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Oil and Gas Fields Development
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My University
There are many universities in Ufa. The head of a university is Rector. Usually there are several faculties in a university. Each faculty has a number of specialized departments and is headed by Dean. The course of studies lasts 5-6 years.
The academic year in this country’s higher schools begins on the 1-st September and is divided into two terms (semesters). Students take exams at the end of each semester. If the results of the examinations are good students get grants. Twice a year students have vacations – two weeks in winter and two months in summer.
My university has several buildings, old and new ones. There are many various laboratories. There is a very good library and a computer centre in the main building.
Every faculty has its own specialized library, laboratories, workshops and computer centres.
The first- and second- year students study general engineering subjects, in the third year students begin to study specialized subjects.
A very good tradition of our University is that theory is accompanied by practical training. Students begin to work at the University’s well-equipped laboratories and in senior years at various plants, design offices and research institutes of this country.
It is interesting but difficult to study at our University, especially for the first-year students as they do not know yet how to organize their work and time.
19. Продолжите диалог, используя предложенные ниже выражения:
as far as I know, in fact, as is known, as a rule, it should be noted that, to my mind, in my opinion и другие.
A: You’ve become a student of Ufa Petroleum University, haven’t you? I wish I knew more facts about this higher educational establishment.
B: Well, I shall tell you a few words about the University and the system of higher education in Russia with pleasure.
A: I’m at your disposal. Come on.
full-time student, part-time student, to study by correspondence, department, to enter university, to work at an oil-field, to come to the university from industry, to specialize in; the curricula (программа обучения), social sciences (общественные дисциплины), general science (общетеоретические науки), specialized subjects (специальные предметы), to offer different specializations (предлагать выбор специальностей), to go through industrial training (проходить практику), to graduate from university (окончить университет).
20. Английский юмор:
AT AN EXAMINATION
At a college examination a professor asked: “Is the question too difficult for you?”
“Not at all, sir,” answered the student. “Not at all. It is quite clear. It is the answer that bothers me.”
bother – беспокоить.
УРОК 3
Грамматика: 1. Видо-временные формы глагола.
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2. Степени сравнения прилагательных.
Текст: Petroleum.
1. Прочтите вслух следующие слова:
- already, water, important, source, form, caulk;-
- first, purpose, determine, surface, commercial, occur, Earth;
- manuscript, cure, use, valuable, accumulate, fuel, numerous, value, utilize, - -
- illumination, impurity, insulate, manufacture;
- gigantic, require, nitrogen, science, hydrogen;
- value, trap, gravity, manage, shallow, battle, characteristic;
- discover, production, combustible, crust, colour, conduct, sulphur, substance;
- carbon, dark, calm;
- ancient, efficient, explanation, formation;
- various, vary;
- disease, cheap, treatment, reach, seep, believe, increase, frequent.
2. Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:
ancient - древний, старинный
accumulate - накапливать(ся)
admit - допускать
combustible - горючий, воспламеняемый
caulk - смолить (суда, лодки)
carbon - углерод
conduct - проводить, служить проводником
cure - вылечивать, исцелять
disease - болезнь
dwelling - жилище, дом
determine - определять, устанавливать
dissolve - растворять(ся), разжижать(ся)
decomposition - разложение, распад
Earth's crust - земная кора
film - плёнка
frequent - частый
gravity - сила тяжести
hydrocarbon - углеводород
value - оценка, значение, зд. способность
valuable - ценный
hydrogen - водород
illumination - освещение
incendiary - боевые зажигательные средства
insulator - изолятор
impurity - примесь, загрязнение
lubricant - смазочный материал
manuscript - рукопись
migrate - мигрировать
nitrogen - азот
oxygen - кислород
odour - запах
oil - нефть
property - свойство
surface - поверхность
seep - просачиваться
sedimentary - осадочный
smell - запах
silt - ил, осадок, наносы
sulphur - сера
trap - ловушка
utilize - использовать, syn. apply, use
well - скважина
Выучите: 1) to be – was, were – been (быть)
2) to begin – began – begun (начинать)
3) to come – came – come (приходить)
4) to fall – fell – fallen (падать)
5) to give – gave – given (давать)
6) to get – got – got (получать)
7) to know – knew – known (знать)
8) to lead – led - led (вести)
3. Подберите из правой колонки правильный перевод английских слов и
словосочетаний:
1) manuscript 1) ценный
2) ancient 2) горючий
3) properties 3) удельный вес
4) lubricant 4) свойства
5) surface seeps 5) радужная пленка
6) commercial production 6) древний
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7) valuable 7) рукопись
8) combustible 8) смазочное вещество
9) specific gravity 9) выходы нефти на поверхность
10) rainbow film 10) промышленная добыча
4. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания без словаря:
ancient manuscript, curing properties, medical treatment, sources of energy, combustible oily liquid, different impurities, specific gravity, colorific value, accumulation of thick layers, quantity of different impurities.
5. Определите значение подчеркнутых слов по сходству их корней с корнями соответствующих слов в русском языке:
efficient property, illumination of dwellings, commercial production of fuel, modern petroleum industry, gigantic depths, characteristic smell, specific gravity, organic origin, mixture of fluids..
