 |
Part I. Elementary Knowledge of articles
|
|
|
|
A huge moon was rising over the horizon. Mr. Stone received us like a king.
С другой стороны, имена нарицательные становятся индивидуально-уникальными при обозначении лица или предмета, выделенного в качестве единственного в своем роде для данной группы людей. Например: the manager, the boss, the teacher, the driver, the watchman, the host, the village, the river, the forest и т.д. Ср.:
The manager (i.e. the manager of our office) will be coming presently.
I can't leave the village (i.e. the village where we live) until Sunday.
Существительные несчисляемые (названия материалов, названия абстрактных понятий) при их «классифицирующем» введении в речь неопределенного артикля не принимают. Как и в случае отсутствия артикля при множественном числе существительных, это обусловлено вышеуказанной местоименно-нумеральной основой семантики артикля. Следовательно, отсутствие артикля в данном употреблении существительного является значимым. Такое отсутствие артикля подходит под определение нулевого артикля; это - нулевой вводящий артикль, по своей контекстной функции соответствующий нулевому вводящему артиклю при множественном числе счисляемых существительных. Например:
You should take this medicine with water.
Can we really dispense with sugar and salt as the essential ingredients of our food?
I don't like metal combined with plastic in one and the same object of everyday use.
Ср. абстрактные несчисляемые существительные в аналогичном употреблении:
Mrs. Carruthers always preferred poetry to prose.
Hard work will certainly provide for progress in your studies.
Наряду с данными употреблениями, отсутствие артикля может характеризовать употребление любого существительного, как несчисляемого, так и счисляемого, в значении абстрактного понятия, т.е. понятия, отчлененного, изолированного от конкретного, единичного выявления обозначаемого предмета. Ср.:
|
|
|
Civilization does not mean just culture irrespective of the historical development of society. Civilization presupposes culture based on great social progress.
The invention of rocket has revolutionized modern technical thought. Такое отсутствие артикля, следовательно, может быть выделено в качестве третьей разновидности нулевого артикля - его «изолирующей» разновидности.
Итак, нулевой артикль существует в трех функционально-семантических
разновидностях: во-первых, в виде вводящего нулевого артикля множественного числа существительных ("Introductory plural zero"); во-вторых, в виде вводящего нулевого артикля несчисляемых существительных ("introductory uncountable zero"); в-третьих, в виде изолирующего нулевого артикля существительных а абстрактном употреблении ("isolation zero").
Все три варианта нулевого артикля следует отличать от стилистического опущения неопределенного или определенного артикля, в частности, от опущения артикля в заголовках, в текстах рекламы, в телеграфном стиле, в разговорно-фамильярном стиле. Ср.:
Cottage on sea-shore for sale. Lowest price imaginable.
Arrive same day Smith.
Hope project finished waiting for details.
Отмеченные варианты нулевого артикля следует отличать и от отсутствия артикля в некоторых устойчивых словосочетаниях и конструкциях, задаваемых отдельными списками. Ср.: in point of fact, on purpose, from morning till night, man and wife и т.д.
Как видим, в английском языке выделяются три типа собственно артиклево-го употребления существительных: определенный (указательный артикль), неопределенный (вводящий артикль) и нулевой («вводяще-множественный», «вводя-ще-несчисляемый» и «изолирующий» варианты нулевого артикля). Эти типы составляют парадигму, выражающую грамматическую категорию артиклевой детерминации существительного. Существительное, соединяясь с тем или иным артиклем, принимает «артиклевую форму», выражал именно то грамматическое значение, которое нужно говорящему для* передачи своих мыслей в конкретном коммуникативном контексте речи.
|
|
|
Итак, артикль - это не пассивный, контекстно-обусловленный спутник существительного, а активное средство выражения категориальной семантики особого рода. Данную семантико-категориальную природу артикля и следует учитывать в первую очередь для правильного речевого использования артикля, представляющего собой одну из важнейших строевых принадлежностей современного английского языка.
Авторы
• См.: М.Я, Блох. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. М., 1983. - С 74 и след.
Part I. ELEMENTARY KNOWLEDGE OF ARTICLES
Exercise I. Comment on the use of the definite and Indefinite article. In each case find an English equivalent of the article.
1. A knock was heard. 2. A week passed sadly away. 3. I dropped the subject. 4. I paused for a moment. 5. The clock said five. 6. The sea was choppy. 7. They heard a cry from the next field. 8. The air was cool and clear and full of promise. 9. An old man like me cannot talk about such things to a boy. 10. Do you need an umbrella? 11. He sat down on the chair near the door. 12. A liar is not believed when he tells the truth. 13. Did Ann get the job she applied for? 14. A drop of water wears away a stone. 15. The woods are fine, and so is the camp, and so is the weather, and so is the whole world.
Exercise 2. Insert articles if necessary. Pay attention to the use of the article with the noun-subject in the sentences with the introductory "There".
1. 1 am sure there was... sound on... stairs. 2. There was... sheet of... paper in front of Winslow. Roy seized it, and began to write quickly. 3. Over... wall, to my left there appeared... face.
4. We ate i n... dining-room and there was... clean tablecloth.
5. Was there... postmark on... envelope? 6. There was... question I wanted to ask you. 7. There was... dust in my eyes,... dust in my throat when I came up from... lowlands in... evening. 8. You must go while there still... time. 9. Between us there was.,. respect and confidence. 10. At... railroad station he learned that there would be... two-hour wait before... next train. 11. There was... small orchestra playing in... room. 12. There was... light knock on... door leading from... corridor. 13. There was... rattling of... trays in... hall as... afternoon tea was brought round. 14. Then there was... casual letter after months of silence. 15. There isn't always... explanation for everything. 16. On... following Wednesday evening there was... dinner-dance at... country-club. 17. In... evening there was... great meeting of boys in... School House Hall.
