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Myocardial infarction. HYPERTENSION
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Myocardial infarction
Phonetic exercise: heart [h 
t], attack [ə ’tæ k], pericarditis [, perik ’daitis], myocarditis [, maiə k ’daitis], myocardial infarction [, maiə ’k diə l in’f k∫ n]; congestive heart failure [kə n’d3estiv ‘h t ‘feiljə ], angina pectoris [æ n’d3ainə ‘pektə ris], atrial fibrillation [‘eitriə l, faibri’lei∫ n], interruption [, intə ’rΛ p∫ n], supply [sə ‘plai], cholesterol [kə ‘lestr 
l], pressure [‘pre∫ ə ], ischaemic [is’ki: mik], ischemia [is’ki: miə ], obesity [ə u’bi: sə ti], evaluation [i, væ lju’ei∫ n], cessation [ses’ei∫ n], saturated [‘sæ t∫ ə reitid], statin [‘stæ tin], characterized [‘kæ rə ktə raizd], epidemiology [‘epi, di: mi’ lə d3i]
Make a report on myocardial infarction according to the plan below:
Definition: a heart attack, the interruption of blood supply to part of the heart, causing heart cells to die.
Epidemiology: 12. 6 percent of worldwide deaths from ischemic heart disease.
Risk factors: diabetes, tobacco smoking, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, family history of ischaemic heart disease (IHD), obesity, age, stresses, alcohol, etc. Males are more at risk than females.
Symptoms: sudden chest pain, pain typically radiating to the left arm or left side of the neck, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, sweating, and anxiety; silent infarction: 10-25%.
Evaluation: History: a personal medical history, a family history, a medication history, an occupational history, etc.
Physical examination: observation, palpation, percussion, and auscultation
Instrumental evaluation: electrocardiography, coronary angiography
Treatment: oxygen, aspirin, and nitroglycerin, bypass surgery.
Prevention: strict blood pressure management, lifestyle changes: smoking cessation, regular exercise, a sensible diet for patients with heart disease, polyunsaturated fats instead of saturated fats and limitation of alcohol intake, antiplatelet drug therapy such as aspirin and/or clopidogrel, beta blocker therapy, statin therapy, ACE inhibitors, omega-3 fatty acids.
HYPERTENSION
Phonetic exercise: blood [blΛ d], pressure [‘pre∫ ə ], chronic [‘kr nik], heart failure [‘h t ‘feiljə ], stroke [str 
uk], transient [‘træ nziə nt], ischemic [is’ki: mik], hypertension [, haipə ’ten∫ n], hypertensive [, haipə ’tensive], primary [‘praimə ri], secondary [‘sekə ndə ri], renal failure [‘ri: nl ‘feiljə ], attack [ə ’tæ k], cardiomyopathy [, k di mai’ pə θ i], previous [‘pri: viə s], measurement [‘me3ə mə nt], environmental [in, vaiə rə n’mə ntl]
Make a report on high blood pressure according to the plan below:
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Definition: a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated.
Epidemiology: nearly one billion people or ~ (approximately) 26% of the adult population have hypertension worldwide.
Classification: primary hypertension (95%), secondary hypertension (5%).
Causes of primary hypertension: no medical causes
Causes and risk factors of secondary hypertension: conditions that affect the kidneys, arteries, heart, or endocrine system; a body mass index greater than 25 salt (sodium) sensitivity, alcohol intake, vitamin D deficiency, aging, some inherited genetic mutations, a family history of hypertension, an elevation of renin, a hormone secreted by the kidney, etc.
Classification of blood pressure:
Normal: 119: 90 mmHg
Prehypertension 99–90: 120–139 mmHg
Stage 1 140–159: 90–99 mmHg
Stage 2 ≥ 160 ^ ≥ 100 mmHg
Consequences and complications of hypertension: hardening of the arteries, peripheral vascular disease, strokes, heart attacks, heart failure, left ventricular hypertrophy, chronic kidney failure, hypertensive retinopathy, encephalopathy, shortened life expectancy.
Symptoms, signs, clinical manifestations, clinical features: mild to moderate essential hypertension: usually asymptomatic; accelerated hypertension: headache, drowsiness, confusion, vision disorders, nausea and vomiting, hypertensive encephalopathy, fatigue, blurred vision, nosebleeds, and facial paralysis.
Evaluation:
History: a personal medical history or a previous history, a past medical history, a history of the present illness, a history of presenting complaint, a childhood illness history, an allergic history, a family history, a pregnancy history, an obstetric history, a gynecological history, a medication or drug history, an immunization history, a psychiatric history, an occupational history, a social history, a surgical history, an environmental history, a sexual history, a diet history, an alcohol consumption history, a smoking history, a sedentary life history, etc.
Physical examination: measurement of blood pressure.
Instrumental evaluation: tests to identify the underlying cause: renal tests: microscopic urinalysis, proteinuria, serum BUN (blood urea nitrogen) and/or creatinine; endocrine tests: serum sodium, potassium, calcium, TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone); metabolic tests: fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides; other tests: hematocrit, electrocardiogram, and Chest X-ray.
Treatment: antihepertensives:
Commonly used prescription drugs: ACE inhibitors such as ramipril; angiotensin II receptor antagonists (e. g., candesartan; calcium channel blockers such as nifedipine; diuretics (e. g. hydrochlorothiazide (aHCTZ)); diuretics such a furosemide or low-dosages of spironolactone; alpha blockers such as terazosin; beta blockers such as metoprolol;
direct renin inhibitors such as aliskiren;
Prevention: lifestyle changes: weight reduction and regular aerobic exercise (e. g., walking), reducing dietary sugar intake, reducing sodium (salt) in the diet, diet rich in fruits and vegetables and low-fat or fat-free dairy products, reducing stress, relaxation therapy, such as meditation and other mindbody relaxation techniques, reducing environmental stress such as reduction of high sound levels and over-illumination, etc.
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