6. Определите по суффиксам, какой частью речи являются следующие слова, и переведите их на русский язык:
treat – treatment; value – valuation – valuable – valueless; develop – development; oil – oily; geology – geologist – geological; differ – difference – different; combustion – combustible – combustibility; important – importance; explain – explanation – explainable; accumulate – accumulation – accumulative; origin – original – originality – originally – originate – origination; occur – occurrence; sediment – sedimentary – sedimentation; substance – substantial; dissolve – dissolution – dissolvable – dissolvent.
7. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык.
Запомните: since – так как; поскольку; с, c тех пор, как; со времени
1. Only since 19 century A.D. people have begun to use petroleum as one of the most important sources of energy. 2. Since we know all the properties of this substance, we use it in our experiment. 3. We did not finish our work since we had no necessary mixture of fluids. 4. We have done many interesting investigations since the foundation of this research laboratory at our plant. 5. I have not carried out any experiments in the laboratory since I graduated from the Institute. 6. Since such applications didn’t require large amounts of oil, ancient people managed with oil they got from the surface seeps.
8. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение слов “only”, “the only”, “for”.
Запомните: only – только
the only – единственный
for – для, в течение; так как, поскольку, потому что
1. Only from ancient manuscript man has known about different properties of oil. 2. The only way to use petroleum in medicine is to study its curing properties. 3. Ancients used petroleum for the illumination of their dwellings. 4. For the purpose of illustration let us consider the chemical basis of oil. 5. The scientists have used this substance for it is more important. 6. For a long time the question of oil origin was not solved. 7. For oil doesn’t conduct electricity, people use some of its products in the manufacturing of insulators. 8. The geological science has not yet given a clear explanation for the petroleum formation.
9. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык.
Запомните: very (с прилагательными и наречиями) – очень
the very book – именно эта книга, та самая книга
1. Very often petroleum engineers drill deeper wells. 2. This is the very substance we need in our experiment. 3. This scientist knows the theory of organic origin of petroleum very well as he works very hard. 4. The very first step to use the scientific method is to obtain some facts by observation and experiment. 5. In the very nature petroleum is oily liquid. 6. In a very calm, shallow sea, dead plants and animals fell to the bottom.
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10. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык.
Запомните: because – потому что
because of – из-за
1. Petroleum is the most important fuel and energy source because of its high calorific value. 2. Petroleum has a characteristic smell because it contains small amount of sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen. 3. People used petroleum in everyday life because it is a cheap and efficient lubricant. 4. Scientists continue to discover new curing properties of oil because it is very important for medical treatment of many diseases.
11. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод следующих выражений: both – оба
both … and – также, как; как … так и
1. Petroleum contains both the compounds of carbon and hydrogen. 2. The odour of petroleum depends both on the composition and quantity of hydrocarbons and other impurities. 3. Scientists admit both theories of petroleum origin – both an inorganic and organic. 4. As petroleum is a mixture of fluids, both liquid and gaseous, it often migrated far from the place where it originated.
12. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык.
Помните, что: present – данный
at present – в настоящее время
to present – представлять
to be present – присутствовать
1. At present, petroleum is the most important fuel and energy source. 2. Smaller amounts of sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen are present in petroleum. 3. This student presented the report on different properties of petroleum. 4. The teacher explained the Present Tense at the last lesson. 5. His present work is very important for the clear explanation of petroleum accumulation.
13. Подберите к глаголам из левой колонки соответствующие существительные
из правой колонки. Переведите словосочетания на русский язык.
1) to apply 1) hydrocarbons
2) to discover 2) petroleum
3) to accumulate 3) a well
4) to drill 4) sources of energy
5) to consist of 5) in geological traps
6) to contain 6) commercial production
7) to depend on 7) one`s colour
8) to determine 8) calorific value
9) to dissolve 9) pressure and temperature
10) to increase 10) in water
11) large amounts of oil
14. Переведите на русский язык предложения, обращая внимание на перевод
cлов because и because of: Запомните, что because в сочетании с предлогом of образуют составной предлог because of – из-за, вследствие, потому что.
1. Building engineers study geology because they must know the local ground, its composition and structure. 2. Engineers must know different control systems because of their wide use in the production and technological processes. 3. The oilmen could increase the production of oil because they used new methods of enhanced oil recovery. 4. The oilmen could increase the production of oil because of the favourable geological conditions.
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15. Переведите на русский язык словосочетания с as – как, в качестве; так как; по
мере того, как; в то время, как; как; когда.
as far as I know, as for me, as soon as, as a whole, as is known, as a rule, as well as,
as we know, as a lubricant, as we call it.
16. Запомните образование степеней сравнения прилагательных в английском
языке:
deep deeper (than) the deepest
(глубокий) (более глубокий (чем); (самый глубокий)
глубже (чем))
important more important (than) the most important
(важный) (более важный (чем)) (самый важный)
good, well better (the) best
(хороший, хорошо) (лучше) (самый лучший, лучше всего)
bad, badly worse (the) worst
(плохой, плохо) (хуже) (самый худший, хуже всего)
many, much more (the) most
(много) (больше) (самый большой, больше всего)
little less (the) least
(маленький, мало) (меньше) (самый маленький, наименьший,
меньше всего)
17. a) Переведите на русский язык:
the best method, less than a month, more than a year, as large as, not so cheap as, the worst conditions, the most interesting fact, a very important discovery, the larger…
the better, far more useful system, much more steel.
