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Прошедшее совершенное время
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Past perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в форме Past Simple и Past Participle (причастие прошедшего времени) смыслового глагола.
| Утвердительная форма | Вопросительная форма | Отрицательная форма | |||
| I | I | I | |||
| Неhad done | He | done | He | hadn't done | |
| She the work | Had | She | the work | She | the work |
| We by Saturday. | We | by Saturday? | We | by Saturday. | |
| You | You | You | |||
| They | They | They |
Past Perfect употребляется для выражения прошедшего действия, которое уже совершилось до определенного момента в прошлом. Этот момент может быть указан:
а) обстоятельствами времени с предлогом by (by five o'clock - к пяти часам, by Saturday - к субботе, by the end of the year - к концу года, by that time - к тому времени).
We had translated the article by the end of the lesson. К концу урока мы перевели статью. She had typed the documents by 2 o'clock. Она напечатала документы к двум часам.
б) другим (более поздним во времени) прошедшим действием, которое выражается глаголом в Past Simple.
My brother bought a new watch yesterday as he had lost his old one. Мой брат купил вчера новые часы, так как потерял свои старые.
I knew that Jane had already booked the tickets. Я узнал, что Джейн уже заказала билеты.
Past Perfect может употребляться и в том случае, когда время, до которого совершилось действие, не указано в самом предложении, а определяется контекстом.
I received a letter from my brother yesterday. I had not heard from him for a long time. Я получил вчера письмо от своего брата. Я долго не получал от него известий.
EXERCISES
I. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Simple или Past Perfect. Переведите предложения.
1. Tom (to return) ……………………………………………………... from the cinema at five o'clock. 2. Tom (to return) …………………………………………………… from the cinema by five o'clock. 3. I (to finish) ………………………………………………………... my homework at seven o’clock. 4. I (to finish) ………………………………………………………... my homework by seven o'clock. 5. He (to think) ………………………… that he (to lose) ……………………………..… the money. 6. Ann (to tell) ……………………….... that she (to see) ………………………… an interesting film. 7. When I (to come) ……………… home, mother ………. already (to cook)..……………… dinner. 8. When father (to return) ………… from work, we ………. already (to do) ………….our homework. 9. When the teacher (to enter)……………… the classroom, the pupils …..….already (to open) ……… their books.
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10. Kate (to give) ………….. me the book which she (to buy) ………………………… the day before. 11. Nick (to show) ………….. the teacher the picture which he (to draw) ………………………….. 12. The boy (to give) …………… the goats the grass which he (to bring) …………... from the field. 13. Mother (to see) ……………. that Nick (not to wash) …………………………………. his hands. 14. The teacher (to understand) ………………………. that Lena (not to do) ………………………. her homework.
15. I (to know) ……………. that my friend (not to come yet) …………............................…………. 16. When I (to wake) ……………..up yesterday, father ………. already (to go) …………….. to work. 17. Nick (to think) ……………… that his father (not to come) ……………………………... home yet. 18. Mary (to tell) ……………. us that she (to cook) ……………………………………. a good dinner. 19. Yesterday I (to find) ………………. the book which I (to lose) ……………………….. in summer. 20. When we (to come) ………….. to the station, the train …………. already (to leave) ……....……..
II. Переделайте придаточные предложения с союзом before на придаточные предложения с союзом after и наоборот, меняя соответственно время глагола. Переведите предложения.
Pattern:
Mother had returned before I went for a walk. – Mother returned after I had gone for a walk.
1. The rain began after we had come from the Institute. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2. She had fallen asleep before her family returned from the pictures. ………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………3. She had cooked the cake before the guests came. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….4. Father rang up after I had finished my lessons. ……………………………………………………………………….……………………………………5. I came home after it had grown dark. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….6. They had gone to the skating-rink before the snow stopped. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….7. She poured out tea after her husband had taken the cake from the oven. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8. The storm had stopped before they left the village. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………9. They had left the town before the war began. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….10. I visited them after they had got their new flat. …………………………................................................................................……………………………. 11. He went to bed after he had done everything. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….……12. She had washed up before the children came from the pictures. ……………………………………………………………………………................…………………….
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SEQUENCE OF TENSES
СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЕН
В английском языке существует правило согласования времен, которое означает зависимость времени глагола-сказуемого придаточного предложения от времени сказуемого главного предложения. Если глагол-сказуемое в главном предложении стоит в одном из прошедших времен (обычно в прошедшем простом времени – Past Simple), то глагол-сказуемое придаточного предложения (это, как правило, дополнительное предложение) также должно употребляться в прошедшем времени.
В русском языке такого правила нет, и в этих случаях английский глагол в Past Simple (прошедшем простом времени) или Past Continuous (прошедшем длительном времени) в придаточном дополнительном предложении переводится на русский язык глаголом в настоящем времени.
I knew she lived in Minsk. – Я знал, что она живет в Минске.