Exercise 3. Usethe proper article. Pay particular attention to the use of the indefinite article before the noun-subject.
1.... study was not... very large room. There was not much light in... room and there were... bars fixed in... window, but it was very comfortable. At... farther end of... room there was... square table covered with... red and blue tablecloth. On one side there was...sofa; and there was... strong wooden chair, so that...
three boys could sit and work together. On each side of...room there were... cupboards filled with... schoolbooks, on... shelf there were some cups, and two candlesticks.
II.... room was about five feet six inches long and five feet wide. On... shelves were six school-books, and some books about... science and birds. On... table there was... big electrical machine. On one wall there was... cage with... bird in it. On... other was ... small axe and some climbing irons. In... candle box there was... young family of... mice.
|
|
|
III. There was... wood-burning stove with... chimney that went up through... roof, and this kept us warm in... winter. There was... paraffin burner on which to boil... kettle or cook... stew and there was paraffin lamp hanging from... ceiling
Exercise 4. Use the proper article. Pay attention to the use of the article before the noun-predicative.
1. "She is... wonderful woman," said... girl softly. 2. He was... thin little boy, but his face looked sixteen. 3.... editor was... tall neat man of forty. 4. I am... critic, and I'm... novelist. 5. Dave is... old friend. 6. It was... true story. 7. Now, I understand, he's... writer. 8. It was... fine day, early in June, and... air in King Street was bright. 9. His father was... good soldier. 10. She was... mother with three children. 11. That's... good idea; let's arrange it like that. 12. I was told you were... very good driver, and you are. 13. Look, Michael, I think this is... great idea. 14. Now at last it was... different world. 15. That's... dreadful place for... vacation. 16. Sir Warren was... widower, but he didn't have any real money. 17. I'm... professor of... history at Bemis College. 18.... British hospital was... big villa built by... Germans before... war. 19. Honestly, his face is... open book. 20. She was by nature... sunny soul, and had always taken... smallest excuse to be amused. 21. She's... born actress. 22. He was ... marvellous story-teller. 23. She was (and is)... good actress and... very intelligent Woman. (These qualities do not always go together.) 24. When I was... boy, times were bad for... lot of people in... England.
Exercise 5. Use the proper article. Pay attention to the use of the article with the noun-object,
I. 1. "I have... daughter, "said Моr. "about fourteen. Her name is Felicity." 2.... lady Franklin seemed to expect... answer. 3. "I think he has... fresh gentle face," she said firmly. 4. "We must send... telegram to Grant and Sibyl," said Duncan. 5. Shall I order... taxi? 6. "It must be... wonderful thing to have grown-up son," said Miss Carter. 7. But I shall write... post-card to Doctor Wing now. 8. She had ... pleasant voice and only... trace of... German accent. 9. He had... wide mouth,... magnificent teeth and... very
good manners. 10. He left... door open and... cool breeze came in. 11. Dave disapproves of... way I live, and is always urging me to take... regular job. 12. She had... top half of... house. 13. I am not... person who can tell... lie. 14. He did not have... car of his own and there was no question of his having gone for... drive. 15. He was wearing... old navy-blue sweater and... old cap on his head. 16. It is so silent. You can hear... mouse moving. 17. I've never had... weight problem. 18. He wore... great green uniform and... helmet like the Germans.
II. 1. Before leaving we had... serious talk. 2. We had... beautiful gossipy time. 3. I shall now go and have... afternoon sleep. 4. Id spite of aspirins with my lunch I still had... headache. 5. Tom was having... bad rime and at last he was knocked off his legs on to... ground. 6. She made... speech in your favour. 7. He appears to have... good sense of humour. 8. He gave... look round... room. 9. I made... awful mistake... first day. 10. He gave me... blank stare. 11. He gave... cry of pain. 12. Each time I gave him... nod and... smile. 13. Sony to put it like that but you won't seem to take... hint 14. Oh, why do women take everything so intensely and make such... fuss!
Exercise 6. Use the proper article. Point out the nouns which denote an object (fit a person) already mentioned.
|
|
|
I 1. He stopped and shook hands with me. He was walking with... stranger. He did not introduce me to him.... stranger nodded and smiled as we parted. 2. They found... tea shop.... tea shop was nearly empty. 3.... mountains were... long way away and you could see... snow on their tops.... snow looked very white and pure and unreal. 4. "Ah, good morning, Miss Chase," he said.... girl answered with... smile. 5.... taxi had been ordered to take them to... station.... taxi was due in... few minutes, and Felicity was still not ready. 6. About... greatcoat he did not tell him, for could he not have spoken of it without... tears.
II The Loyal Mongoose.
One day... man brought home...little mongoose as... pet for his child.... baby was very happy but his mother was not. She was afraid... mongoose might bite him.
As... days passed,... mongoose grew up. It was fond of playing with... child. One day... mother had to go to... market. She put her baby in... cradle and asked her husband to look after him.... father sat by... cradle and rocked it Soon... child fell asleep.... mongoose sat on... floor near... cradle.... father went to... garden.
After some time... mother returned. She carried... basket full of... vegetables. _ mongoose was waiting for her. It had... blood all over its face. She was shocked because she thought... mongoose had killed her baby. She threw... heavy basket at... mongoose. It was crushed to... death.... woman rushed into... house. She found...
child smiling. He raised his hands urging her to pick him up. Near... cradle was... dead snake.... mongoose had killed... snake to save... child.