б) Переведите на английский язык:
самая глубокая скважина; гораздо лучше; лучше, чем; самые трудные условия; такой же дешевый, как; не такое богатое, как; наилучшие результаты.
18. Напишите следующие прилагательные в положительной степени:
the highest, more, the most useful, bigger, more powerful, the cheapest, the nearest, less, the worst, the least, the best, much greater, shorter, less difficult, the most reliable.
19. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод
прилагательных в сравнительной и превосходной степенях.
1. Only since 19 century A.D. people have begun to use petroleum as one of the most important sources of energy. 2. Very often petroleum engineers drill deeper wells. 3. The deepest wells reach gigantic depths of 10,000 and even more metres. 4. Besides, oil often contains smaller amounts of sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen. 5. The heavier the oil the darker is the colour. 6. Oil is much lighter than water. 7. At present, petroleum is the most important fuel and energy source.
20. Переведите текст:
PETROLEUM
As we know from ancient manuscripts man first began to apply petroleum already some centuries B.C. Ancient people knew different properties of oil and used it for various purposes. They caulked their ships and boats with oil and made their cloths waterproof. They used petroleum as a cheap and efficient lubricant. Ancients discovered curing properties of oil and used it in medical treatment of some diseases. Besides, they utilized petroleum for the illumination of their dwellings and even as the incendiaries in frequent war battles. Since such application didn’t require large amounts of oil ancient people managed with oil they got from the surface seeps.
Only since 19 century A.D. people have begun to use petroleum as one of the most important sources of energy. The commercial production of this valuable fuel has led to the development of modern petroleum industry.
Petroleum or as we often call it oil is a combustible oily liquid which occurs in sedimentary rocks of the Earth’s crust. Petroleum usually forms and accumulates in geological traps at the depths of 1,200 –2,000 m and deeper. Very often petroleum engineers drill deeper wells (up to 6,000 m). The deepest wells that are not so numerous reach gigantic depths of 10,000 and even more metres.
Petroleum is a liquid which consists of different hydrocarbons, i.e. compounds of carbon and hydrogen. Besides, oil often contains smaller amounts of sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen. Petroleum is a substance with a characteristic smell. The odour of petroleum depends on the nature, composition and quantity of hydrocarbons and different impurities. The colour of oil varies from light brown to dark brown, nearly black. Specific gravity of oil determines its colour. The heavier the oil the darker is the colour. Oil is much lighter than water. It doesn’t dissolve in water and forms a thin rainbow film on its surface. For oil doesn’t conduct electricity, people use some of its products in manufacturing of insulators. All sorts of petroleum are combustible. At present, petroleum is the most important fuel and energy source because of its high calorific value.
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The geological science has not yet given a clear explanation for the petroleum formation. Most scientists, however, admit the organic origin of petroleum. They believe that carbon and hydrogen, i.e., the chemical basis of any oil, came from sea and land plants and animals as a result of their decomposition. In a very calm, shallow sea, dead plants and animals fell to the bottom. The accumulation of thick layers of silt above the organic matter led to an increase in temperature and rise in pressure – conditions under which liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons formed. As petroleum is a mixture of fluids, both liquid and gaseous, it often migrated far from the place where it originated.
Notes
B.C. ‘bi: ‘si: = Before Christ bi`f: `kraist – до нашей эры
A.D. `ei `di: = Anno Domini ` nou `d minai – нашей эра
i. e. `ai `i: = that is ` t is – то есть
21. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1.When did man first begin to apply petroleum? 2. How did ancient people use petroleum? 3. What factor has led to the development of modern petroleum industry?
4. How can one define petroleum? 5. Where does petroleum form and accumulate?
6. Does petroleum consist of different hydrocarbons? 7. What impurities does petroleum often contain? 8. On what factors does the odour of petroleum depend? 9. Is the color of oil always dark brown? 10. What determines its colour? 11. What is the dependence of the colour of oil on its specific gravity? 12. Are all sorts of petroleum combustible?
13. Is there a clear explanation for the petroleum formation? 14. Do all scientists admit the organic origin of petroleum?
22. Перескажите текст, используя вопросы упражнения 21.
23. 1) Прослушайте слова. Запомните их.
oily – маслянистый to be concentrated – сосредоточиваться
liquid – жидкость distincitive – отличительный, характерный
exclusively – исключительно to explore – исследовать
odour – запах twelve-fold bigger – в 12 раз больше
to disolve – растворять to consider – считать, полагать
to climb – подниматься molecular weight – молекулярный вес
remote – отдаленный epoch – эпоха
to amount to = to reach – достигать
2) Прослушайте текст и озаглавьте его.
Petroleum is an oily combustible liquid. It is usually dark in colour and has a distinctive odour. It is much lighter than water and does not dissolve in water.
There are several theories of the origin of oil, as petroleum is often called. Many soientists consider that petroleum was formed in remote epochs by the decomposition of plant and animal organisms out of contact with air.
In tsarist Russia the petroleum industry was concentrated almost exclusively in the Caucasus. In Soviet years many new deposits have been explored. As a result, petroleum production has increased. In 1958 production was more than twelve-fold bigger than in 1913, amounting to 113 million tons. In 1963 it reached 206 million tons a year. By 1980 the production had climbed to 700 million tons a year Oil production kept rising from the 1950s up to the 1980s. In 1989 oil production amounted to 552 million tons, in 2002 it amounted to 379 million tons..
