Вопрос 1 – по первой лабораторной работе: определение одного из физических параметров грунта, буквенное обозначение, размерность. Вопрос 2 – по лекциям. Время для ответа – 10 минут.
МГр стандартный курс
Вопросы к зачету (письменно)
МГр б
Для зачета контрольной надо ответить на 2 вопроса письменно.
ВОПРОС 1 – по первой лабораторной работе: определение одного из физических параметров грунта, буквенное обозначение, размерность.ВОПРОС 2 – по лекциям. Время для ответа – 10 минут.
Выдержки из лекций, в которых содержатся ответы, приводятся ниже.
ВОПРОС 1 Представим себе грунт в виде кубика, каждая сторона которого равна единице. Объем кубика V, масса – m. Соберём все минеральные частицы на дне кубика, их масса 
и объем 
. Среднюю часть кубика займет вода. Масса воды - 
, объем воды- 
. Оставшийся объем кубика заполнит воздух, содержавшийся в порах грунта 
, 
.
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[г, т],
Vгр [см
3, м
3]- масса и объем кубика грунта;
, - масса и объем частиц;
, 
, - масса и объем воды;
, - масса и объем воздуха.
| Рис. 1.2. Схематическое изображение содержания компонентов в объеме V грунта.
|
Плотность грунта есть отношение массы грунта к его объему:
 [г/см3;т/м3];
| (1.1)
|
плотность частиц грунта:
 [г/см3;т/м3];;
| (1.2)
|
плотность скелета грунта:
 .
| (1.3)
|
Влажность грунта – 
отношение массы воды к массе твёрдых частиц, выражаемое в долях единицы или в процентах:
 .
| (1.4)
|
В единичном кубике принято обозначать:
Пористость - n равна отношению объема пор, к объему всего образца грунта:
 ,
| (1.5)
|
Пористость всегда меньше 1.
Так как объем кубика со сторонами, равными единице равен единице, то суммарный объем пор и частиц тоже равен единице
| (1.6)
|
Коэффициент пористости - 
равен отношению объема пор к объему твердых частиц грунта:
 ,
| (1.7)
|
коэффициент пористости е может быть больше 1 в макропористых, органических грунтах.
Если плотность умножить на ускорение свободного падения g, то соответственно получим:
удельный вес грунта:
 [кН/м3];
| (1.8)
|
удельный вес частиц грунта:
 [кН/м3];
| (1.9)
|
удельный вес скелета грунта:
 [кН/м3].
| (1.10)
|
Параметры физических свойств грунта связаны между собой следующим образом:
 [кН/м3];
| (1.11)
|
 .
| (1.12)
|
Степень влажности 
равна той доле объема пор, которая занята водой и вычисляется по формуле:
| (1.13)
|
где: 
≈ 10 кН/м3 - удельный вес воды.
К физическим характеристикам глинистых грунтов, кроме перечисленных, относятся так называемые параметры пластичности.
Пластичностью называют способность глинистых грунтов менять свою форму под действием внешней нагрузки, без изменения объема. Пластичность зависит от влажности грунта. Существуют характерные влажности, при переходе через которые грунт резко меняет свои свойства, эти влажности и называются параметрами пластичности.
Граница текучести - 
влажность, при незначительном увеличении которой, грунт переходит в текучее состояние. При этом поры почти целиком заняты водой, за исключением мельчайших пузырьков защемленного воздуха.
Граница раскатывания - 
влажность, при незначительном уменьшении которой, глинистый грунт переходит в твердое состояние.
Число (индекс) пластичности - 
разница между влажностью на границе текучести и на границе раскатывания:
 .
| (1.14)
|
Рис. 1.3. Консистенция и изменение показателя текучести IL в зависимости от влажности W.
Число пластичности не зависит от природной влажности.
Чем больше число пластичности, тем больше он содержит глинистых частиц.
При изменении влажности изменяется консистенция грунта. Сухой грунт имеет твердую консистенцию, увлажненный - пластичную, водонасыщенный - текучую.
Показатель консистенции (индекс текучести) - 
зависит от природной влажности грунта и его параметров пластичности:
 ;
| (1.15)
|
У твердого грунта 
≤ 0, у текучего 
> 1.
ВОПРОС 2 – по лекциям.
Вариант1 Три вида взаимодействия минеральных частиц и воды.В каких грунтах преобладает тот или иной вид взаимодействия?
Ниже приводится отрывок лекции. Ответ должен содержать не более 5 фраз, 3-х рисунков и одной формулы: 
[кН/м3].
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