Exercise 7. Insert articles if necessary. Pay particular attention to the noun predicatives modified by limiting attributes.
1. This was... first house I had in my mind to come to. 2. My father was... fine mechanic. So, almost from birth, I began training to be... mechanic 3. It wasn't... respect he wanted, it was... love. 4. This was... door I normally used. 5. My father without... slightest doubt, was... most marvellous and exciting father any boy ever had. 6. Now at last it was... different world. 7. This was... moment you'd been looking forward to. 8. The City is... smallest city in... United Kingdom, if not in the world. 9. Ansell? Wasn't he... pleasant fellow who asked us to lunch? 10. It was... poorest room Hilary had ever seen. 11. You are... dearest little daydreamer in... world. 12. "It's not... real coffee, I'm afraid," she apologized. 13. He was... only man from whom she would ask for help.
Exercise 8. Comment on the use of articles with abstract nouns.
1. Money attracts money. Graham Beresford had inherited it, he made it, inevitably, he had married it, too. 2. "Queen Anne is dead."-A sarcastic way of saying: That's old news. I heard it weeks ago." 3. He, too, had forgotten the state of the weather. 4. I never laugh at other people unless-unless they do bad work. 5. "It will be lovely weather in the country," said Dick. 6. Then again, though you don't know it yourself, you shirk hard work. 7. Sunday after Sunday, putting on his best clothes, he had walked over to the untidy house north of the Park, first to see Maisie's pictures, and then to criticize and advise upon them as he realized that they were productions on which advice would not be wasted. 8. He had broken the news to his family after dinner on a Saturday night.. "I'm going to South Africa to find diamond. I'll be on my way next week." - **Why do you not tell us where you're getting the money to go," his brother Ivan asked. "It's half-way round the world. You have no money." - "If I had money," Jamie retorted, "I wouldn't have to go looking for diamond, would I? Nobody there has money. Г11 be an| equal with all of them." 9. "The first thing I'm going to do is to put you back in my will, where you belong," - "I don't care about the money I only care about you." 10. Alexandra was overjoyed when she heard the news about Eve and her grandmother.
Exercise 9. Insert the definite article before abstract nouns if necessary.
1. When I heard... news I felt perfect relief. 2. From J information we've got he agrees with the diagnosis of the doctor
U
3. Doreen took... money and counted it over carefully. 4. The essayer was in the canteen waiting when Jamie McGregor entered. He had obviously spreading... news, because when Jamie walked in there was a sudden respectful rush. 5. "Well! I hear there is... good news." Van der Merwe beamed. 6. The following morning Jamie went to see about... work at the shipyard. 7. We came in to look for... work. 8. Dr. Teeger said, "I'm afraid... news is bad, Mrs. McGregor. Your husband has had a severe stroke." 9. When Kate arrived home that afternoon, Margaret broke... news to her. 10. "Did Tony tell you he's going to have an exhibition, Mrs. Black-well?" - "Yes, he did. It's... wonderful news." 11. "I've just had... terrible news," he said. "My father suffered another heart attack." 12. From... information we've got he agrees with the diagnosis of the doctor. 13.... weather of late has been ideal. 14.... very strange weather we are having. 15. An obsession drives to... hard work. I myself have always worked like a demon. 16.... weather in London is intolerably hot and the temperature seems to increase the traffic noise. 17. "And what's... weather like outside?"
|
|
|
Exercise 10. Insert articles if necessary.
I. What... shocking weather we are having! Too much rain and
too little sunshine.... sky has been covered with clouds for... week.
In... mornings there is... mist and in... evenings there's... fog....
only good thing about it is there hasn't been much wind. But I see
... storm is coming according to... weather forecast and we shall
probably have a good deal of... thunder and... lightning.... weather
is not usually like this at this time of... year. We don't get much
rainfall anyway.
Usually we get... east wind with a great deal of... snow or... hail and... ice about this time of... year. We often get a lot of... cold weather but I've never known so much rainy weather.
II. The Storm.
... heavy clouds covered... sky, obscuring... moon and... stars.... night became black and... heavy silence and... feel of... air told of... coming storm.
Suddenly... wind rose, sweeping, threatening and cold, over... countryside. And with it came... rain,... heavy pelting rain first in... large single drops but soon turning into... downpour.... leaves of trees whispered and hissed wetly under... rain.... flashes of... lightning lit... drowning countryside illuminating... silver veil of... heavy rain.... peals of... thunder rolled across... sky and... earth shook and quaked under its blows.
Then... storm passed.... lightning ceased and... thunder died to... sudden silence which only... running and gurgling water broke.
Exercise 11. Translate into English.
1. Погода была такая плохая, что я не мог выйти. 2. Какая 12
хорошая погода стоит! 3. Я пришел к вам за советом. 4. Спасибо, я знал, что вы дадите мне хороший совет. 5. Вы слышали последние новости? 6. Это плохая новость. 7. Я думаю, что только работа может вам помочь. 8. Он попросил разрешения пользоваться моими книгами. 9. Мы давно его не видели. 10. Как раз время начинать. И. Она может дать вам все необходимые сведения. 12. Нам нужно обменяться информацией. 13. Он был беден и не мог дать сыну хорошего образования. 14. В нашей стране все имеют право на образование. 15. Вы закончили работу? 16. Совет-то хорош, но я не могу ему последовать. 17. Кто дал вам такой прекрасный совет? 18. Это очень интересная работа, я думаю, она вам понравится. 19. Английская литература - мой любимый предмет. 20. Он любит читать книги по истории. 21. Кто читает вам курс лекций по истории английского языка? 22. Я спешу, я пришел по делу.
