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Architecture of the nomads
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1. Burial constructions. Mobile home. The stationary housing
1. Among the monuments of funeral-religious architecture includes such basic types, as mosques (including the rocky-ground), domed mausoleums and architectural fence - saganatamy.
In Western Kazakhstan on a peninsula Mangyshlak were found more than a dozen rocky-ground mosques. The oldest of them is located in the necropolis Shopan-ata. The mosque carved into the rock massif of the priovrazhny rock. Rock walls of the whole complex of the mosque is raw and there is no decoration. Obviously, such a harsh environment consistent with the spirit of asceticism mystic hermit
The majority of the domed mausoleums represent a square or rectangular single chamber construction with a pyramidal cone or a helmet-shaped dome with the entrance facing south-west (the direction of Mecca). Form of the dome, in some cases follows the shape of the yurt.
There isn’t a dome at the saganatam. There are four corners of a square or rectangular structure and it’s always stressed upbeat smooth corners or installation of the towers with different kinds of tops.
The most common type of memorial structures is small forms of tombstones - sandyktasy, kulpytasy and “koytasy”. The prototype of sandyktasa (black box) is a dolmen - a stone box, cenotaph, or sarcophagus. Its walls and floors are made of large stone slabs solid. In the center of the southern wall sandyktasa often arranged small round or rectangular hole. “Қoy-tas” (in Kazakh “rock bar”) is a special type of tombs, resting usually step basis. Kulpytas is two-dimensional and three-dimensional stele, four, octagonal in cross-section height from 1 to 3 m. These tombs were located along the axis of the east - west and embodied primarily sacrificial horse tied at the hitching post (kulpytasy). It embodies ancient ritual associated with the universal role of the horse. The Kazakhs horse constantly accompanying cattleman performed this function in the funeral ceremony where he acquired the value space of the victim (1). Sculptural images of sheep - is schoshk tombstones, щошк, ар-тас.
2. The mobile home. Nomads have historically used various types of mobile homes. The Kazakhs are called куйме. These huge tents had a hard wooden frame covered with felt, covered in leather or fine bubble windows and moved from a variety of teams of oxen and camels. Mobile houses at crossings did not understand.
Kazakh yurt refers to the Turkic type disassembled lattice structures. From the structural point of view it is the most perfect of mobile homes. The framework consists of a yurt folding lattice walls (kerege), poles (uyk) belonging to its vault and the hemispherical tops (shatsyrak). According to the number of sections connected in kerege determines the size of the yurt: six, eight-ropes. All parts of the frame are connected by ropes and webbing, woven belt zoster, arch tent decorated with hanging ribbons with several rows of knots and brushes of different colored woolen yarn. Outside, the yurt is covered with felt four webs over them two more decorated at the base of a set of patches. The top of the yurt including an opening and a cut is covered with felt. Kerege felt yurts under cover lay over mats. Double-leaf doors yurt. Weeds are linked to lattices the sides, folds inserted into the recesses and rungs threshold of the doorway. The doors are decorated with carvings and paintings, sometimes inlaid with bone. Above the door are covered by a felt curtain.
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The feasibility of a relatively simple design, so necessary nomad, allows you to quickly about an hour to make out but for a couple of hours to collect full houses and most of the related work done by women. Disassemble the tent with the property during migrations transported on pack animals. To transport the disassembled parts of the yurt riding on top of a pre-sweat-cloth wore cargo saddle which strengthens the girth, crupper and over a grudnik. Then on either side of the saddle tied fastened tightly folded felt lassos tires. They tied the trunks and on top of them felt for another tire. After that, each side folded tied and related lattice yurt. Above them was fixed shanyrak. On the other animals of the folded felt-tires and grilles placed twin trunks, cast-iron boilers, folding beds, shelves and other things. On a separate horse secured pole - uyki. The rest of utensils and small things were trying to fit together with the details of the yurt. Circle of a small four-rope yurta was about 16 m, height – 3 m, an area of about 20 square meters, weight -450-500 kg.
The orientation of the dwelling of the nomads of Eurasia is one of the major ethno-cultural characteristics. In the steppes of Central Asia nomads have long been known for two traditions of orientation dwellings - eastern and southern, eastern and have been associated with the Xiongnu and the Turks and the south - with the Mongols. Kazakhs put the yurt door in the south-east, and from the Mongol period - to the south.