Если глагол-сказуемое в главном предложении стоит в прошедшем времени, временные формы глаголов в придаточном предложении в соответствии с требованием правила согласования времен изменяются следующим образом:
| Главное предложение | Придаточное предложение | |
| Past Simple Past Continuous | Present Simple he asks Past Simple he asked Present Perfect he has asked Future Simple he will ask etc. | Past Simple he asked Past Perfect he had asked Past Perfect he had asked Future in the Past he would ask etc. |
Если глагол в главном предложении стоит в настоящем времени, правило согласования времен не применяется.
REPORTED SPEECH
КОСВЕННАЯ РЕЧЬ
Косвенная речь представляет собой преобразованную в предложении прямую речь в придаточное дополнительное предложение. В косвенной речи соблюдается правило согласования времен, если глагол в главном предложении стоит в прошедшем времени. Сравните:
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| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь |
| He said: “My secretary speaks English”. | He said that his secretary spoke English. |
Повествовательное предложение в косвенной речи вводится союзом that, который, однако, часто опускается.
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь |
| He said: “I will come tomorrow”. | He said (that) he would come tomorrow. |
Одновременно при переводе прямой речи в косвенную производятся следующие изменения:
а) личные и притяжательные местоимения изменяются по смыслу:
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь |
| He said: “I have phoned your secretary”. | He said he had phoned my secretary. |
б) наречия времени и места изменяются следующим образом:
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь |
| this – these now today yesterday tomorrow next week (month, year) last week (month, year) | that – those then that day the day before the next day, the following day the following (the next) week (month, year) the previous week (month, year) / a week (month, year) before |
в) глагол to say, если после него следует предложное дополнение, заменяется глаголом to tell:
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь |
| He said to me: “I am very busy”. | He told me he was very busy. |
г) слова согласия / несогласия заменяются соответствующими глаголами по смыслу:
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь |
| “Yes”, I said. “No”, I said. | I said I agreed. I said I disagreed. |
EXERCISES
I. Составьте сложные предложения, переделав прямую речь в косвенную. Переведите предложения.
| А) I said You said Не said She said We said They said My mother said His father said Her friend said ……………… | "She works at school". "The room looks clean". "They go to Medical School every day". "His name is Jack". "I am very sorry". "They are very nice". "I have seen this film". "I have a sister". "We walked home after the cinema". "We visited this place on Monday". "You may take the book". "We must be there at 5". "I can help you". "He doesn't tell me anything". "I don't know his name". "Everything is OK". "We'll be late for classes". "You'll like her". "I'll tell you everything". "He'll help you". |
| B) I asked You asked He asked She asked We asked They asked My mother asked me His father asked him Her friend asked her …………………… | "Do you like English?" "Does your sister go to school?" "Are you a student?" "Is he a teacher?" "Did you walk there yesterday?" "Did they help you?" "What's the time?" "What's your name?" "How old are you?" "How are you?" "Where do you live?" "When will you come?" |
| C) I asked You asked He asked She asked We asked They asked My mother asked me His father asked him Her friend asked her …………………… | "Don't stop!" "Stop talking!" "Sit down!" "Don't be late!" "Finish your essay tonight". "Leave the book on the table". "Answer the call, please". "Open the window, please". "Close the door, please". "Answer my question, please". |
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THE PASSIVE VOICE
СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ
Страдательный залог употребляется тогда, когда исполнитель действия либо неизвестен, либо это несущественно.
Страдательный залог образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени и лице + Past Participle (причастие прошедшего времени) основного глагола.
| Past Simple Passive | Present Simple Passive | Future Simple Passive | |||||||||
| Утвердительная форма | I | I | am asked. | I | |||||||
| He | was asked. | He | He | ||||||||
| She | She | is asked. | She | ||||||||
| It | It | It | will be asked. | ||||||||
| We | We | We | |||||||||
| You | were asked. | You | are asked. | You | |||||||
| They | They | They | |||||||||
| Вопросительная форма | I | Am | I | asked? | I | ||||||
| Was | he | asked? | he | he | |||||||
| she | Is | she | asked? | she | |||||||
| it | it | Will | it | be asked? | |||||||
| we | we | we | |||||||||
| Were | you | asked? | Are | you | asked? | you | |||||
| they | they | they | |||||||||
| Отрицательная форма | I | I | am not asked. | I | |||||||
| He | was not asked. | He | He | ||||||||
| She | She | is not asked. | She | ||||||||
| It | It | It | will not be asked. | ||||||||
| We | We | We | |||||||||
| You | were not asked. | You | are not asked. | You | |||||||
| They | They | They | |||||||||
В английском языке Passive Voice употребляется значительно чаще, чем в русском.
Если необходимо указать действующее лицо или материал, из которого сделан предмет, употребляются соответственно предлоги by и with(of):
The poem was translated by Marshak. - Стихотворение переведено С.Маршаком.
The cover of this book is made of leather. - Обложка этой книги сделана из кожи.
Meat is eaten with a knife. - Мясо едят ножом.
EXERCISES
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