Exercise 12. Comment on the use of articles with nouns modified by "such", "rather", "quite" and "what".
1. Think what a scandal this female would cause if she returned with such a story. 2. She's rather a nervous girl, you know.
3. "Uncle Ash and me have had breakfast. This afternoon we're going shelling," John announced, climbing onto her bed. "Aren't we? What fun! You should say 'Uncle Ash and Г, darling," she added.
4. Such a man as Doctor Blount would comprehend. 5. Darling! What a super surprise! I wasn't told you would be here. 6. Doctor Galens was going to have quite a reaction once I started to talk. 7. What a gloomy creature I am on a sunny morning! 8. You poor child: that was such a tragedy. 9. How nice you look, Mrs. Lambard. What an unusual skirt! 10. What luck that the shoes she had bought were slender-heeled black kid sandals, intended to go with the white dress she would have worn.
Exercise 13. Insert articles if necessary. Pay particular attention to the use of articles with nouns modified by the words "such", "rather", "what", "quite".
1. Dreamily he fell to considering what... nice snug dwelling-place it would make for... animal with... few wants. 2. But it could hardly be... star in such... unlikely situation. 3. And you really live by... river? What... jolly life! 4. "Such... rumpus everywhere!" continued Duncan. 5. "Such... good fellow, too," remarked Duncan reflectively. 6. Packing... basket was not quite such... pleasant work as unpacking... basket. 7. And it's not such... very bad house, is it? 8. "All... same, it sounds as if it might have been- well, rather funny, you know!" he added. 9. Oh, what... flowery track lies spread before me! 10. He seemed, by all accounts, to be such...
important personage. 11. Such... rich chapter it had been, when one came to look back on it all! 12. And what... play it had been! 13. Who is it this time, disturbing... people on such... night? Speak up! 14. As it's rather... gloomy place at present, I think it might be advisable not to take John with us tomorrow. 15. What... splendid name! It's so important what you call... cat. I've always been such... rolling stone I've never been able to keep... animal, such... pity.
Exercise 14. Use the proper article. Point out the nouns that have a limiting attribute.
1. He looked at... book under Donald's arm. 2. But we all found it very interesting to hear Mrs. Encombe talk of... people she knew. 3. When it was time for me to go I asked if I could see... rooms I had lived in for five years. 4. So there is something in... stories that have been going around? 5. For... first time she stared about her trying to see what there was. 6. Young Groom grasped... arms of his chair. 7. All... stories in this book were written before... first World War. 8. He asked me about... book I was writing, I asked him about... book he was writing. 9. He made... tea, and ate... biscuits which Mrs. Aberdeen had bought him. 10. No matter what happens to me... rest of my life, this will be... happiest moment I will ever know. 11.... most noticeable thing about her face was... pair of... large brown eyes. 12. As they entered... office,... young man Julia had noticed turned round and stood up. 13.... moment he had gone she turned out... lights and went to... window. 14. I was eating... bread that Rosona had brought up to my room. 15. On... other hand his father had... finest pair of eyes he had ever seen. 16. "Your birthday? "said Pooh in surprise. - "Of course. Can't you see? Look at all... presents I have had."
Exercise 15. Use the proper article. Pay attention to the use of the definite article when the context or the whole situation makes it clear which object or person is meant
1. Then they heard... door-bell ring. "Who can that be?" said Mrs. Wainwright irritably, and Hilary said, "Annie's out, isn't she? I'll go," and he got up and went to... front door. 2. At that moment... telephone bell rang. Rosie took up... receiver and listened. 3. Grant went to... drawing-room, where Alison was sitting with... book. 4. Her husband gave her... glance, and turned his eyes towards... window. 5. He said good afternoon, and went out of... room. 6. He left... door open and... cool breeze came in. 7. It was scarcely necessary, after all, to tell her about... letter. 8.... wedding day turned out sunny. 9.... manager at... hotel spoke... little English. 10.... journey to London was without... adventures. 11. She looked up when... door opened, laid down... volume she had been reading. 12. We walked down... stairs instead of taking... elevator. 13. He hailed... taxi and gave... driver... address of...
restaurant near the Road-Point. 14. "I wish... rain would stop for... moment," said Mrs. Macphail. "I could try to make... place comfortable if... sun were shining." 15. Mary, put... kettle on... fire. 16. He pressed... bell, and after some delay... door opened. 17. "Come into... library with me, Roger," he said. 18. "So... children are not down yet?" said Ellen. 19. When Christopher Robin asked the Piglet what it meant, he said it was his grandfather's name, and had been in... family for a long time.
Exercise 16. Use the proper article. Pay attention to the article in adverbial phrases of place.
1. He sat in... window shivering. He would not bring himself to turn... lights on. 2. Alison and Nance were talking on... staircase. 3. We were shown into... drawing-room. 4. He looked across... table at Brown. 5. John's notebook dropped to... floor. 6. Henry and Lyon knew almost everyone in... room. 7. She read every novel on... best-seller list. 8. On... mantelpiece stood... photograph of... parents with... glass cracked. 9. Cassie spent... night at home, and on entering... dining-room glanced at... space above... fire. 10.... sunlight moved very slowly on... white wall of... Hospital, casting... long shadow from... ledge halfway up... wall. Longer and longer... shadow grew, and as... shadow moved my head turned upon... pillow. 11. There is... sound of... heavy boots on... road. 12. There was... knock at... door. 13.... servant maid came in from... kitchen. 14. She broke into... library where Duncan was by himself.