Yurt and its division, interior and utensils are reflected in the folklore and mythology of the nomads. Yurt - a model of the world in the representation of the ancient nomads. Assembling and disassembling it with migrations symbolized the onset of chaos and revival of Harmony. The scope of the yurt is a small copy of the sphere of the sky over the steppe. It is the archetype of the World Mountain. The skeleton kerege limits of the Earth circle. Through the center which was located in the center of the yurt, the soul of the deceased goes to the realm of the dead. At the same time it passes a rite of purification. Tank (tank) - a long pole that holds shanyrak - motif pillar propping up the sky, iron stake from earth to heaven, which is the beginning of taking the center of the earth, and rests on the apex of the North Star. Uyki - domed sky. Their infinite series around the circumference of the circular motion creates the illusion of a starry sky around a fixed center of the polar star, symbolically located in the “fixed” center shanyrak. Shanyrak - top - Top of the world - a symbolic sky.
Shanyrak was also a family heirloom, a sign of procreation. It is handed down from generation to generation, from father to son and the youngest was a strength and protection of ancestral spirits.
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Attitude to living space, its use, place it for each family member and guest depending on their sex, age and social role, as well as the placement of the individual utensils - everything is quite strictly regulated traditions. Space yurt conditionally divided into two halves along the axis from the entrance side to the opposite housing - ter - through its center. Half of the right against the man who stood in the tent facing the entrance in the literature referred to as male, female on his left. Thor was particularly revered place of living space. There hangs out front carpet tuskiiz, located chests, which took shape "mountain" quilts and pillows.
Usually “half men” denotes the vertical adalbakana - pole with a metal hook, which, along with menswear: fox cap, chapan, leather belt, you could see the horse harness, saddle, guns, etc. The “female half” dominated much wooden bed, separated by curtains (shymyldyk), as well as lockers for storing food and utensils.
Some yurts adjacent to the entrance were called bosaga. It also includes an opening and the entrance threshold. To the left of the entrance to the tent, between bosaga and torus is a place to sleep the younger members of the family. Opposite the entrance, in the center of the yurt was a hearth - family, economic and sacred center of the home. Almost all the food is prepared at Kazakhs in Kazan - a cast iron pot, which put on oshak - iron tripod over a fire or in a specially dug pit - zheroshak.
The stationary housing. On the wintering grounds (kystau) existed single-chamber dwellings separated by a wall raw-partition into two or three rooms: living half, kitchen and pantry. Partitions in height and 1.5 m, as a rule, do not reach the ceiling of the room. The peculiarity of them is that they heat the room, thanks to put to the end wall of a mud oven -kazandyk. It was equipped with a chimney, which was inside the walls, and drew the smoke outside.
In addition to residential and kitchen facilities, all under one roof, and there were business premises: corrals, barns with granaries (Soucek). A significant part of the premises was occupied by bunks, wood or clay, height 30-40 cm.
Nomads used asadal - buffet. He was like a nightstand was small in size (100 x 100 x 60 cm), has hinged doors and drawers at the bottom. There are handles on both sides Asadal as trunks with which it could be transferred. Kind of furniture to store clothes was zhaglan. It consisted of a wooden frame, leather and skins or felt mats.
The most cumbersome of course only in comparison with other things, it was a low wooden marriage bed - a bed (tvsagash) - at the same time having a very simple structure. The two sidewalls are inserted across two or three boards are stacked on top of a few boards. The sides were made of solid piece of wood with the rise on both sides - at the head and at the foot. The front side of the bed was decorated with the bones of large animals which is specially processed. There were collapsible consisting of two parts separately headboard and footboard. This bed can be quickly build and install cementing of the hooks, while migrations constitute its board contacted and easily transported packs.
The rest of the family slept on the floor but to no cushion lying on the floor, was invented this form of the original furniture as zhastyk, agash - wooden stand for pillows. Essentially, this is the head put on the floor which had a head portion of the height of 60-70 cm and a width of 100 cm the base and side wall slope. All of this richly decorated with carvings. This stand was given as a dowry to the girl.
