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More uses of articles in English
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Construction of the Passive Voice
The structure of the passive voice is very simple:
subject + auxiliary verb (be) + main verb (past participle)
The main verb is always in its past participle form.
Look at these examples:
| subject | auxiliary verb (to be) | main verb (past participle) | ||
| Water | is | drunk | by everyone. | |
| 100 people | are | employed | by this company. | |
| I | am | paid | in euro. | |
| We | are | not | paid | in dollars. |
| Are | they | paid | in yen? |
Use of the Passive Voice
We use the passive when:
- we want to make the active object more important
- we do not know the active subject
| subject | verb | object | |
| give importance to active object (President Kennedy) | President Kennedy | was killed | by Lee Harvey Oswald. |
| active subject unknown | My wallet | has been stolen. | ? |
Note that we always use by to introduce the passive object (Fish are eaten by cats).
Look at this sentence:
- He was killed with a gun.
Normally we use by to introduce the passive object. But the gun is not the active subject. The gun did not kill him. He was killed by somebody with a gun. In the active voice, it would be: Somebody killed him with a gun. The gun is the instrument. Somebody is the "agent" or "doer".
Conjugation for the Passive Voice
We can form the passive in any tense. In fact, conjugation of verbs in the passive tense is rather easy, as the main verb is always in past participle form and the auxiliary verb is always be. To form the required tense, we conjugate the auxiliary verb. So, for example:
- present simple: It is made
- present continuous: It is being made
- present perfect: It has been made
Here are some examples with most of the possible tenses:
| infinitive | to be washed | |
| simple | present | It is washed. |
| past | It was washed. | |
| future | It will be washed. | |
| conditional | It would be washed. | |
| continuous | present | It is being washed. |
| past | It was being washed. | |
| future | It will be being washed. | |
| conditional | It would be being washed. | |
| perfect simple | present | It has been washed. |
| past | It had been washed. | |
| future | It will have been washed. | |
| conditional | It would have been washed. | |
| perfect continuous | present | It has been being washed. |
| past | It had been being washed. | |
| future | It will have been being washed. | |
| conditional | It would have been being washed. |
6,7,8,) Неличные формы глагола:
Nonfinite verbs
There are four non-finite forms of the verb in English: the infinitive (to take), the gerund (taking), participle I (taking), participle II (taken). These forms possess some verbal and some non-verbal features. The main verbal feature of the infinitive and participles I and II is that it can be used as part of analytical verbal forms (is standing, is built, have come, will do, etc.)
Lexically non-finites do not differ from finite forms. Grammatically the difference between the two types of forms lies in the fact that non-finites may denote a secondary action or a process related to that expressed by the finite verb.
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Non-finites possess the verb categories of voice, perfect, and aspect. They lack the categories of person, number, mood, and tense.
None of the forms have morphological features of non-verbal parts of speech, neither nominal, adjectival or adverbial. In the sphere of syntax, however, non-finites possess both verbal and non-verbal features. Their non-verbal character reveals itself in their syntactical functions. Thus, the infinitive and the gerund perform the main syntactical functions of the noun, which are those of subject, object and predicative. Participle I functions as attribute, predicative and adverbial modifier; participle II as attribute and predicative. They cannot form a predicate by themselves, although unlike non-verbal parts of speech they can function as part of a compound verbal predicate.
Syntactically the verbal character of non-finites is manifested mainly in their combinability. Similarly to finite forms they may combine with nouns functioning as direct, indirect, or prepositional objects, with adverbs and prepositional phrases used as adverbial modifiers, and with subordinate clauses.
Non-finites may also work as link verbs, combining with nouns, adjectives or statives as predicatives, as in: to be/being a doctor (young, afraid). They may also act as modal verb semantic equivalents when combined with an infinitive: to have/having to wait, to be able/being able to stay. So the structure of a non-finite verb group resembles the structure of any verb phrase.
All non-finite verb forms may participate in the so-called predicative constructions, that is, two-component syntactical units where a noun or a pronoun and a non-finite verb form are in predicative relations similar to those of the subiect and the predicate: I heard Jane singing; We waited for the train to pass; I saw him run, etc.
A nonfinite verb is a verb that does not function as the predicate verb in a clause. While some nonfinite verbs take the form of past or present participles, they are generally not inflected—that is, they don’t have mood, tense, number, aspect, gender, or person.
The opposite of a nonfinite verb is a finite verb, which does serve as a predicate verb—for example, the verbs in She walks, He sings, and I went.
