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What is international trade?
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ЗАДАНИЕ
По дисциплине «Английский язык»
Студентам заочного отделения факультета экономики и права
По специальностям 1-74 01 01 «Экономика и организация производства в отраслях АПК», 1-26 02 03 «Маркетинг», 1-25 01 10 «Коммерческая деятельность»
Для самостоятельной подготовки к сессии 2014-2015 учебный год
Теоретическая часть (знание грамматического материала будет проверяться в форме тестовых заданий во время сессии).
Студенты должны повторить следующие разделы грамматики английского языка:
Существительное. Образование форм множественного числа. Притяжательный падеж. Исчисляемые и неисчисляемые существительные. Употребление артикля. Существительное в роли определения и его перевод на русский язык.
Местоимения. Личные местоимения (I, you, he, she, it, we, they). Притяжательные местоимения (my/mine, your/yours, her/hers, his, its, our/ours, their/theirs). Указательные местоимения (this – these, that – those). Вопросительные местоимения. Неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения (some, any, no) и их производные. Возвратные местоимения (myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves, oneself).
Количественные слова и выражения (much/many, little/few, a little/a few, a lot of/ lots of, a great deal of, plenty of и др.)
Прилагательные и наречия. Способы образования сравнительной и превосходной степени. Сравнительные конструкции.
Видовременные формы английского глагола в активном и пассивном залоге. Present Simple Vs; Present Continuous; Past Simple Vs. Past Continuous; Past Simple Vs. Present Perfect; Present Simple Vs. Future Simple. Страдательный залог: утвердительные и отрицательные формы, способы образования вопроса, типы вопросов, ключевые слова.
Простые неличные формы глагола. Причастие I и причастие II: образование, перевод на русский язык, функции (определение, обстоятельство, составная часть видовременной формы). Герундий. Инфинитив.
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Модальные глаголы (can, may, must, should) и их эквиваленты (be able to, be allowed to, have to, be to).
Наиболее употребительные предлоги
Практическая часть (тексты для домашнего чтения)
Дома со словарем прочитать пять текстов. Незнакомые слова и выражения из каждого текста выписать в тетрадь по абзацам. Во время сессии при сдаче домашнего чтения тетрадями с новыми словами можно пользоваться, нельзя пользоваться готовым переводом.
Text 1. WHAT IS AGRICULTURE?
Text 2. WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL TRADE?
Text 3. WHAT IS ECONOMICS?
Text 4. TRADITIONAL ECONOMIC SYSTEM
Text 5. MARKET ECONOMY
ТEXT 1
WHAT IS AGRICULTURE?
Agriculture is a human activity in which people use areas of land to produce food, clothing and other necessary materials.
The word agriculture means the cultivation of fields and growing crops. But this is the old meaning of this word. Now it also means the use of land to breed animals. At present there are two main branches of agriculture. They are crop growing and animal breeding.
We do not know when people began to grow crops. It was many thousand years ago. Now crop growing is a highly developed branch of agriculture.
The soil is the basis of agriculture. Enough food for all the people can be grown if there is sufficient good soil for crops to produce high yields.
There are two ways to grow enough food plants. They are: the increase in area of arable land and the intensification of agricultural production in the areas already used for cropping. At present the second way is more important because there is not enough experience to reclaim tropical and subtropical lands.
The intensification of production in the traditional agricultural areas is based on the knowledge of climate, soils and their use, and on a large collection of high-yielding varieties and hybrids of agricultural crops. All intensification factors, such as full mechanization, high application of fertilizers and extensive use of herbicides must be used in such a way as not to disturb the biological equilibrium of the soil.
ТEXT 2
WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL TRADE?
When Honduras exports bananas to Switzerland, they can use the money they earn to import Swiss chocolate or to pay for Kuwaiti oil or a vacation in Hawaii. The basic idea of international trade and investment is simple: each country produces goods or services that can be either consumed at home or exported to other countries.
The main difference between domestic trade and international trade is the use of foreign currencies to pay for the goods and services crossing international borders. Although global trade is often added up in U.S. dollars, the trading itself involves various currencies. Japanese videocassette recorder is paid for in euro in Berlin, and German cars are paid for in U.S. dollars in Boston. Indian tea, Brazilian coffee, and American films are sold around the world in currencies as diverse as Turkish liras and Mexican pesos.
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Whenever a country imports or exports goods and services, there is a resulting flow of funds: money returns to the exporting nation, and money flows out of the importing nation. Trade and investment is a two-way street, and with a minimum of trade barriers, international trade and investment usually makes everyone better off.
In an interlinked global economy, consumers are given the opportunity to buy the best products at the best prices. By opening up markets, a government allows its citizens to produce and export those things they are best at and to import the rest, choosing whatever the world has to offer.
Some trade barriers will always exist as long as any two countries have different sets of laws. However, when a country decides to protect its economy by erecting artificial trade barriers, the result is often damaging to everyone, including those people whose barriers were meant to protect.
The Great Depression of the 1930s, for example, spread around the world when the United States decided to erect trade barriers to protect local producers. As other countries retaliated, trade plumpered, jobs were lost, and the world entered into a long period of economic decline.
ТEXT 3
WHAT IS ECONOMICS?
Economics often deals with earning, and use of all kinds of wealth. Wealth is made up of goods and services. Goods are actual things that people use. Goods can be seen and felt by those who use them. The two kinds of goods are economic goods and free goods. Economic goods are those things people will pay to receive. Bicycles, bread, radios, and jeans are examples of economic goods.
Free goods are things that can usually be had without cost. Air, sunshine, and in some cases water are examples of free goods. An item can be both a free good and an economic good. The water people drink from a clean stream is a free good. The water that many people drink from the tap in their homes has to be paid for is an economic good. Air might be thought of as free. Yet in some areas it costs millions of dollars to keep the air clean.
Economics involves much more than wealth in the form of goods and services. For example, when people buy and sell goods and services, they make use of information. People also became a source of information to others. Information helps people make decisions in their economic activities. Your decision to buy a certain type of a radio is based on information you received about it. Information is an important part of decision-making.
Economics is concerned with many things besides information. It deals, among other things with the following:
Production, or the making of goods and wealth.
Distribution, or the giving out and exchange of goods and wealth.
Performing of services. These include sales, repair, training, and record-keeping.
Consumption, or the use of goods and services.
Actions of governments. Such actions often affect the production and distribution of goods and wealth.
Actions and events in the world. These can affect decisions made by people and government.
Goals of society. Some societies favor growth, others stability. Economic justice, freedom, and security are other goals. Not everybody agrees on which goals are the most important ones.
ТEXT 4
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