Like natural gas, petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons, only of higher molecular weight. Petroleum consists for the most part of liquid hydrocarbons, but there are gaseous and solid hydrocarbons dissolved in them.
3.) Прослушайте отрывок из текста и ответьте на вопросы.
Petroleum is an oily combustible liquid. It is usually dark in colour and has a distincitive odour. It is much lighter than water and does not dissolve in water.
1. What is petroleum? 2. What colour is petroleum? 3. Has petroleum an odour? 4. Does petroleum dissolve in water?
4) Закончите следующие предложения, выбрав один из предложенных вариантов.
1. There are several theories of … a) the discovery of oil;
b) the origin of oil;
c) the composition of oil.
2. Many scientists consider that petroleum was formed …
a) in remote epochs; b) not long ago; c) in 19th century.
3. Many scientists consider that petroleum was formed by …
a) the decomposition of plant and animal organisms in contact with air;
b) the decomposition of plant and animal organisms out of contact with air;
c) the decomposition of plant and animal organisms in contact with water;
5). Прослушайте отрывок и выберите предложение, точно передающее его основную мысль.
In tsarist Russia the petroleum industry was concentrated almost exclusively in the Caucasus. In Soviet years many new deposits have been explored. As a result, petroleum production has increased. In 1958 production was more than twelve-fold bigger than in 1913, amounting to 113 million tons. In 1963 it reached 206 million tons a year. By 1980 the production had climbed to 700 million tons a year. Oil production kept rising from the 1950s up to the 1980s. In 1989 oil production amounted to 552 million tons, in 2002 it amounted to 379 million tons.
1. In the Soviet years petroleum production has increased.
2. By 1980 production had climbed to 700 million tons a year.
6) Прослушайте два варианта одного и того же отрывка. Найдите расхождения между вариантами.
1. Like natural gas, petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons, only of higher molecular weight. It consists for the most part of liquid hydrocarbons, but there are gaseous and solid hydrocarbons dissolved in them.
2. Like natural gas, petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons, only of lighter molecular weight. It consists of liquid hydrocarbons Gaseous and solid hydrocarbons do not dissolve in them.
24. Английский юмор:
IN THE COMPANY OF STUDENTS
– What`s your father, Bobby?
– My father`s a college professor.
– That`s a good profession. Does he like it?
– He has only one thing to complain about.
– What`s that?
– Oh, the students.
* * *
Father: You know that mother is very angry when you get bad marks at college.
Son: Well, it`s not me who is to blame for it`s the teacher who puts bad marks.
* * *
A son at college wrote his father: “No mon, no fun, your son”.
The father answered: “How sad, too bad, your dad”.
1) He has only one thing to complain about. – У него всего лишь одна жалоба.
2) it`s not me who is to blame – я в этом не виноват
3) mon = money
25. Продолжите диалог, используя предложенные ниже выражения:
as is known, by the way, from my point of view, generally speaking, I`d like to say a few words about, it should be taken into consideration, to sum it up.
A: Hullo, Bobby. What`s the news?
B: Hullo, Ann. How are you? You known, I`ve read an interesting article in the magazine
“Oil and gas”. It`s about the history of petroleum industry in the USA.
A: Is it really so? How very interesting: I`d like to known some more facts about it.
Could you tell me a few words about oil and its origin? I am going to enter Ufa
Petroleum University this year.
B: With pleasure …
26. Расскажите об истории добычи нефти, ее физических и химических свойствах,
ее происхождении. Используйте активную лексику урока и следующие
словосочетания:
ancient people knew, curing properties of oil, no search for oil, wells were sunk, seepages, one of the most important sources of energy, in sedimentary rocks, in geological traps, at the depth, a combustible oily liquid, smaller amounts of sulphur, a characteristic smell, the colour of oil varies, much lighter than, it doesn`t dissolve in …, the organic origin of petroleum.
УРОК 4
Грамматика: 1. Видо-временные формы глаголов.
2. Модальные глаголы, их эквиваленты.
3. Количественные местоимения little, few, a little, a few.
Текст: Natural Gas.
1. Прочитайте вслух следующие слова:
- rush, under, production, industry, other;
- borehole, form, source, porous, important;
- obtain, remain, mainly;
- inflammable, sandstone, extraction, natural;
- reach, field, region;
- internal, occur, German, network;
- advantage, France, Carpathian, example;
- either, gigantic, pipeline, limestone;
- Austria, deposit, approximately, volume.
2. Прочитайте вслух следующие слова. Запомните их произношение.