There are three main types of nonfinite verbs: gerunds, infinitives, and participles.
Infinitives
Infinitives are noninflected verbs that are often preceded by to. They may function as adverbs:
I struggle to understand.
They may function as nouns:
To read is good for the mind.
And they may function as adjectives:
I don’t have time to eat.
In English, the infinitive verb form is often introduced by the particle to, as in to eat or to run. The resulting phrase can then function as a subject or object, or as a modifier.[5]
§ To succeed takes courage, foresight, and luck. (Here to succeed is the subject of takes.)
§ I don't have time to waste.
§ Carol was asked to speak. (Here to speak is the object of asked, comparable to Carol was asked a question.)
§ Do not stop to chat.
An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive and any related words.
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§ Paul wanted to learn silk screening. (The infinitive phrase to learn silk screening is the object of wanted.)
Gerunds
A gerund is an -ing verb that functions as a noun—for example:
Are you into reading?
Sailing is my favorite sport.
When the same words are used as adjectives, they are participles.
A gerund is a verbal noun that refers to the action of the verb. In English, a gerund has the same form as a present participle (see above), ending in -ing:
§ Fencing is good exercise. (Here fencing is the subject of is.)
§ Leroy betrayed his team by charging. (Here charging is the object of by.)
A gerund phrase is a phrase consisting of a gerund and any adverbials and/or arguments; the gerund is the head of such a phrase:
§ My evening routine involves jogging slowly around the block. (Here jogging slowly around the block is the direct object of involves.)
Participles
Participles are -ed and -ing verbs that function as adjectives—for example:
The sleeping cat is brown.
The freshly picked tomatoes look delicious.
I am going to the store.
The kids were dropped off at school.
A participle is a verbal adjective that describes a noun as being a participant in the action of the verb. English has two kinds of participles: a present participle, also called an imperfect participle, which ends in -ing and which ordinarily describes the agent of an action, and a past participle, also called a perfect participle, which typically ends in -ed (but can also end in -en, -t, or none of these), and which ordinarily describes the patient of an action.
The following sentences contain participles:
§ The talking children angered the teacher. (Here talking modifies children.)
§ Annoyed, Rita ate dinner by herself in the bedroom. (Here annoyed modifies Rita.)
In English, the present participle is used in forming the continuous aspect (to be doing); the past participle is used in forming the passive voice (to be done) and the perfect (to have done).
A participial phrase is a phrase consisting of a participle and any adverbials and/or arguments; the participle is the head of such a phrase:
§ Gazing at the picture, she recalled the house where she was born. (Here gazing at the picture modifies she.)
A relative clause in the active or passive voice can be reduced to a phrase known as a reduced adjective clause by utilizing a present or past participle.[3] The reduced adjective clause can be formed even if the present participle is not used as a predicate in the clause.[4]
§ The students who were fidgeting in their seats were anxious about the test.
§ The students who fidgeted in their seats were anxious about the test.
§ The students fidgeting in their seats were anxious about the test.
The use of commas can indicate a restrictive or nonrestrictive sense.[3]
§ The students fidgeting in their seats were anxious about the test. (Only those students who were fidgeting were anxious. It is implied that other students were not fidgeting and, thus, not anxious.)
§ The students, fidgeting in their seats, were anxious about the test. (All the students in the group being considered were both fidgeting and anxious).
9) Модальные глаголы и конструкции:
Main meanings of modal verbs and their substitutes are given in the first column, together with brief notes on usage. For example, affirmative and negative statements and questions means that this modal verb or substitute is generally used in these types of sentences in the specified meaning. As there are many restrictions or change of meaning in the use of modal verbs with a negative or in questions, more detailed notes on usage are given in the materials on specific modal verbs. An empty cell means that the indicated modal verb is generally not used in this tense in this meaning.
Главные значения модальных глаголов и их заменителей даны в первой колонке, вместе с краткими замечаниями по употреблению. Например, утвердительные и отрицательные повествовательные предложения и вопросы значит, что данный модальный глагол или заменитель в целом употребляется в таких типах предложений в указанном значении. Поскольку есть много ограничений или изменений значения в употреблении модальных глаголов с отрицанием или в вопросах, более детальные замечания по употреблению даны в материалах по конкретным модальным глаголам. Пустая ячейка значит, что указанный модальный глагол обычно не употребляется в этом времени в данном значении.