A special type of furniture indispensable in the nomadic life was a cot is a besik. Baby was in a wooden cradle, easy and convenient, which was made of bent willow poles and birch. It is usually decorated by different patterns to play the role of protective symbols and good wishes to the infant. The bottom of the crib flooring planks with holes for removable tubes which are collected stool child. For cribs manufactured special bedding.
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In addition to the wooden chests and trunks, all sorts of common stand on four legs, the front board which artfully decorated. So, on zhukayak fit replacement carpets, syrmaki, as well as bedding and other things. The length of the front portion was 90-130 cm, height 30 cm, width 45 cm. Among these forms is allocated rack capacity in which fermented mare's milk - saba ayak. About the size of a container of the people say that it is made from the skins of five mares, or that it can float in koumiss yearling colt.
Control questions
1. What can you tell about the features of the architecture of the nomadic tribes?
2. Speak about the types and types of mobile homes of the Kazakhs
3. What can you tell about about the structure and the decoration of the yurt?
Lecture 26, 27
Modern art and design
1. Pop art. Andy Warhol
Design as an activity closely related to artistic creativity often in its history had a more or less strong influence of the various artistic movements. You may recall the influence of art nouveau artists to pioneer design, the influence of the avant-garde trends in painting at the constructivists 1920-30s. In the middle of the XX century designers also did not cease to draw ideas in the latest trends of contemporary art.
Pop art. One of the most striking phenomena in the art of the XX century was pop art. It originated in the mid-1950s in the United States and its heyday came a decade later. It is believed that pop art emerged in opposition to abstract expressionism which broke last communication with the visible reality. Young artists began to accuse him of what he had done art refined pastime of the upper classes deprived of their connection with reality. In 1951 an anthology of dada was published, one of the avant-garde direction of painting at the beginning of the XX century. Methods of dada is a collage combining realistic objects on the canvas - to inspire young artists at the new “objectification” of painting and the destruction of the boundaries between art and reality.
The founders of the new trend began to jasper johns and Robert Rauschenberg although the preconditions for its emergence laid before the first world war known from the art provocateur Marcel Duchamp. A contemporary of Picasso and Malevich he once demonstrated the exhibition the ordinary white toilet which was declared “finished object” that he can rightly be considered a first aspect of pop art.
Classics of pop art expressed the typical postmodernist ideas: the lack of personal principle in the work mixing the product to the simple combination of prefabricated elements. Robert Rauschenberg combined covered with oil paint and pieces of the plane photographs, newspaper clippings and advertisements and the most unexpected things. Roy Lichtenstein did in a great increasing series of pictures like comics. Sometimes the picture was so huge that was perceived as an abstraction.
No less famous representative of pop art became Claes Oldenburg, famous for the creation of objects that exist in reality but pereinachenny them with a great deal of humor. Even when he worked as a night busboy he got the idea to make food artwork. In 1961 he exhibited a series of plaster cakes painted in bright, rich colors. Later he began to make large-sized car, hamburgers and cake pieces made of plush and canvas.
Also works by George Siegel made of plaster is placed among the furniture of this white human figures in natural size - all, without exception, flabby, clumsy and ugly. In fairness it should be noted that such works deterred the audience and critics with the eccentricity and despair.
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Creative work of all these artists’ critics unanimously attributed to pop art although the artist working in the style of pop art will never united in the group did not compose creative manifestos. Critics started talking of pop art through Andy Warhol (1928-1987). Recognized as the king of pop art he made himself not just a famous artist but one of the icons of Western mass culture of the XX century.
Andy Warhol (real name - Andrew Warhol) was born and raised in Pittsburgh the son of poor immigrants from Slovakia. Andy’s mother, Julia Warhola, was an artist primitive sense. Andy studied at Institute of technology of Carnegie in Pittsburgh, and in 1949 after graduation he moved with his mother in New York. Here he wrote of watercolors and seeking orders creating trade advertising and performing commercial orders. He has collaborated with many fashion magazines including “Vogue” and “Harper’s Bazaar”.