Carpathian mountains, Europe; Romania; Austria; France; Italy
acetylene – ацетилен
butane – бутан
carbon – углерод
chlorine – хлор
ethane – этан
hexane – гексан
hydrogen – водород
methane – метан, болотный газ
octane – октан
propane – пропан
pentane – пентан
per cent – процент
3. Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:
accumulate – накапливать
approximately – приблизительно, приближенно
boiling point – точка кипения
borehole – буровая скважина
consist of – состоять из
decomposition – разложение, распад
deposit – месторождение, залежь
distinct – особый, определенный
derivative – производное
extraction – извлечение, добыча
fuel – топливо, горючее
inflammable – легко воспламеняющийся, огнеопасный
limestone – известняк
liquid – жидкость
natural gas – природный газ
network – сеть
occur – залегать
obtain – получать
pressure – давление
porous bed – пористый слой
rush – зд. хлынуть
source – источник
sandstone – песчаник
volume – объем, масса (какого-л. вещества)
4. Подберите из правой колонки правильный перевод английских слов и словосочетаний:
1) occur 1) месторождение
2) deposit 2) источник
3) animal and vegetable remains 3) проникать
4) source 4) залегать, встречаться
5) penetrate 5) растительные и животные остатки
6) under great pressure 6) горючий
7) borehole 7) жидкие и твердые виды топлива
8) inflammable 8) добыча
9) liquid and solid fuels 9) под высоким давлением
10) extraction 10) скважина
5. Переведите на русский язык следующие сочетания слов без словаря:
animal and vegetable remains; under great pressure; several boreholes; network of pipelines; low boiling point; 85 per cent; distinct odour; a great amount of heat; numerous new sources; to obtain new materials; over a period of many centuries; over long distances; inflammable gas.
6. Определите значение подчеркнутых слов по сходству их корней с корнями соответствующих слов в русском языке;
natural deposit, separate deposit, porous beds, long distance, gigantic network, typical natural gas, gaseous fuel, raw material, chemical technologist, extraction of oil, reserves of natural gas.
7. Определите по суффиксам, какой частью речи являются следующие слова, и переведите их на русский язык:
pore- porosity- porous; collect-collection- collective; approximate- approximately- approximation; chemist-chemistry-chemical; gas- gaseous- gasify-gasification; derive-derivative-derivable; extract- extraction- extractive; utilize-utilization; numerous-numerously; intense- intensification-intensify-intensity-intensive; penetrate-penetration.
8. Определите значение слова ”volume” в контексте (volume – том; объем).
1.Our university has a library of many volumes of Russian and foreign scientific books and journals. 2. A great volume of gas penetrates into porous beds of sand, sandstone and limestone. 3. As is known, for volume of chemical production this plant is one of the leading ones in our country.
9. Переведите следующие предложения. Помните, что:
a few – несколько употребляется с исчисляемыми
few – мало существительными
a little – немного употребляется с неисчисляемыми
little – мало существительными
1. We have little information of this discovery. 2. We must add a little water to make this substance melt. 3. Scientists opened a few new sources of gas in Europe. 4. There are few uses of natural gas in industry. 5. A few years ago we utilized this device in our laboratory. 6. As I had little time I could not get reliable information about this deposit of gas. 7. Little of natural gas we may use chemically. 8. Butane, pentane, hexane, and a few other gases may also be present.
10. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык.
Запомните: both – оба
both…and – как … так и
either – любой
either…or – либо … либо
1. Natural gas either occurs together with crude oil or forms separate deposits of gas alone. 2. Either of these properties can be used in this analysis. 3. Natural gas may be used either as fuel or heat in our everyday life. 4. Most of natural gas we may use as a fuel for the production of both heat and energy. 5. Decomposition of both animal and vegetable remains over a period of many centuries without air is the source of natural gas. 6. Both the pressure and volume of a gas can be changed. 7. Both characteristics of the state of a gas are very important for the experiments. 8. Homogeneous materials may be classified either into compounds and elements or into solutions.
11. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите значение слова like в контексте (like - любить, нравиться; подобно, как).
1. Like all gaseous fuels natural gas has great advantages over liquid and solid fuels.
2. The engineer whom we met at the laboratory has three sons. His elder son is taking a course at the Petroleum University. Like his father he is going to become a petroleum engineer. He looks like his father. He likes his future speciality. 3. The level of petroleum education like that of all other types of education has grown manyfold.
12. Подберите к глаголам из левой колонки соответствующие существительные из правой колонки. Переведите словосочетания на русский язык.
1) to occur 1) into porous beds
2) to form 2) together with crude oil
3) to accumulate 3) natural deposits
4) to reach 4) in large quantities
5) to consist of 5) hydrocarbons
6) to make up 6) oil and gas
7) to be present 7) 90 per cent
8) to utilize 8) a great depth
9) to discover 9) as a raw material
10) in the field
13. Переведите на русский язык предложения, обращая внимание на перевод парных союзов either… or (или.. или; либо … либо), both… and (как … так и
и... и):
1. Natural gases either occurs together with oil or forms separate deposits of gas alone. 2. The density of gases is measured either with special gas pycnometers or by the effusion method. 3. The state of a gas is characterized both by pressure-temperature and volume. 4. A field may be either a single pool or it may consist of two or more pools, all of, or related to, the same geologic structure. 5. Both oil and gas are naturally occurring mixtures of mainly hydrogen and carbon compounds. 6. Oil may be displaced from sand by either water or gas. 7. Oil and gas are used both as the fuel and chemicals. 8. Generally oil seeps are either up-dips or seepage along a fracture.
14. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на многозначность слова one. Назовите номера предложений, в которых one выступает заменителем ранее упомянутого существительного.
1. The training of petroleum engineers and geologists includes a comprehensive study of general subjects as well as specialized ones. 2. One can see modern computers at every laboratory. 3. A new method of oil production is more effective than the one we used some years ago. 4. Russia has always been one of the predominant oil and gas producing countries. 5. Liquids or gases are injected into the common reservoir through one or more injection wells. 6. Oil may be displaced from sand by any one, or a combination of three mechanisms. 7. The earth`s crust is the zone on which we live and the one accessible for our investigation. 8. One of the earliest patents for an “offshore” drilling rig was issued to T.F. Rowland in 1869. 9. Man, for one reason or another, has since the earliest known times been digging holes in the earth`s surface.
15. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, выбрав нужное слово: little, a little, few, a few. (Там, где это возможно, дайте два варианта предложения).
1. There are … things here which I cannot understand. 2. Have you got… ink in your fountain-pen? 3. When we walked… farther down the road we met another group of students. 4. If you have… spare time, go through this book. You will find… articles there which are rather interesting. 5. Has Russia much or…natural gas?
16. Запомните модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты:
| Эквиваленты модальных глаголов | |||
| Настоящее время | Пршедшее время | Будующее время | |
| can –мочь could – мог | am able to is able to are able to | was able to were able to | shall be able to will be able to |
| may –мочь might – мог | am allowed to is allowed to are allowed to | was allowed to were allowed to | shall be allowed to will be allowed to |
| Must – Должен should – должен, следует | have to has to (вынужден, приходится) am to is to are to (должен по договоренности, плану) | had to was to were to | shall have to will have to |
Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на время, выраженное формой модального глагола или его эквивалента.
1. You must come to the Institute in time. 2. You may send the documents to the Institute. 3. All the students are allowed to make experiments in the laboratory. 4. This plant is to begin its work at the end of the month. 5. You should read the text once more. 6. You’ll have to do this work again. 7. We were to meet at the station. 8. If you cannot make the experiment yourself, you should consult your teaching assistant. 9. You could go there yesterday. 10. They might take the books when they were at the library. 11. I shall be able to read your paper tomorrow. 12. First you must study the laboratory instruction and only then you can begin the experiment. 13. We can produce heat by burning oil, gas or any other fuel. 14. He had to pass his last exam once again, because he couldn`t write the test.
17. Вставьте пропущенную форму модального глагола или эквивалента. Дайте несколько вариантов там, где это возможно.
1. … I consult the dictionary? 2. You … not do this work alone. 3. I … swim well. 4. The plant … be built in time. 5.We … not… to stay here for a long time. 6. You … not be late. 7.Does he … to come there? 8. … we leave already? 9. … we cross the street here? 10. … they write the words in their work- books? 11. … you begin the tests last week?
18. Прочтите и переведите текст:
NATURAL GAS
Natural gas either occurs together with crude oil or forms separate deposits of gas alone. Decomposition of both animal and vegetable remains over a period of many centuries without air is the source of natural gas. A gread volume of gas accumulates and penetrates into porous beds of sand, sandstones and limestones. In these beds gas can form natural deposits under great pressure. When a borehole reaches such a deposit the gas rushes up. This gas has to be collected from several boreholes with the help of pipelines over long distances. Russia has a gigantic network of pipelines.
Natural gas is an inflammable gas and consists of hydrocarbons with a very low boiling point. Methane (CH4 ) makes up approximately 85 per cent of the typical natural gas. Ethane (C2 H6 ) can be present up to 10 % and propane (C3 H8 ) up to 3 %.
Butane, pentane, hexane, octane and a few other gases may also be present. In contrast to crude petroleum natural gas has no distinct odour.
Little of natural gas we may use chemically,most of it we use as a fuel for the production of both heat and energy. Like all gaseous fuels natural gas has great amount of heat. Natural gas is valuable also as an important chemical raw material for industry, as chemical technologists are able to obtain hydrogen, acetylene, carbon black and various chlorine derivatives.
Natural gas occurs mainly in Russia and some other CIS countries and in the United States where most of the extraction and utilization takes place. Before the war we utilized gas only at Baku and in the Carpathian Mountains. Since then they have discovered numerous new sources, for example, in the Ukhta (Russia) and Emba regions (Kazakhstan), near Saratov, Uzbekistan, Volgograd and Grozny. In Europa they found rich deposits in Rumania and Italy, smaller ones in Austria and France. Germany also has several small but intensively worked fields.
19. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. Does natural gas occur together with crude oil or does it form separate deposits? 2. What is the main source of natural gas? 3. In what beds can gas form natural deposits?
4. What happens when a borehole reaches a deposit of natural gas under great pressure? 5. What network of pipelines has Russia. 6. In natural gas an inflammable gas? 7. What does natural gas consist of? 8. What is the main component of natural gas? 9. Has natural gas any distinct odour? 10. Do we use natural gas mainly as a fuel? 11. Is natural gas an important chemical raw material for industry? 12. What countries are the main producers of natural gas? 13. In what areas of Russia and CIS is natural gas produced at present? 14. What countries of Europe are rich in natural gas?
20. Перескажите текст, используя вопросы упражнения 19.
21. Запомните слова:
Combustible – горючий manifestation – проявление
ancient – древний supernatural – сверхестественный
legend – легенда force – сила
B.C. – before Christ – до н.э. to worship – поклоняться, почитать
to observe – наблюдать still – до сих пор, все еще
eternal – вечный in the Caucasus – на Кавказе
to burn – гореть to exist – существовать
flame – пламя, огонь remains – остатки
various – различный temple – храм
to regard – рассматривать, right to the end of the 19th century – вплоть до
считать конца 19 столетия
Прослушайте смысловой кусок. Кратко ответьте на вопросы.