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| Modal verbs and substitutes | Present and Future: Examples | Past: Examples |
| CAN | ||
| 1. ability: affirmative and negative statements and questions | She can drive. (Она умеет водить.) Can he play the piano? (Он может играть на пианино?) I can do it tomorrow. (Я могу это сделать завтра.) | She couldn't drive when she was 15. (Она не умела водить, когда ей было 15 лет.) Could she drive when she was 18? (Умела она водить, когда ей было 18?) |
| 2. informal request: affirmative questions | Can you open the window, please? (Можете открыть окно, пожалуйста?) Can I use your phone, please? (Могу я воспользоваться вашим телефоном?) | – |
| 3. informal permission: affirmative and negative statements and affirmative questions | Can I leave now? (Могу я сейчас уйти?) Can I use your phone, please? (Можно мне воспользоваться вашим телефоном?) Yes, you can. (Да, можно.) No, you can't. (Нет, нельзя.) | – |
| 4. impossibility: negative statements | Your story can't be true! (Ваш рассказ не может быть правдой!) | His story can't have been true! (Его рассказ не мог быть правдой!) |
| COULD | ||
| 1. ability in the past: affirmative and negative statements and questions | – | She couldn't drive when she was 15. (Она не умела водить, когда ей было 15 лет.) Could she drive when she was 18? (Умела она водить, когда ей было 18?) |
| 2. polite request: affirmative questions | Could I use your telephone, please? (Не мог бы я воспользоваться вашим телефоном, пожалуйста?) Could you tell me where the bank is, please? (Не могли бы вы мне сказать, где банк?) | – |
| 3. permission: affirmative questions | Could I use your telephone, please? (Не мог бы я воспользоваться вашим телефоном, пожалуйста?) | – |
| 4. possibility: affirmative statements and questions | I'm not sure, but he could be at the library now. (Я не уверен, но он возможно в библиотеке сейчас.) | He could have been at the library yesterday. (Он возможно был в библиотеке вчера.) |
| 5. suggestion: affirmative statements | I don't understand these charts. – You could ask Tom for help. (Вы могли бы попросить помощи у Тома.) | You could have asked Tom for help yesterday. (Вы могли бы попросить помощи у Тома вчера.) |
| 6. impossibility: negative statements | Your story couldn't be true. (Ваш рассказ не может быть правдой.) | His story couldn't have been true. (Его рассказ не мог быть правдой.) |
| BE ABLE TO | ||
| 1. ability: affirmative and negative statements and questions | He is able to do it himself. (Он в состоянии сделать это сам.) Will he be able to walk soon? (Он скоро сможет ходить?) He will be able to do it tomorrow. (Он сможет это сделать завтра.) He won't be able to go with us. (Он не сможет пойти с нами.) | She wasn't able to drive when she was 15. (Она не умела водить, когда ей было 15 лет.) Was she able to drive when she was 18? (Умела она водить, когда ей было 18?) |
| 2. ability in the past, with realized action: substitute for could | – | He was able to swim across the river yesterday. (Он смог переплыть реку вчера.) He was able to get out when the fire started. (Он смог выбраться, когда начался пожар.) He wasn't able to solve that problem. (Он не сумел решить ту проблему.) |
| MUST | ||
| 1. strong necessity: affirmative statements | I must go to the bank now. (Я должен пойти в банк сейчас.) He must finish this report by Friday. (Он должен закончить доклад к пятнице.) | substitute: had to |
| 2. prohibition: negative statements | You must not leave the house. (Вам запрещается покидать дом.) You must not enter this room. (Вы не должны входить в эту комнату.) | – |
| 3. strong probability: affirmative and negative statements, present and past | His bag is on the table. He must be here. (Его сумка на столе. Он должен быть здесь.) The light is off. He must be sleeping. (Свет выключен. Он наверное спит.) She is his friend. She must know his address. (Она его друг. Она наверное знает его адрес.) | His bag was on the table. He must have been there. (Его сумка была на столе. Он наверняка был там.) The light was off. He must have been sleeping. (Свет был выключен. Он наверное спал.) She didn't call me. She must not have read my message. (Она не позвонила мне. Должно быть, она не прочитала мое сообщение.) |
| HAVE TO | ||
| 1. necessity: affirmative statements and questions | I have to go to the bank now. (Мне нужно пойти в банк сейчас.) We will have to sell the car soon. (Нам придется продать машину скоро.) Does he have to finish this report by Friday? (Должен ли он закончить этот доклад к пятнице?) | He had to go to the bank yesterday. (Ему нужно было / пришлось пойти в банк вчера.) We had to sell our car. (Нам пришлось продать нашу машину.) Did he have to finish that report yesterday? (Должен ли он был закончить доклад вчера?) |