15. Finn was sitting near him on... floor with his back to... wall.
16. I am going to... village shop. 17. He came into... room to shut... windows. 18. We drove down... main road and turned up... side road about... mile away. 19. We walked down... stairs and I got my hat. 20. I lived with... uncle and aunt on... outskirts of... little Kentish town by... sea. 21. 1 walked down to... road and looked over... gate. 22. The Driffields lived in... little two-storey house in... side street.
Exercise 17. Use the proper article. Pay attention to the use of articles with the nouns denoting unique or generally known things.
I. 1. "Look at... moon," said Eden. 2. He looked down at...
ground. 3.... life without... ideal would be like... sky without...
sun. 4.... horizon was primrose, and... earth against it gave...
momentary hints of... purple. 5. He made... journey round...
world. 6.... three-quarter moon was well above... hills now, and...
sky was filled with... stars. 7. He lay rolled in his blanket, watching
... North Star brighten.
II. 1. There was... new moon in... sky and across... road..
big field lay pale and deserted in... moonlight. 2.... night before
had been wild and wet with... rain, but when she arrived at Atlanta
... warm sun was at... work, attempting to dry... streets that were... winding rivers of... red mud. 3. It was... fine spring morning in... forest as he started out,... little soft clouds played happily in... blue sky, skipping from... time to... time in front of... sun. 4. And... yellow moon, appearing suddenly and silently nowhere in particular, came to keep them company and listen to their talk. 5. It was... different world to him.
III. 1. His eldest son is in... army. 2. He entered... navy at his own wish. 3.... government has not got any account of it as yet. 4. Just tell this man to go - or send for... police. 5. I heard it on... radio. 6. When that's done I'll let you know and then you can tell... party and... press. 7. It will be in... papers immediately. 8. Chkalov was... first man to fly over... North Pole.
Exercise 18. Insert articles where necessary. Pay particular attention to the use of articles with nouns denoting unique things.
Travellers around Sun.
Do you know that you are... great traveller? From yesterday until today you travelled almost two million miles! Without getting into... car or... boat, or... plane, you travel millions of miles every day. You ride on... earth as it circles around... sun. Steadily and evenly, without... bump or... shake, never stopping for... traffic light,... earth carried you many millions of miles since you were born.
Perhaps you have wondered why you cannot feel... swift movement of... earth. You can feel... movement of... car or... boat, yet they go much more slowly.
... cars and... boats do not ride smoothly. You can feel them bump and shake. You can hear... sound of... wheels and... engines. You can see... things whizzing by. You know you are moving because you see, hear, or feel... motion.
... earth's movement is silent and steady and smooth. You cannot feel yourself moving. You cannot see or hear... moving.
Exercise 19. Insert articles summarizing the cases already discussed.
1. "It is... natural thing for... young woman to come downstairs in... morning to have her breakfast," said Duncan. 2. Has... last post come? There was nobody inside.... kitchen was dirty, all... doors and... windows were tight shut. 3. She was... girl of perhaps 22, with... large brown eyes,... button nose and... mouth that looked as though she constantly said: "Ooo." 4. Margot said nothing but sat back in... corner of... seat. 5. Gretchen went to... door and locked it, and returned with... key. 6. He heard... distant voice saying "Bill." 7. Then I searched for... piece of... paper... and pencil, and I wrote... message for... maid. 8. Ansell gave... angry sigh, and at that moment there was... tap on... door. 9.... army is
... most interesting profession. 10. He sighed again and again, like one who has escaped from... danger. 11. I don't believe... word of it. 12. He didn't even count... money that Lammiter held out to him. 13. When... cinema was over they went for... walk across... dark, damp fields. 14. At... age of seventy-four, he was excited as... boy about his expedition. 15. General Henderson was... tall man, slim and erect, with... lined bronzed face and... white hair. 16. He is... walking grammar book. 17.... sun was not up yet, but... stars
were dim, and...... cold pale sky was... same colour as... cold pale
sea.
Exercise 20. Insert articles which are required by the context.
I. Then they heard... door-bell ring. "Who can that be?" said
Mrs. Wainwright irritably, and Hilary said, "Annie's out, isn't she?
I'll go," and he got up and went to... front door.... man who
stood there was... stranger. He wore... shabby raincoat belted
tightly round... waist and... knitted scarf wound tightly round his
neck. He was about... same age as Hilary, and like Hilary, tall and
thin, but fair and with... bright blue very tired eyes. When Hilary
opened... door, he made... quick movement forward, almost as u
he were going to stick his foot hurriedly to... opening. (Laski)
II. Mr. Heggener was... slender, gentle-looking man, perhaps fifty-five years old, with... full head of... white hair, and... small neat white beard. He was wearing... beautiful dark green wool jacket and... gleaming white shirt and... dark silk tie. Although... table at which they were seated was in front of... fireplace in which... piled logs flamed brightly, he had... light-weight blanket over his shoulders.... little nervously, Michael had dressed for... occasion, too, and wore... collar and... tie and... blue blazer.
III. Just as Ellsworth was about to turn and leave,... woman came down... main staircase into... entrance hall followed by... big golden retriever. She was... handsome woman, somewhere in... thirties, with... mass of... ash blond hair done up in... neat bun. She had... blue eyes set in... long pointed face and was wearing... light grey fur coat that Michael guessed was lynx.
Exercise 21.
Use the proper article. Pay attention to the use of the article with proper
nouns.
