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in effect, affect, affair)which was impossible in Old English. The affricate [dз], which developed at the beginning of the Middle English period and was found at the end or in the middle of words (as in bridge — OE. bricz; singe— OE. senczean),under the i
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page ,
Preface to the First Edition................................................................................. 3
Preface to the Second Edition........................................................................................ 5
I. INTRODUCTION
§ 1. Definition. Links with Other Branches of Linguistics........................................... 7
§ 2. Two Approaches to Language Study.......................................................... 7
§ 3. Lexicology and Sociolinguistics.................................................................. 8
§ 4. Lexical Units........................................................................................... . 9
§ 5. Varieties of Words................................................................................................ 10
§ 6. Course of Modern English Lexicology. Its Aims and Significance. ......... ........ 11
II. SEMASIOLOGY
Word-Meaning
§ 1. Referential Approach to Meaning......................................................................... 13
§ 2. Meaning in the Referential Approach................................................................... 16
§ 3. Functional Approach to Meaning......................................................................... 17
§ 4. Relation Between the Two Approaches....................................................... 18
Types of Meaning
§ 5. Grammatical Meaning.......................................................................................... 18
§ 6. Lexical Meaning.................................................................................................. 19
§ 7. Part-of-speech Meaning............................................................................. 19
§ 8. Denotational and Connotational Meaning........................................................... 20
§ 9. Emotive Charge........................................................................................... 21
§ 10. Stylistic Reference..................................................................................... 21
§ 11. Emotive Charge and Stylistic Reference............................................................ 22
§ 12. Summary and Conclusions................................................................................ 22
Word-Meaning and Meaning in Morphemes
§ 13. Lexical Meaning................................................................................................ 23
§ 14. Functional (Part-of-speech) Meaning................................................................. 24
§ 15. Differential Meaning................................................................................. 24
§ 16. Distributional Meaning....................................................................................... 25
Word-Meaning and Motivation
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§ 17. Morphological Motivation........................................................................ 25
§ 18. Phonetical Motivation............................................................................... 26
§ 19. Semantic Motivation.......................................................................................... 27
§ 20. Summary and Conclusions....................................................................... 27
Change of Meaning
§ 21. Causes of Semantic Change............................................................................... 29
§ 22. Nature of Semantic Change.............................................................................. 30
§ 23. Results of Semantic Change............................................................................. 31
§ 24. Interrelation of Causes, Nature and Results of Semantic Change 32
§ 25. Summary and Conclusions................................................................................ 33
Meaning and Polysemy
§ 26. Semantic Structure of Polysemantic Words.............................................. 33
§ 27. Diachronic Approach................................................................................ 34
§ 28. Synchronic Approach............................................................................... 35
§ 29. Historical Changeability of Semantic Structure......................................... 36
§ 30. Polysemy and Arbitrariness of Semantic Structure.......................................... 37
§ 31. Summary and Conclusions.............................................................................. 38
Polysemy and Homonymy
§ 32. Homonymy of Words and Homonymy of Word-Forms................................. 39
§ 33. Classification of Homonyms.................................................................... 40
§ 34. Some Peculiarities of Lexico-Grammatical Homonymy............................ 41
§ 35. Graphic and Sound-Form of Homonyms................................................ 42
§ 36. Sources of Homonymy............................................................................. 42
§ 37. Polysemy and Homonymy: Etymological and Semantic Criteria 43
§ 38. Formal Criteria: Distribution and Spelling................................................ 44
§ 39. Summary and Conclusions.............................................................................. 45
Word-Meaning in Syntagmatics and Paradigmatics
§ 40. Polysemy and Context..................................................................................... 47
§ 41. Lexical Context....................................................................... -................ 48
§ 42. Grammatical Context................................................................................. 49
§ 43. Extra-Linguistic Context (Context of Situation)........................................ 50
§ 44. Common Contextual Associations. Thematic Groups..................................... 50
Meaning Relations in Paradigmatics and Semantic Classification of Words
§ 45. Conceptual (or Semantic) Fields............................................................... 51
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§ 46. Hyponymic (Hierarchical) Structures and Lexico-semantic Groups 53
§ 47. Semantic Equivalence and Synonymy...................................................... 55
§ 48. Criteria of Synonymity.............................................................................. 57
§ 49. Patterns of Synonymic Sets in Modern English.............................................. 58
§ 50. Semantic Contrasts and Antonymy.......................................................... 59
§ 51. Semantic Similarity of Morphemes and Word-Families.................................. 61