| 2. no necessity: negative statements | You don't have to go to work today and tomorrow. We are on vacation! (Тебе нет необходимости идти на работу сегодня и завтра. Мы в отпуске!) | He didn't have to go to work yesterday. Yesterday was his day off. (Ему не нужно было идти на работу вчера. Вчера был его выходной день.) |
| HAVE GOT TO | ||
| necessity: affirmative statements | I've got to go now. (Я должен уйти сейчас.) He's got to leave on Tuesday. (Он должен уехать во вторник.) | substitute: had to |
| NEED | ||
| 1. necessity: affirmative statements and questions | I need to study before the test. (Мне нужно позаниматься перед контрольной работой.) Does he need to go there? (Нужно ли ему пойти туда?) | I needed to study before the test, so I stayed home. (Мне нужно было позаниматься перед контрольной работой, поэтому я остался дома.) Did he need to go there? (Нужно ли ему было пойти туда?) |
| 2. no necessity: negative statements | You don't need to go to work today and tomorrow. We are on vacation! (Тебе не нужно идти на работу сегодня и завтра. Мы в отпуске!) You needn't worry. He will be all right. (Нет необходимости беспокоиться. У него все будет хорошо.) | He didn't need to go to work yesterday. Yesterday was his day off. (Ему не было необходимости идти на работу вчера. Вчера был его выходной день.) |
| BE TO | ||
| strong expectation: affirmative and negative statements | You are to be there at nine sharp. (Вы должны быть там ровно в девять.) You are not to smoke here! (Нельзя здесь курить!) | You were to report your arrival by eight in the morning. (Вам предписывалось доложить о вашем приезде до восьми утра.) |
| BE SUPPOSED TO | ||
| expectation: affirmative and negative statements and questions | We are supposed to be there about six. (Предполагается, что мы будем там около шести.) He is not supposed to work today. (Предполагается, что он сегодня не будет работать.) | He was not supposed to hear it. (Не предполагалось, что он услышит это.) The conference was supposed to begin at ten. (Предполагалось, что конференция начнется в десять.) |
| SHOULD | ||
| 1. advice: affirmative and negative statements and questions | You look ill. You should see a doctor. (Вы выглядите больным. Вам следует пойти к врачу.) You shouldn't argue with your boss. (Вам не следует спорить с вашим начальником.) Should I ask Tom about it? (Следует ли мне спросить Тома об этом?) | You should have seen a doctor a week ago. (Вам следовало пойти к врачу неделю назад.) You shouldn't have argued with your boss. (Вам не следовало спорить с вашим начальником.) |
| 2. strong probability: affirmative and negative statements, future and past | This story should be interesting. (Этот рассказ должен быть интересным.) This task shouldn't be difficult for you. (Это задание не должно быть трудным для вас.) | Why doesn't he call? He should have arrived in Rome two hours ago. (Почему же он не звонит? Он должен был прибыть в Рим два часа назад.) |
| OUGHT TO | ||
| 1. advice: usually affirmative statements | You look ill. You ought to see a doctor. (Вы выглядите больным. Вам следует пойти к врачу.) | You ought to have seen a doctor a week ago. (Вам следовало пойти к врачу неделю назад.) |
| 2. strong probability: usually affirmative statements, future and past | This story ought to be interesting. (Этот рассказ должен быть интересным.) | Why doesn't he call? He ought to have arrived in Rome two hours ago. (Почему же он не звонит? Он должен был прибыть в Рим два часа назад.) |
| HAD BETTER | ||
| advice with a warning of bad result: affirmative and negative statements | Your cough is terrible. You'd better see a doctor, or you'll get very sick. (Ваш кашель ужасен. Вам следует пойти к врачу, иначе вы совсем заболеете.) I'd better go now, or I'll be late. (Мне лучше уйти сейчас, а то я опоздаю.) | – |
| MAY | ||
| 1. polite request: affirmative questions | Мay I use your telephone, please? (Не разрешите ли воспользоваться вашим телефоном?) May I speak to Mr. Brown, please? (Можно ли мне поговорить с Мистером Браун?) | – |
| 2. formal permission: affirmative and negative statements and affirmative questions | You may stay here only for three days. (Вам разрешено остаться здесь только на три дня.) May I come in? (Можно мне войти?) Yes, you may. (Да, можно.) No, you may not. (Нет, нельзя.) | – |