Natural combustible gas has been known since ancient times. There is a legend that several thousand years B.C. people observed “eternally buring flames” in various parts of the world. These flames were regarded as manifestations of a supernatural force and were worshipped. In the Caucasus there still exist the remains of a temple. In this temple an eternal flame burned right to the end of the 19th century.
1. Natural combustible gas has been known since ancient times, hasn’t it?
2. Did people observe “eternally buring flames” several thousand years B.C.?
3. Were these flames were regarded as manifestations of a supernatural force?
4. Did people worship buring flames?
5. In the Caucasus there still exist the remains of a temple, don’t they?
6. Did an eternal flame burn in this temple right to the end of the 19th century?
Запомните слова:
To form – образовывать limestone – известняк
decomposition – разложение surround – окружать
to penetrate – проникать rock – порода
crack – трещина side – сторона
bed – слой sandstone – песчаник
Прослушайте смысловой кусок. Из предложенных заголовков выберите правильный вариант.
Natural gases were formed by the decomposition of animal and vegetable remains over a period of many centuries. The gases that accumulated penetrated through cracks into porous beds of sand, sandstone and limestone. In these beds surrounded on all sides by compact rock, they formed natural deposits.
a) The use of natural gas
b) The main components of natural gas
c) The origin of natural gas
Запомните слова:
mysterious – таинственный to ignite – загораться, воспламеняться
nothing but – не что иное, как lightning – молния
to break out (broke, broken) - вырваться to pipe – пускать по трубам
bowels of the earth – недра земли to serve – служить
deposit – месторождение
Прослушайте смысловой кусок. Выберите предложение, наиболее точно передающее содержание прослушанного отрывка.
Nowadays everyone knows that there is nothing mysterious about such flames. “Eternal flames” are nothing but combustible gases. They have broken out of the bowels of the earth into the atmosphere and have been ignited, say, by lightning. People today do not worship such flames. They pipe the natural gas to their cities – to factories and homes. They make it serve their needs.
1. There is nothing mysterious about “eternal flames”.
2. Instead of (вместо) worshipping “eternal flames” people today make them serve their needs.
3. Combustible gases have broken out of the bowels of the earth into the atmosphere and have been ignited.
22. Составьте диалог. Используйте лексику текста, а также известные Вам разговорные формулы.
A.: It is interesting to know if the use of gas is growing fast?
B.: As is known, it certainly is.
A.: What are the reasons, I wonder?
23. Английский юмор:
When did Socrates live?
The teacher asked: “When did Socrates live?” After the silence had become painful, she ordered: “Open your history book. What does it say there?”
Pupil: Socrates, 469 B.C.
Teacher: Now, why didn`t you know when Socrates lived?
Pupil: Well, I though 469 B.C. was his telephone number.
Socrates
painful – зд. удручающий
B.C. – Before Christ – до нашей эры
* * *
Teacher: John, why are you late?
John: Please, madam, I had to wash my neck and ears, but, honest, it won’t happen again.
УРОК 5
Грамматика: 1. Герундий.
2. Причастие II.
3. Инфинитив.
4. Функции глаголов to be, to have в предложении.
Текст The Search for Oil
1. Прочтите вслух следующие слова:
[ ] – e vidence, m e thod, dev e lop, inv e stment
[ ] – fr a cture, b a lance, gr a vity
[ ] – disc o very, constr u ct, substr u cture, rec o ver, d u ster
[ ] – w or ld, s ear ch, ear th, sur face, comm er cial
[ ] – g eolo g ist, g eophysicist, g eographic, knowle dg e
[ ] – mea s ure, explo s ion
[ ] – composi tion, configura tion, explora tion, observa tion
[ ] – loc a tion, accumul a tion, b a sic, sp a ce, oper a tor, gr ea t.
2. Прочтите следующие слова, обращая внимание на ударение:
either [ ], generally [ ], knowledge [ ], observation [ ], aware [ ], sufficient [ ], beneath [ ], seismograph [ ], enough [ ], though [ ], technique [ ], magnetometer [ ], perhaps [ ], between [ ], actual [ ].
3. Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:
search [ ] – поиск, разведка
seek [ ] – искать
evidence [ ] – признак, доказательство
oil seep [ ] – выход нефти на поверхность
up-dip [ ] – вверх по восстанию пласта
seepage [ ] – просачивание
fracture [ ] – разлом, разрыв
discovery [ ] – открытие
locate [ ] – обнаруживать
reservoir [ ] – коллекторская порода
investigation [ ] – исследование
gain [ ] – получать
substructure [ ] – подземная структура
dome [ ] – купол
seep [ ] – выход нефти на поверхность
anticline [ ] – антиклиналь
surface map [ ] – карта поверхности
devise [ ] – изобретать
torsion balance [ ] – париометр, крутильные весы
subsurface structure [ ] – погребенная структура
deduce [ ] - прослеживать
measure [ ] – измерять
transit time [ ] - время пробега
sound wave [ ] - звуковая волна
gravity meter [ ] - гравиметр
magnetometer [ ] – магнитометр
remote sensing [ ] - телеметрия
to be commercially feasible [ ] – быть рентабельным
recover [ ] – получать обратно, возмещать
investment [ ] – инвестиции, капиталовложение
to make a profit [ ] – получать прибыль
assure [ ] – уверять, гарантировать
rich strike [ ] - богатое месторождение
duster [ ] – непродуктивная скважина, скважина, не давшая ни нефти, ни газа.