1. In... heart of... England, about 112 miles north-west of London, is Birmingham,... city with over... million inhabitants. 2.... county town of Yorkshire is York. York is... beautiful old city on... River Ouse. 3. I had come back from... Paris on... morning of... fifteenth. 4. She herself was returning from... south of... France. 5. He loved... past,... old music and dances and customs of... old England. 6. Over... door there hung... long photograph of... city with... waterways, which Agnes, who had never been to... Venice,
took to be... Venice, but which... people who had been to... Stockholm knew to be... Stockholm. 7. His scheme was to reach... sea and then get... fisherman take them across... Channel. 8. You have lately returned from... East, I understand? 9. "I got back from... North Africa about nine months ago," he began, and then stopped. 10. Do you remember... panorama of... Sahara Desert? 11. In... Great Britain at... present day there are three great political parties -... Conservative,... Labour and... Liberal. 12.... Alps and... high mountains in... Switzerland,... Italy,... France and... Austria. 13.... London passed before me.... Piccadilly,... Shaftesbury Avenue,... New Oxford Street. 14. I rented... flat overlooking... Hyde Park. 15. They came on to... Waterloo Bridge. 16.... Alroy Kear and I, as arranged, met on Friday at... Victoria Station. 17.... National Gallery is in... Trafalgar Square. 18. She seemed to recall hearing that his mother had been... foreigner from one of... countries surrounding... Mediterranean. 19. She decided to go to... Barbados,... island further to... south which had more and better housekeeping cottages than anywhere else in... West Indies. It sounded... good place to lose herself for... week or two. 20. Ned looked up and down... China Street.
Exercise 22. Translate into English.
|1. Галерея Тейт - ведущий музей современного искусства в Лондоне. 2. Вы когда-нибудь были в Тауэре? 3. Фрэнк - студент Ливерпульского университета. 4. Африка гораздо больше Европы. 5. Мы собираемся зимой в Карпаты кататься на лыжах, б. На севере Англии теплее, чем на юге. 7. Мы были на каникулах на Кавказе, купались в Черном море, загорали. 8. Испания, Франция, Югославия и Италия расположены на Средиземном море. 9. В состав Соединенного Королевства входят Великобритания и Северная Ирландия. 10. Нил - самая длинная река в Африке. 11. Он долго работал корреспондентом на Ближнем Востоке. 12. Он побывал во всех странах Западной Европы. 13. Франция и Англия разделены проливом Ла-Манш. 14. Три столицы расположены на Дунае: Вена, Будапешт и Белград. 15. Панамский канал соединяет Атлантический и Тихий океаны.
Exercise 23. Use the proper article with geographical names.
I.... Liverpool is... commercial and industrial city. It has... lot of offices, big shops, public buildings and modern factories.
- port of... Liverpool is very old and historic. There are seven miles of docks. Lots of dock buildings look black and ugly. Ships come from... North and... South America,... South East Asia,... South Africa and... West Africa and... Europe. Liverpool is not...
beautiful city. But it is... interesting city. It is famous for lots of things.
II.... Edinburgh is... capital of... Scotland, and one of... most beautiful cities in Britain. It has... castle,... university and... palace,... Holyrood House, where... Royal Family stay when they come to... Edinburgh. Every summer thousands of people visit... Edinburgh for... famous Festival. There is... music,... dancing,... plays,... art exhibitions, and... grand Tattoo of soldiers in... castle grounds.
III.... River that Flows Backward.
Have you ever heard of... river that flows backward? You'll find it as you will many other strange things - in... America.
Years ago... Chicago river flowed north and emptied itself into... Lake Michigan. But when... Chicago began to expand and more drinking water was needed for... inhabitants, engineers got to work and deliberately altered... whole structure of... river, so that... fresh water would then flow from... lake into... river!
... result is that nowadays, instead of flowing north,... Chicago river flows south towards... Gulf of... Mexico.
Exercise 24. Explain the use of the article with the names of meals.
1. Earlier, dinner had been served outdoors. 2. Sometimes the three English people had coffee together after dinner in the evening. 3. Poirot and I were expecting our old friend Inspector Japp from Scotland Yard to tea. 4. Tom and his father reached the Peacock Gun in London at about seven o'clock in the evening. They had a fine supper. After supper Tom began to fall asleep. 5. That was a lovely meal, Patrick! 6. They had a quick dinner in the old-fashioned hotel dining-room. 7. They gave a dinner nearly every week. So nice of them! 8. There had been fourteen at dinner. The dinner had been very good. 9. Johnny blushed. He pretended to be very busy pouring fresh tea as his friend smiled at him. 10. Supper was waiting for Tom when he came back half an hour later.
Exercise 25. Use the proper article. Pay attention to the use of articles with the names of meals.
1. A servant announced... dinner. 2. She wouldn't go in to... supper with anyone but Winton. 3. "We only learned ourselves before... dinner," said Lady Muriel. 4. After... breakfast he rose from... table and lighted... cigarette. 5. At... lunch... rain was still pouring down. 6. It was... cold lunch. 7. At... lunch Marictte told him with... pride that this evening... cinema would be open. 8. I wonder why it is that I always wake up so cold in... morning now. It's because I don't have... good hot dinner in... evenings. 9. "I shall be back about... tea-time, I expect," she said. There's no one coming for... dinner." 10. He had to stand aside for the maid to carry in... luncheon. 11. That evening at... dinner, she was just as usual.
12 I must go and look at... dinner, 13. When I got back breakfast was already on... table and Ted had just started 14. At end of meal we were served with... coffee. 15. I looked into... kitchen. Mary Ann was putting... supper on... tray to take it into... dining-room. 16. They got... table by... window and Edward ordered excellent lunch. 17.... breakfast was not yet over before the men came to put up the marquee. 18.... lunch was over by half past one.