| 3. possibility: affirmative and negative statements | I'm not sure, but he may be at school now. (Я не уверен, но он возможно в школе сейчас.) He may not be home yet. (Возможно, что его еще нет дома.) | He may have seen Anna yesterday. (Он, возможно, виделся с Анной вчера.) He may not have talked with the doctor yet. (Он, возможно, еще не поговорил с доктором.) |
| MIGHT | ||
| possibility: affirmative and negative statements | I'm not sure, but he might be at school now. (Я не уверен, но он возможно в школе сейчас.) He might not come back soon. (Возможно, он не скоро вернется.) | He might have seen Anna yesterday. (Он, возможно, виделся с Анной вчера.) He might not have talked with the doctor yet. (Он, возможно, еще не поговорил с доктором.) |
| BE LIKELY TO | ||
| possibility: substitute for may, might in questions | Is he likely to be at school now? (Вероятно ли, что он сейчас в школе?) Is he likely to come back soon? (Похоже ли, что он скоро вернется?) | Was he likely to be at school at four yesterday? (Вероятно ли, что он был в школе вчера в четыре?) |
| SHALL | ||
| suggestion and asking for consent or directive: affirmative questions | Shall I read? (Мне читать?) Shall I open the window? (Открыть окно?) Shall we wait for you in the hall? (Нам подождать вас в холле?) | – |
| WILL | ||
| 1. Future tense: affirmative and negative statements and questions | I will be home after seven. (Я буду дома после семи.) It will probably rain soon. (Наверное, скоро пойдет дождь.) I think they will help us. (Я думаю, что они помогут нам.) | He said he would be home after seven. (Он сказал, что будет дома после семи.) I thought they would help us. (Я думал, что они помогут нам.) |
| 2. unplanned future action: affirmative and negative statements and questions | Mark is in the hospital. – Oh no! I'll go there right away. (Я сейчас же пойду туда.) The phone is ringing. – I'll get it. (Телефон звонит. – Я возьму.) | She said she would go to the hospital right away. (Она сказала, что сразу же пойдет в больницу.) |
| 3. willingness: affirmative and negative statements and questions | The phone is ringing. – I'll get it. (Телефон звонит. – Я возьму.) He won't tell me about his plans. (Он не хочет говорить мне о своих планах.) This door won't open. (Эта дверь не открывается.) | I asked him, but he wouldn't tell me about his plans. (Я спросил его, но он не хочет говорить о своих планах.) I bought a player that wouldn't work. (Я купил плеер, который не работает.) |
| 4. polite request: affirmative questions | Will you please pass the pepper? (Передайте, пожалуйста, перец.) Will you please sit down here? (Присядьте, пожалуйста, здесь.) | – |
| 5. polite offer: negative questions | Won't you sit down? (Не присядете ли?) Won't you have more cake? (Возьмите, пожалуйста, еще торта.) | – |
| BE GOING TO | ||
| preplanned action: affirmative and negative statements and questions | I'm going to visit Rome next week. (Я собираюсь посетить Рим на следующей неделе.) It is going to rain soon. (Скоро пойдет дождь.) He is not going to buy a car. (Он не собирается покупать машину.) Are you going to see Mike? (Вы собираетесь увидеться с Майком?) | He was going to visit Rome last week. (Он собирался посетить Рим на прошлой неделе.) He was not going to buy a car. (Он не собирался покупать машину.) Was he going to see Mike? (Он собирался увидеться с Майком?) |
| WOULD | ||
| 1. Future in the past: affirmative and negative statements | – | He said he would be home after seven. (Он сказал, что будет дома после семи.) They said that they wouldn't see him tomorrow. (Они сказали, что не увидят его завтра.) |
| 2. polite request: affirmative questions | Would you please pass the pepper? (Не передадите ли перец?) Would you mind opening the window? (Не могли бы вы открыть окно?) Would you mind if I opened the window? (Вы не возражали бы, если я открою окно?) | – |
| 3. preference and desire: affirmative and negative statements | I'd like a cup of coffee, please. (Я хотел бы чашку кофе, пожалуйста.) I would like to visit Spain. (Я хотел бы посетить Испанию.) I'd rather not talk about it. (Я предпочел бы не говорить об этом.) | I would have liked to visit Spain last year, but I didn't have enough money. (Я хотел бы посетить Испанию в прошлом году, но у меня не было достаточно денег.) I would rather have stayed at home. There was a good movie on TV. (Я предпочел бы остаться дома. По телевидению был хороший фильм.) |
| 4. polite offer: affirmative questions | Would you like some more cake? (Вы не хотели бы еще торта?) Would you like to go to a concert? (Вы не хотели бы пойти на концерт?) | – |