§ 52. Summary and Conclusions............................................................................. 62
III. WORD-GROUPS AND PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS
Some Basic Features of Word-Groups
§ 1. Lexical Valency (Collocability).......................................................................... 64
§ 2. Grammatical Valency,....................................................................................... 66
Structure of Word-Groups
§ 3. Distribution as a Criterion of Classification....................................................... 67
Meaning of Word-Groups
§ 4. Lexical Meaning................................................................................................ 68
§ 5. Structural Meaning............................................................................................ 69
§ 6. Interrelation of Lexical and Structural Meaning in Word-Groups 69
Interdependence of Structure and Meaning in Word-Groups
§ 7. Syntactic Structure (Formula) and Pattern of Word-Groups... 70
§ 8. Polysemantic and Monosemantic Patterns......................................................... 71
§ 9. Motivation in Word-Groups............................................................................... 71
§ 10, Summary and Conclusions.............................................................................. 72
Phraseological Units
§ 11. Free Word-Groups, Versus Set-Phrases. Phraseological Units, Idioms,
Word-Equivalents............................................................................................ 74
§ 12. Criteria of Stability and Lack of Motivation (Idiomaticity)... 74
§ 13. Classification..................................................................................................... 75
§ 14. Some Debatable Points...................................................................................... 76
§ 15. Criterion of Function.......................................................................................... 79
§ 16. Phraseological Units and Idioms Proper............................................................ 80
§ 17. Some Debatable Points............................................................................. 81
§ 18. Criterion of Context........................................................................................... 82
§ 19. Some Debatable Points...................................................................................... 83
§ 20. Phraseology as a Subsystem of Language......................................................... 84
§ 21. Some Problems of the Diachronic Approach..................................................... 86
§ 22. Summary and Conclusions................................................................................ 88
IV. WORD-STRUCTURE
§ 1. Segmentation of Words into Morphemes............................................................ 89
§ 2. Principles of Morphemic Analysis. Types of Word Segmentability 89
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§ 3. Classification of Morphemes............................................................................... 92
§ 4. Procedure of Morphemic Analysis..................................................................... 94
§ 5. Morphemic Types of Words............................................................................... 95
§ 6. Derivative Structure............................................................................................ 95
§ 7. Derivative Relations............................................................................................. 96
§ 8. Derivational Bases........................................................................... . . 97
§ 9. Derivational Affixes........................................................................................... 100
§ 10. Semi-Affixes.................................................................................................... 102
§ 11. Derivational Patterns.................................... ,.................................................. 103
§ 12. Derivational Types of Words........................................................................... 104
§ 13. Historical Changeability of Word-Structure.................................................... 105
§ 14. Summary and Conclusions............................................................................... 106
V. WORD-FORMATION
Various Ways of Forming Words
§ 1. Various Types and Ways of Forming Words..................................................... 108
§ 2. Word-Formation. Definition» Basic Peculiarities.............................................. 109
§ 3. Word-Formation as the Subject of Study. ........................................................ 111
§ 4. Productivity of Word-Formation Means........................................................... 112
§ 5. Summary and Conclusions................................................................................. 114
Affixation
§ 6. Definition. Degree of Derivation. Prefixal and Suffixal Derivatives 114
§ 7. Prefixation. Some Debatable Problems............................................................. 115
§ 8. Classification of Prefixes......................................................... ..... 117
§ 9. Suffixation. Peculiarities of Some Suffixes................................................ 119
§ 10. Main Principles of Classification..................................................................... 120
§ 11. Polysemy and Homonymy.............................................................................. 121
§ 12. Synonymy........................................................................................................ 122
§ 13. Productivity...................................................................................................... 123
§ 14. Origin of derivational affixes............................................................................ 125
§ 15. Summary and Conclusions................................................................ . 126
Conversion
§ 16. Definition.................................................................................................. 127
§ 17. Synchronic Approach....................................................................................... 130
§ 18. Typical Semantic Relations.............................................................................. 131
§ 19. Basic Criteria of Semantic Derivation.............................................................. 133
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§ 20. Diachronic Approach of Conversion. Origin............................................ 136
§ 21. Productivity. Traditional and Occasional Conversion. ...... 138
§ 22. Conversion and Sound-(Stress-) Interchange.................................................. 139
§ 23. Summary and Conclusions. . . ................................................................ 140
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