Exercise 26. Insert articles where necessary, paying particular attention to the nouns denoting meals.
1. Then they had... breakfast. After... breakfast Tom walked with Eden. 2. He watched his plate at... dinner and at... breakfast. 3. Perhaps six weeks after... beginning of... term Tom and Arthur were sitting at their work just before... supper. 4. At... supper there was much talk about... match. 5.... occasional lunch with... "right" person was permissible. 6. She had... lovely dinner. 7.... lunch was laid on... dining-room table when I came down. 8. Friday morning at... breakfast I found... five-dollar bill folded up in my napkin. 9. There was... man at... dinner whom I suppose you've never heard of, but who's quite... celebrity in his way. 10. Then they had... nice little breakfast in... kitchen before returning to... dining-room. 11. "Did you cast... eye on... stuff I sent over?"-"I didn't even have time to order... breakfast," he said. 12. He wrapped himself in one of... big rough white terrycloth bathrobes... hotel supplied and went into... living-room of... suite and rang for... breakfast. 13.... owners were using... "tea room" as... dining-room, and they had... orchestra, composed of... long men, who played for... dinner. 14. I had... lunch one day in... ancient fortress on... side of... mountain. You go up there on... funicular.... chef was doing his desperate best to serve... fine lunch to... "nice people". 15. They were in... restaurant on... old port in which Craig had seen Picasso at... dinner.
Exercise 27. Explain the use of (he articles before the nouns denoting parts of the day and seasons.
1. The afternoon sky had been suddenly obliterated by enormous clouds of sand, instantly turning day into night. 2. He had broken the news to his family after dinner on a Saturday night. 3. The Walmer Castle arrived in Cape Town at early dawn, moving carefully through the narrow channel... 4. At dawn when Jamie awakened, the mule was dead. 5. Anthony had on a dressing-gown, and there was a book in his hand. An evening off was what he was looking forward to, she thought. 6. I suppose you're asking me to spend the evening with you. 7. The man standing in a corner of the churchyard was trying to keep warm in the cold of the early March
morning by slapping himself on the back. 8. The afternoon was fine. 9. The busy railway station was an island in the night, bustling with life. 10. The point is, I've got to get out of here before morning. 11. It was a calm sunny evening. 12. Already the winter evening, the delicate evening, that had stretched before him, was forgotten. 13. The sun was gilding the clouds-not the low grey unbroken clouds of a European winter, but scattered white cottonwool clouds. 14. He always opened his conversation with the news that there would be trouble in the Balcans in the spring. 15. A thin grey fog hung over the city, and the streets were very cold; for summer was in England.
Exercise 28. Insert articles where necessary.
I. 1. When Basil returned at... sunset he was greeted by... storm. 2. This made it all... more natural to suggest... quiet evening soon. 3. It was... early evening by local time, but hours past bedtime to which John's body was accustomed. 4.... September evening was warm and beautiful and very still. 5. It was... fine November morning. 6.... soft light of... evening faded into... darkness. 7. It was... muggy day in... July when Nita arrived. 8. It was... morning of... day on which I was told to pop down to my aunt Agatha's place. 9. Outside... window it was... lovely spring morning. 10.... twilight begins about 7.30 this week. 11.... sun was going down and... day was cooling off. 12. He was shivering all over though it was... warm night. 13. Jerome was called into his housemaster's room in... break between... second and... third classes on Thursday morning. 14.... day came when... house was finally closed and... old life was at... end. 15. It started on... Saturday evening. It was... first Saturday of September. 16. "Don't worry, I'll be... home before... evening." 17. His watch said it was nearly four o'clock in... morning.
II. 1. Even... weather was behaving itself, after... wet and wild winter; March had come in sedately, producing... mild and pleasant days, and was surrendering to... milder and warmer April. 2. If you lived where I do you wouldn't be pale-faced all... winter. 3.... sea is high again today, with... thrilling flush of... wind. In... midst of winter you can feel... inventions of... spring. 4.... spring drifted imperceptibly into... early summer, and I was still painting... house. 5.... people realized that... winter must come sooner or later, and were determined to make... most of... sun while it lasted. 6. I shall go abroad tomorrow, but I expect to be in... London all... autumn. Do ring me up. 7. In... spring of 1917 when Doctor Richard Diver first arrived in Zurich, he was twenty-six years old,... fine age for... man. 8.... winter settled down over... mountains.
Exercise 29. Translate into English.
1. Был вечер. 2. Был теплый летний вечер. 3. Вечер был
теплый. 4. Мы встретились вечером. 5. Было утро. 6. Было раннее утро. 7. Утро было туманное. 8. Вы делаете гимнастику по утрам? 9. Был ясный день. 10. День обещал быть хорошим. 11. Была ночь, все спали. 12. Некоторые люди любят работать по ночам, но я не могу. 13. Была морозная январская ночь. 14. Ночью шел снег. 15. Мальчик боялся провести ночь в лесу. 16. Мой брат приходит из школы в полдень. 17. Была весна. 18. Была ранняя весна. 19. Весна была необычайно теплая. 20. Мы очень любим бродить по лесу ранней весной. 21. Весна-мое любимое время года. 22. В Сибири зима очень морозная. 23. Что вы обычно делаете по вечерам зимой? 24. Зима прошлого года была очень снежной. 25. Была осень. 26. Была поздняя осень. 27. Пушкин, великий русский поэт, очень любил осень и не любил лето. 28. Многие люди любят осень, так как чувствуют себя полными сил после летнего отдыха. 29. Пароход пришел в порт на рассвете. 30. Можно предсказать погоду по закату. 31. Посмотри на закат. Какое прекрасное зрелище! 32. Наступил день. 33. Сгущались сумерки. 34. Спустилась ночь.