4. Определите значение интернациональных слов:
observation, construct, geologist, geophysicist, structure, specific, method, globe, reservoir, generate, balance, basic, form, configuration, commercially, technique, actual, composition.
5. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод глаголов «to find» и «to found».
Запомните: to find (found, found) - находить
to found (founded, founded) - основывать
1. The missing expedition has not been found yet. 2. I found it difficult to understand him. 3. St. Petersburg was founded by Peter I in 1703. 4. Peter I founded this city to defend the northern borders of Russia. 5. His theory found no acceptance among scientists. 6. His theory is founded on very superficial (поверхностный, неглубокий) knowledge. 7. Petroleum is generally found in porous sedimentary rocks. 8. The geological party found vast resources of natural gas here last year. 9. Do you know who founded the Moscow University? 10. Before a mineral deposit can be worked, it must first be found.
6. Подберите из правой колонки правильный перевод английских слов и словосочетаний:
1) to look for evidence 1) подземная структура Земли
2) present configuration 2) рентабельный
3) are likely to contain 3) богатое месторождение
4) earth’s substructure 4) непродуктивная скважина
5) remote sensing 5) уменьшают риск
6) oil accumulation 6) современная конфигурация
7) lessen the risk 7) вероятно, содержат
8) commercially feasible 8) получить прибыль
9) make a profit 9) искать признаки
10) rich strike 10) нефтяная залежь
11) duster 11) телеметрия
7. Подберите к глаголам из списка А соответствующие существительные из списка В. Переведите словосочетание на русский язык.
A. 1) to leаt to; 2) to lessen; 3) to construct; 4) to measure; 5) to look for; 6) to gain;
7) to invest; 8) to take; 9) to recover; 10) to make.
B. 1) millions of dollars; 2) maps; 3) investments; 4) a great many steps; 5) a
discovery; 6) the risk; 7) transmit time; 8) a profit; 9) evidence; 10) information.
8. Герундий (Gerund) образуется путем прибавления суффикса –ing к основе глагола. Помните, что в предложении герундий может выполнять все синтаксические функции:
1) в функции подлежащего герундий переводится на русский язык
существительным или инфинитивом:
Reading such books is difficult.
2) герундий может быть частью сказуемого:
а) в функции именной части сказуемого (после глагола-связки to be) он
переводится инфинитивом или существительным:
My favourite occupation is reading.
б) в функции части составного глагольного сказуемого (после глаголов “to
begin”, “to start” – начинать; “to keep on”, “to go on” – продолжать; “ to stop”,
“to give up” –прекращать) переводится инфинитивом или существительным:
The student began translating the text.
3) в функции дополнения (прямого и предложного) герундий переводится
инфинитивом, существительным или придаточным предложением:
He likes listening to music.
He thinks of going to see his parents.
4) в функции определения (после существительного с предлогом of или for)
он переводится существительным в родительном падеже; инфинитивом или
придаточным предложением:
The problems of getting oil out of the ground are colossal.
5) в функции обстоятельства после предлогов:
“on (upon)”, “after” переводится деепричастием иди существительным с
предлогами «по», «после».
After (on) returning to Moscow he resumed his work.
«by» - деепричастием, сочетанием предлогов «путем», «при помощи» с существительным или придаточным предложением:
He solved the problem by inventing a new kind of plastic.
“in” – деепричастием или существительным с предлогом «при»:
You must be very careful in making such experiments.
“without” – деепричастием с частицей «не» или существительным с предлогом «без»:
It is impossible to know English well without reading books in the original.
Итак, герундий в различных функциях переводится на русский язык существительным (с предлогом или без предлога), инфинитивом, деепричастием или придаточным предложением. Способ перевода зависит не столько от функции герундия в предложении, сколько от его лексического значения и сочетаемости слов в русском языке.
9. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод герундия в функции:
а) подлежащего:
1. Changing the volume of a substance changes its density. 2. Exploiting the deposit means the extraction of mineral in it. 3. Measuring resistance is necessary in many experiments. 4. Fracturing of the area can also cause secondary porosity. 5. Using automatic control made it possible to increase productivity. 6. Maintaining constant pressure during the test was absolutely necessary. 7. Prospecting is the search for mineral deposits that can be exploited.
б) части сказуемого:
1. The work of these geologists is looking for oil and gas in new areas. 2. Their aim is finding new ways to increase oil production. 3. The search for economically useful mineral deposits is prospecting. 4. They continued testing until the sample was destroyed. 5. Oil production kept rising from the 1950s up to the 1990s.
в) дополнения:
1. As a rule prospecting includes 3 stages: finding evidence of the mineral finding the deposit and exploring the deposit. 2. For making tools man of the Stone Age used only stones. 3. Thank you for coming. 4. The drilling equipment needs repairing. 5. We suggested drilling an exploratory well to prove the existence of oil at the location. 6. The chief engineer spoke of organizing a new laboratory. 7. They succeeded in locating a rich oil accumulation. 8. Our oil engineers have made good progress in drilling wells.
г) определения:
1. There are different ways of discovering underground oil. 2. Porous solids have a great capacity for absorbing gases. 3. The idea of using this technique was new and unexpected. 4. The American program provided for a number of alternative sources of synthetic fuels including ways of c
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