At the beginning of the 1960s Warhol begins to use the main reception of Pop Art: the multiplication of the image of a character or object, and borrowed. In 1963 he creates a soft black and white silkscreen “Thirty Are Better Than One” - 30 reproductions of the Mona Lisa on one canvas. From the same reception animation grows endless series of silkscreen in 1962 with the image of dollars. These works have had great success with the public, collectors began to buy up their eagerly.
Warhol makes a series of “portraits of remarkable people” among which the most famous image of Marilyn Monroe. Her first portrait of Warhol’s work was based on a scene from the film “Niagara” in 1953 a separate paper in 1962 called “The lips of Marilyn Monroe”.
Heroes of other works were Elvis Presley, actor Warren Beatty, Jackie Kennedy (four images taken from photographs of Jacqueline on her husband's funeral, called “Jackie”). In 1980-ie the series of “America First” which includes portraits of John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon, Jimmy Carter, Muhammad Ali again, Jacqueline Kennedy, Elizabeth Taylor and Elvis Presley. All the works as soon as they come out of the studio
Warhol immediately receive the status of classic and grand. Another great fame Warhol provided a series of “wonderful things American”. Among them there are “Three bottles of Coca-Cola” a kind of anti-advertising “Tuna - toxic canned” and other images of “symbols” of America. His most famous subject which Warhol found in the sea of commodities and immortalized - Bank soup “Campbell”. It’s portrayed him separately and groups. The earliest conceptual and largest of all the images created in 1961-1962 and made up of 32 paintings, each measuring 50.8 x 40.7 cm. Each figure shows the can but the names are not repeated but varied slightly showing the entire trading range.
It was after the “soup” series of trendy but so far has not produced famous Warhol in New York City Art furor. And from that moment he ever became king of pop art - since 1961 when for the first time he guessed make soup cans that littered the supermarkets, the object of art.
By 1968 Warhol was already an acknowledged master of pop art. His exhibitions were successfully held all over the world, in America there was no popular artist - for one of his paintings in the auction paid $ 60 thousand.
Art pop art is closely intertwined with the art of commercial advertising which has become an integral part of American life. Big names artists helped to sell the goods. Andy Warhol was the idol of the industrialists it was he in his work raised the image of the goods to the level of icons. Signed them canned cans sold out instantly. Thus Pop Art in America organically merged with the advertising business which is in the United States has evolved to the heights of the commercial art.
In Europe pop art for some time tried to exist as pure art. Frenchman Yves Klein who cannot draw, poured women with blue paint and wallowed them on the canvas exposing the resulting paintings in the exhibition. Hristo was famous for grandiose projects of packing houses in burlap. Jean Tinguely created mechanisms that destroy themselves. But it tended to postmodernism and conceptualism. America is well digested pop art making it one of the components of mass culture.
The basic ideas of pop art were immediately taken up by all sorts of designers and manufacturers. There was furniture in the form of women’s bodies, wallpaper, consisting of dollar bills, and more. The idea to sculpt images of comic books and T-shirts to fashion designers visited almost immediately after the invention of Lichtenstein. T-shirts with scenes from comic books you can buy today. They are still a trendy thing.
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Industrial designers and artists worked here in the closest interrelation: the first projects have created products for industrial production the second made them fetishes that became symbols of a society is natural consumption.
Thus, the idea of Pop artists were embodied in life, they are all trying to work in a “breakthrough” between life and art. They offered to represent everyday objects surrounding human and technical articles, primitive images of national fetishes, objects of television advertising, and the modern urban environment - in the hope of making art understandable to a wide audience, make it popular. Hence, the reduction of “pop” was in the title directions.
Control questions
1. What can you tell about the origin and evolution of pop art?
2. Who was the founder of pop art?
3. What do you know about the life and work of Andy Warhol?
Lecture 28
High-tech
1. Hi-tech architecture. High-tech design and interior.
High-tech. In the 60-ies of the XXth century another trend appeared in art, this time in architecture there is a significant impact on the designers. It is a hi-tech the name of which comes from the English phrase “high tech”. Its creators were looking for inspiration in the works of architecture of 1920-1930 mainly in the works of the constructivists. High-tech architecture primarily associated with an abundance of glass in combination with metallic designs.