| 5. supposition: affirmative and negative statements and questions | I would say that your conclusion is not right. (Я бы сказал, что ваш вывод неправильный.) He would help you if you asked him. (Он бы помог вам, если бы вы его попросили.) I wouldn't do it if I were you. (Я не делал бы этого на вашем месте.) | He would have helped you yesterday if you had asked him. (Он бы помог вам вчера, если бы вы его попросили.) I wouldn't have done it if I were you. (Я не сделал бы этого, если бы я был на вашем месте.) |
| 6. repeated action in the past: affirmative statements | – | My Granny and I would go to the park every day. (Моя бабушка и я обычно каждый день ходили в парк.) She would tell me a new fairy tale every evening. (Она обычно каждый вечер рассказывала мне новую сказку.) |
| USED TO | ||
| 1. repeated action in the past: usually affirmative statements | – | My Granny and I used to go to the park every day. (Моя бабушка и я обычно каждый день ходили в парк.) She used to tell me a new fairy tale every evening. (Она обычно каждый вечер рассказывала мне новую сказку.) |
| 2. habitual past action or situation that doesn't exist now: usually affirmative statements | – | I used to play the piano when I was young (but I don't now). (Я играл на пианино, когда был молодым (но сейчас не играю). He used to live on 6th Street. (Он раньше жил на Шестой улице.) There used to be a park near the lake ten years ago. (Возле озера был парк десять лет назад.) |
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10) Артикль в современном английском языке:
In English, knowing when to use 'a' or 'the' can be difficult. Fortunately, there are rules to help you, but you need to know what type of noun you are using.
Grammar rule 1
When you have a single, countable English noun, you must always have an article before it. We cannot say "please pass me pen", we must say "please pass me the pen" or "please pass me a pen" or "please pass me your pen".
Nouns in English can also be uncountable. Uncountable nouns can be concepts, such as 'life', 'happiness' and so on, or materials and substances, such as 'coffee', or 'wood'.
Grammar rule 2
Uncountable nouns don't use 'a' or 'an'. This is because you can't count them. For example, advice is an uncountable noun. You can't say "he gave me an advice", but you can say "he gave me some advice", or "he gave me a piece of advice".
Some nouns can be both countable and uncountable. For example, we say "coffee" meaning the product, but we say " a coffee" when asking for one cup of coffee.
Grammar rule 3
You can use 'the' to make general things specific. You can use 'the' with any type of noun – plural or singular, countable or uncountable.
"Please pass me a pen" – any pen.
"Please pass me the pen" – the one that we can both see.
"Children grow up quickly" – children in general.
" The children I know grow up quickly" – not all children, just the ones I know.
"Poetry can be beautiful"- poetry in general.
" The poetry of Hopkins is beautiful" – I'm only talking about the poetry Hopkins wrote.
More uses of articles in English
Rivers, mountain ranges, seas, oceans and geographic areas all use ' the '.
For example, " The Thames", " The Alps", " The Atlantic Ocean", " The Middle East".
Unique things have 'the'.
For example, " the sun", " the moon".
Some institutional buildings don't have an article if you visit them for the reason these buildings exist. But if you go to the building for another reason, you must use 'the'.
"Her husband is in prison." (He's a prisoner.)
"She goes to the prison to see him once a month."
"My son is in school." (He's a student.)
"I'm going to the school to see the head master."
"She's in hospital at the moment." (She's ill.)
"Her husband goes to the hospital to see her every afternoon."
Musical instruments use ' the '.
"She plays the piano."
Sports don't have an article.
"He plays football."
Illnesses don't have an article.
"He's got appendicitis."
But we say " a cold" and " a headache".
Jobs use 'a'.
"I'm a teacher."
Countries
We don't use 'a' if the country is singular. "He lives in England." But if the country's name has a "plural" meaning, we use 'the'. " The People's Republic of China", " The Netherlands", " The United States of America".
Continents, towns and streets don't have an article.
"Africa", "New York", "Church Street".
Theatres, cinemas and hotels have 'the'.
" The Odeon", " The Almeira", " The Hilton".
Abbreviations use 'the'.
" the UN", " the USA", " the IMF".
We use 'the' before classes of people.
" the rich", " the poor", " the British".
11) Общая характеристика знаменательных частей речи:
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12) Согласование времен:
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