Exercise 30. Insert articles in the following fables by Aesop.
The Dog and the Rooster.
... rooster and... dog became friends. When... evening came... rooster flew up into... tree and... dog hollowed out... place to sleep in... earth below.
... next morning, as soon as... rooster had crowed,... fox ran up and begged him to jump down from his perch, for he claimed he wanted to make... personal acquaintance of so beautiful... singer. "First you must wake up... caretaker," said... cunning rooster, pointing to... sleeping dog, "so that he can open... door and let me down."
... fox did as he was told, but... moment... dog woke up he fell upon... fox and tore him to... pieces.
Give... fool enough rope and he will hang himself. It's... clever hunter who never gets caught in his own trap.
The Fox and the Stork.
,... fox invited... stork to... supper and when he came he offered...bird some thin gruel in... shallow bawl.... fox licked... food up with gusts but... stork, with his long bill, was unable to eat... thing.
... short time later... stork invited... fox and served him... tastiest delicacies in... tall bottle with... narrow neck.... stork contentedly packed away at... food and offered his friend... fox some as well.... fox saw through... trick but there was nothing to do but
go hungry.
"As you were generous to me," said... stork, "so I lay... table for you. You know very well that all debts ought to be repaid."
Exercise 31. Explain the use of articles with nouns in apposition.
1. Ellen Morison, a slim and alert young girl with brown hair, intelligent dark eyes and a sensible if excited voice, described the man. 2. Where did you ever hear of Jael, the wife of Heber? 3. Miss Bunn, the head teacher, wants to see you. 4. He has a friend, who is editor-in-chief of one of the Philadelphia newspapers, and he writes an occasional editorial for that paper. 5. This was a fellow named Barlow, a carpenter out of work as near as we can figure out... 6. A friend of mine-Larry Crowley, a press-agent-saw Jorgensen coming out of a hockshop. 7. Meanwhile, he stayed at home and, while still a "teenager" of 19, married Anne Hathaway, a farmer's daughter some years older than himself. 8. There was nothing in the Hamleton history to account for Sue, the youngest member of the clan. 9. They reached the hospital, of which Dr. McManus was chief of staff. 10. Walter Klein, the host, was standing in the hallway greeting his guests.
Exercise 32. Use the proper article. Pay attention to the use of the article with the noun in apposition.
1. At the end he gave... smile,... youthful and innocent smile. 2. I lay quite silent, watching his face,... strong and noble face, proud and yet at that moment, tender. 3. He had opened another door,... small door in... side wall. 4.... cook,... bulky man who looked as though he enjoyed his own cooking, scarcely glanced around. 5. This is my friend Anthony Brewster,... Englishman. 6. I was informed that you had been seen in... Church Street in conversation with... young gentleman,... very pretty young gentleman. 7. Miss Handforth was Mr. Demoyte's housekeeper,... old enemy of Nan. 8.... school,... gray, Gothic building, now showed as... fortress of learning. 9. I met her in her father's house. I had been taken there by her brother Charles,... most intimate friend of my London days. 10. Ted Rocklex,... father of... girls, had four daughters, and no son. 11. Newton,... famous philosopher, was sometimes engaged in working out difficult problems, which occupied his mind so much that he became quite forgetful of everything else. 12. His idol was professor Edward Edwards,... head of... department of... chemistry. 13. William Shakespeare went off to London in 1587,... year when several companies of actors visited Stratford. 14. Her sister lived here - she married... artist,... Dutchman. 15. Jenny Bunn,... slender girl of twenty with very dark colouring, watched him turn and cross the square hall. 16. Then I struck... match,... tiny glow of heat in the mist and dark. 17.... young friend of mine,... very good lad, asked her to marry him, and she consented.
Exercise 33. Insert articles where necessary. Pay particular attention to the use of articles with nouns used in the function of apposition.
1. Once on... warm Sunday afternoon, when he was alone on... porch of... great old house, he overheard his aunt,... young woman who, he thought, was... most beautiful creature he had ever seen, speaking to his grandmother. 2.... kitchen was supplied with every convenience, and there was even... bath-room,... luxury... Gerhardts had never enjoyed before. 3. Mr. Montford,... perfectly groomed dandy, approached Mrs. Machmont. 4. Here is Mrs. Chevely,... woman I've been telling you about. 5. He found... governor at home. He was... large handsome man,... sailor with... grey toothbrush moustache; and he wore... spotless uniform. 6. George entered... office of... property broker,... little bald man with... thin neck and... prominent Adam's apple. 7.... receptionist,... elderly nurse with... bright and friendly face, greeted them. 8. It was Dr. McManus who, without... comment, brought Johnny... copy of... New York Times... few days later and showed him... item. "Mr. Lars Swensen,... director of... Industrial Relations Foundation, has resigned from his post with that organization..." 9. He could picture her in her office,... small cramped room on... rue Marbeuf, usually crowded with... dozen young men and women... 10. They came to... Hotel Pino d'Oro,... small hotel standing on... edge of... sea. 11. In comparison with him, Veresford was rather... ordinary man, tall, dark, not... handsome fellow of two and thirty, quiet and reserved. 12. I went in after them, and discovered that Drake,... clerk who sold them to me, had been to California, too, and was practically... friend. 13. One day Nathan Trimble,... friend of Logan's, looked in at... library. He was... newspaperman and was killing... hour while waiting for... train connection. 14. I knew that she had once been... model at the Atelier,... unenviable job, and was now... dancer.
|
|
|