One of the first events of major high tech world was the famous Pompidou center, better known as “eaubourg”. The authors of the project are two young and no one had not yet famous architects - the Italian Renzo Piano and Englishman Richard Rogers. Their plan is the best meet the requirements of the competition for the construction of the center: to create a museum, which would have walked all over Paris - and this despite of the fact, that in the late 1960s - early 1970s. Most museums associated with dusty institutions for the educated elite. According to the plan of French president Georges Pompidou announced a competition; the new center was to be in such a space in which there would be a place not only the museum but also a library, a cinema, children’s art studios, cafes, bookstores and so on. Before the final project of the Pompidou did not survive, but the center, which opened in 1976, was named in his honor.
This structure of glass, steel and concrete is called “city car” - rendered all the pipes out and painted in different colors according to their purpose, giving the impression of a colorful elegance. Stairs replaced escalators enclosed in a transparent tube which are also outside of the building. Thus, a variety of internal communications necessary for the operation of the building transformed into architectural elements involved in shaping the entire structure. This principle is fundamental to the high-tech style.
The architectural composition of buildings of high-tech actively incorporates elements of engineering equipment: air ducts, piping, ventilation shafts, and all the elements of the situation are subject to a functional purpose. Most of the engineering equipment of open and structural components, fasteners, all kinds of joints and rivets, an abundance of glass and metal parts are original decor.
2. Look of the high-tech building gets “technotronic” look through the use of various kinds of accessories. In developing its projects architects often use high tech sources that are far beyond the construction industry. For example, they used the development of aircraft building designers and car companies copied the design of bridges and industrial plants. A favorite style of metal is aluminum.
For registration of residential interiors in the style of high-tech designs are used typical industrial buildings, metal frames and technical communications. Parading deliberately exposed pipes, valves, air ducts, elevators, bridges, beams, cables. This structural openness creates a complex structuring of space. Adherents of style do not hesitate to show the public what it is usually accepted to hide - architectural and plumbing items. In most cases, these functional elements are the load is carried but are spokesmen of a figurative row. Here they are not only involved in the creation of the interior - they are its foundation. Function object for show and she is exposed becomes an element of design.
For this direction characterized by straight lines swift, sharp shapes, the use of new technologies, materials and equipment. However, there are many elegant interior created under the influence of high tech aesthetic ideals.
The material is always determined by the specificity of creative artists and craftsmen: potter, blacksmith, cabinetmaker, and so on. The XXth century brought new materials. Today, we are surrounded by products of ferrous alloys, polyethylene, polyurethane, and various other compounds of organic chemistry, composites, ceramics making stronger metal, glass and shatterproof -light as plastic, metal and thermal conductivity such as glass and ceramics.
High-tech design and interior is a style propagandizing aesthetics of the material always the most modern material. The most common are glass, metal (they are the main decoration of the room), concrete, stone, natural wood. To this can be added to open brick and a variety of modern synthetic materials. There are no special restrictions have no style. The main thing here is the principle of technological because it was born as a high-tech production style. The complete absence of decoration in the interior is offset by “work” texture: the play of light on glass, pattern of natural wood, gloss chrome-plated pipes, metal rods and polished surfaces. Demonstrates the high quality plastic, light alloys, new composite materials, color glossy and transparent surfaces.
High-tech furniture assembled from standard metal elements produced shelving factory warehouses, changing rooms in industrial sheds enterprises, various containers, boxes, trays. Among the pieces of furniture began to enter the bus, airplane and even a dental chair, but as household utensils - use laboratory glass. Very impressive industrial and medical lamps use in the interior of the home. The effect is achieved by both non-traditional form and character of the lighting.
The design of furniture made in the style of high-tech, shapes and proportions carefully thought out, it looks like the office: plastic, leather, polished metal. Instead of using all kinds of curtains blinds, dishes monochrome, without ornaments and drawings, lights bracket and stands as lampshades simple shapes - these are high tech interiors which harmoniously combines space, light, simple shapes and perfect proportions. And, of course, minimalism - the interiors of this style is the clarity and concreteness, one might even say - businesslike.
Control questions
1. What can you tell about the impact of modern trends in the development of the world of design?
2. What have you known about the Hi-tech Architecture?
3. Speak about the interior features in high-tech.
Lecture 29, 30
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