric, recognition, imposter, to meet requirements, to detect, to lose business, appearance, to incorporate, unless, to circumvent.

III. Приведите антонимы к следующим словам:

Advocate, to reject, to encrypt, legitimate, messy, authorized, white-collar crime, to safeguard info, sensitive, to retrieve data, by chance,

IV. Вставьте данные слова в предложения (перепишите и переведите предложения):

foolproof, complicated, virus, unauthorized, crime, fingerprint, altering, messages.

1. Computer security is more... today than it was in the past.

2. International literature tells lurid stories about computer viruses... — about bank swindles, espionage,... sent from one computer to destroy the contents of others.

3. Movies like War Games have dramatized the dangers from... entry to the computer systems that control nuclear weapons.

4. Methods used in computer-based criminal activity range from switching or... data as they enter the computer, to pulling self-concealing instruction into the software.

5. The person who develops a... lock for the computer data will make a fortune.

6. … is the name generally given to software that causes... of computer files.

7. People must be taught that some kinds of help, such as assisting... users with passwords are inappropriate.

8. Data sent over communication lines can be protected by encryption, the process of scrambling...

9. Firewall is security measures taken to block... access to an Internet site.

Вариант 4

I. Дайте определения к следующим словам:

Wizard, versioning, runtime.

II. Приведите синонимы к следующим словам:

To aid, strength, to speculate, nothing more than, to lift, ancestors, to manufacture, to single out, precision, to perfect, in recent times, pattern, to develop, information-processing machine.

III. Приведите антонимы к следующим словам:

Descendants, automated machine, exception, virtue, intelligence, to transmit, reliable, sufficient, in the early 19th century, in modern times.

IV. Вставьте данные слова в предложения (перепишите и переведите предложения):

fiber-optic, swoop, go astray, clutching, gear, to one’s mind content, enhance, cyberspace, eye phones.

1. Virtual reality is sometimes called...

2. 3-D... are really individual computer screens for the eyes.

3. Virtual reality can... possibilities of the disabled.

4. The manual... box allows you to slow down without braking, while the automatic one doesn’t.

5. Cyberspace allows everybody to change it...

6. The letters wrongly addressed...

7.... unknown things may cause an accident.

8. By the end of the 20th century metal wires had been replaced by... ones.

9. In one of the s the NATO has lost their most expensive fighter.

Вариант 5

I. Дайте определения к следующим словам:

Internet service provider, clipboard, design-time.

II. Приведите синонимы к следующим словам:

To encompass, bulky, simply, scarcely, ongoing, linkage, to conceive, to anticipate, to be familiar with, fast, advanced, obsolete.

III. Приведите антонимы к следующим словам:

Success, externally, to store, energy-consuming, cumbersome, expensive, binary notation, end in sight, obsolete.

IV. Вставьте данные слова в предложения (перепишите и переведите предложения):

multimedia, dominant, spider, netizen, flame, writing, foolproof, technostress, zoom.

1. Please, don’t... me if you disagree with this.

2. The person who develops a... lock for computer data will make a fortune.

3. … a person or computer program that searches the web for new links and link them to search engines.

4... spends an excessive amount of time on the Internet.

5. Windows and Unix operating systems are going to be on the desktops and on servers in... numbers (B. Gates).

6. Hit a video button and... for a closer look.

7.... brings together different types of visual devices: texts, pictures, sounds, animations, speech.

8. Each person handles... differently.

9. Good... on the Net tends to be clear, vigorous, witty and above all brief: short paragraphs, bulleted lists, one-liners — the units of thought.

Тексты для перевода

Text 1

PROCESOR AND MEMORY

The central processing unit (CPU) and memory are located on chips inside the system unit. The processor is a main chip of the PC where all calculations are made.

The processor is connected to other devices of a computer groups by the explorers called as buses. There are three main buses: the address bus, the data bus, the bus of commands.

The CPU is the brain of your computer. This is the place where your computer interprets and processes information. You may have heard computer memory referred to as RAM. The term RAM stands for random access memory. The instructions that your computer gets and the information your computer processes are kept in RAM during your work session.

Your computer’s RAM is not a permanent storage place for information; it is active only when your computer is on. When you turn off your computer, information is deleted from memory. To avoid losing your work, remember to save it on a disk, a permanent storage device, before turning off your computer.

Computer memory is measured in kilobytes or megabytes of information. (A byte is the amount of storage needed to hold one character). One kilobyte equals 1024 bytes, and one megabyte equals 1,048,576 bytes. Software requires a minimum amount of random access memory to work properly. You can usually find memory requirements on software packaging, or you can ask your software dealer.

Text 2

MONITOR

Monitor is the device of a visual data representation. This is main output device. The monitor has a screen that displays information, such as instructions you send to your computer and the information and results your computer sends back after interpreting your instructions. The screen may display information in one color or in several colors.

A color monitor won’t display color unless you have the appropriate video card. A video card fits inside your computer and determines the screen resolution and number of colors your monitor can display. Some video cards enable your monitor to display graphical information, such as geometric designs, in addition to text and numbers.

Text 3

ADDITIONAL HARDWARE

In addition to the basic components, most computer systems include other hardware, such as a printer, a mouse, and possibly a modem.

Peripheral devices of the PC are connected to its interfaces and intended for execution of auxiliary operations.

Scanner is the input device for graphic data. It is intended for input of the graphics information on paper.

Printing stations are used to receive copies of documents on paper. By a principle of operation, distinguish matrix, laser, and ink-jet printers. A printer prints the information processed by your computer. Printers vary in printing speed and output capabilities. For example, some letter–quality printers can print high–quality text quickly; some dot matrix and laser printers can print both text and graphics.

The mouse is the control unit manipulation type. It can’t be used for input sign information, the principle of handle is clicks of buttons and movements.

By using a mouse, you can move a pointer on your screen. You change the position of the pointer by moving the mouse across your table or desktop. You can also use a mouse to select an item by pointing to it and then clicking a button.

Modem is the device intended for information interchange between remote computers. You can use a modem to receive business information from services like the Dow Jones News Retrieval and CompuServe Information Service.

Text 4

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