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Summary and review
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In this chapter, we have, of course, only been able to very briefly touch on a number of issues and problems in the field of visual criminology. Our focus here has largely been on the study and analysis of images and imagery of law, justice and order. The most important lesson, if you wish, that could be taken away from our explorations is that, methodologically speaking, a lot is still undecided in this emerging field of research. That should not worry us. On the contrary, it gives us some leeway to be inventive and to tentatively explore one very important sensory dimension of life experience (the visual) in imaginative ways.
In this chapter, the following themes have been explored:
1. The recent emergence of ‘visual criminology’, and the ‘visual turn’ in the social sciences and criminology, in an age when ‘experience’ has, to some extent, taken over from ‘language’ as the vehicle for communication, knowledge generation and knowledge exchange.
2. Within this context, the study and analysis of images and imagery have become more important than they used to be.
3. Visual criminologists may decide not just to study images as they find them; they may also use them actively during their research as tools to generate and exchange knowledge of, insight in and understanding of life experience.
4. The first and principal methodological step that visual criminologists and visual researchers may wish to take is to acquire an awareness of the specificity of the sensory realm, and the visual therein. This sensory realm of experience cannot be fully grasped by conceptual language. Researchers should, however, not despair.
5. In studying and analysing images of, for example, law, justice and order, research- ers should make attempts to situate them within the ‘brief and charge’ of the image maker(s) and the broader social and cultural contexts within which they emerged.
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SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING
Students may wish to read an introductory textbook on visual methodologies in social sci- ences research. Gillian Rose’s fourth edition (2016) of Visual Methodologies: An Introduction to Researching with Visual Materials is a good place to start. Over the course of the years, a number of edited collections and anthologies have appeared on the broader theme of visual criminology. Keith Hayward and the late Mike Presdee’s collection (2010) on Framing Crime: Cultural Criminology and the Image, for example, includes theoretically informed contributions on the topic of how images are generated and imbued with meaning within particular (sub)-cultures. A state of the art anthology and reference work that includes empirical case-studies in the sphere of visual criminology can be found in Eamonn Carrabine and Michelle Brown’s (2017) Routledge International Handbook of Visual Criminology. In socio-legal studies more broadly, there is Anne Wagner and Richard K. Sherwin’s (2014) Law, Culture, and Visual Studies.
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Carrabine, E. (2011b) ‘Images of torture: culture, politics and power’, Crime, Media, Culture, 7(1): 5–30.
Damasio, A. (2003) Looking for Spinoza: Joy, Sorrow and the Feeling Brain. Orlando, FL: Harcourt.
Debord, G. (1967) La Socié té du Spectacle. Paris: Buchet-Chastel.
Feigenson, N. (2016) Experiencing Other Minds in the Courtroom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Fitzgibbon, W., Graebsch, C. and McNeill, F. (2017) ‘Pervasive punishment: experiencing supervision’, in M. Brown and E. Carrabine (eds), Routledge International Handbook of Visual Criminology. London: Routledge, pp. 305–19.
Foucault, M. (1977) Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Pantheon.
Gariglio, L. (2016) ‘Photo-elicitation in prison ethnography: breaking the ice in the field and unpacking prison officers’ use of force’, Crime, Media, Culture, 12(3): 367–79.
Gedo, M. M. (1994) Looking at Art from the Inside Out: The Psychoiconographic Approach to Modern Art. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gendlin, E. (1962) Experiencing and the Creation of Meaning: A Philosophical and Psychological Approach to the Subjective. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
Halsey, M. and Young, A. (2006) ‘Our desires are ungovernable: writing graffiti in public spaces’, Theoretical Criminology, 10(3): 275–306.
Haskell, F. (1993) History and its Images: Art and the Interpretation of the Past. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Hayward, K. and Presdee, M. (2010) Framing Crime: Cultural Criminology and the Image. London: Routledge.
Hayward, K. and Yar, M. (2006) ‘The “chav” phenomenon: consumption, media and the construction of a new underclass’, Crime, Media, Culture, 2(1): 9–28.
Hillis Miller, J. (1992) Illustration. London: Reaktion Books.
Lippens, R. (2003a) ‘The imaginary of Zapatista revolutionary punishment and justice: speculations on “the first postmodern revolution”’, Punishment and Society, 2: 179–95. Lippens, R. (2003b) ‘The imaginary of ethical business practice: contributions to an unob-
trusive criminology of organization’, Crime, Law and Social Change, 4: 323–47.
Lippens, R. (2009) ‘Gerard David’s Cambyses and early modern governance: notes on the geology of skin and the butchery of law’, Law and Humanities, 3(1): 1–24.
Lippens, R. (2011) ‘Jackson Pollock’s flight from law and code: theses on responsive choice and the dawn of control society’, International Journal for the Semiotics of Law, 24(1): 117–38.
Manghani, S., Piper, A. and Simons, J. (eds) (2006) Images: A Reader. London: Sage. Merleau-Ponty, M. (1968) The Visible and the Invisible. Evanston, IL: Nothwestern
University Press.
Morrison, W. (2004) ‘Reflections with memories: everyday photography capturing geno- cide’, Theoretical Criminology, 8(3): 341–58.
O’Neill, M. (2017) ‘Asylum seekers and moving images: walking, sensorial encounters and visual criminology’, in M. Brown and E. Carrabine (eds), Routledge International Handbook of Visual Criminology. London: Routledge, pp. 389–403.
Rafter, N. H. (1997) Creating Born Criminals. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
Rafter, N. H. (2014) ‘Introduction to the Special issue on Visual Culture and the Iconography of Crime and Punishment’, Theoretical Criminology, 18(2): 127–33.
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Rose, G. (2016) Visual Methodologies: An Introduction to Researching with Visual Materials, 4th edition. London: Sage.
Said, E. (1978) Orientalism: Western Conceptions of the Orient. London: Penguin. Sibley, D. (1995) Geographies of Exclusion. London: Routledge.
Sontag, S. (1977) On Photography. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Stolleis, M. (2009) The Eye of the Law: Two Essays on Legal History. London: Birkbeck Law Press.
Wagner, A. and Sherwin, R. K. (eds) (2014) Law, Culture, and Visual Studies. Dordrecht: Springer.
Young, A. (2000) ‘Aesthetic vertigo and the jurisprudence of disgust’, Law and Critique, 11(3): 241–55.
Young, A. (2014) ‘From object to encounter: aesthetic politics and visual criminology’,
Theoretical Criminology, 18(2): 159–75.
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