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Методические указания
по выполнению контрольной работы № 1
для слушателей заочной формы обучения,
по направлению подготовки 030300.62 – Психология

Вологда – 2012

Английский язык: Методические указания по выполнению контрольной работы № 1 для слушателей заочной формы обучения, по направлению подготовки 030300.62 – Психология. – Вологда: ВИПЭ ФСИН России, 2012. – 18 с.

Подготовила:

О.А. Лукьянова – преподаватель кафедры русского и иностранных языков.

Рассмотрены и одобрены на заседании кафедры иностранных языков
26 июня 2012 года, протокол № 10

©ВИПЭ ФСИН России, 2012

Общие указания по выполнению
и оформлению контрольных заданий

Выполнять контрольные работы следует в отдельной тетради.

Контрольные работы должны выполняться четким почерком. При выполнении контрольной работы следует оставлять широкие поля для замечаний, объяснений и методических указаний рецензента.

Упражнения должны выполняться в той последовательности, в которой они даны в контрольном задании.

При выполнении работы необходимо переписывать задания к упражнениям, текст упражнений на английском языке.

Выполненную контрольную работу направляйте для проверки и рецензирования в установленные сроки.

Контрольное задание № 1

Разделы курса, которые необходимо усвоить для выполнения контрольного задания:

Фонетика:

Звуковой строй английского языка. Особенности произношения английских гласных и согласных. Отсутствие смягченных согласных и сохранение звонких согласных в конце слова. Чтение гласных в открытом и закрытом слогах, расхождение между произношением и написанием. Ударение, особенности интонации английского предложения.

Лексика

Профессиональная лексика и терминология. Наиболее употребительные словообразовательные средства английского языка. Наиболее употребительные префиксы. Основные суффиксы имен существительных, прилагательных, наречий, глаголов. Приемы словосложения. Явления конверсии (переход одной части речи в другую без изменения формы слова). Фразеологические сочетания. Наиболее употребительные синонимы. Антонимы и омонимы английского языка.

Грамматика

Морфология

Имя существительное. Артикли (определенный и неопределенный) как признаки имени существительного. Показатель множественного числа имени существительного. Окончания как средство выражения притяжательного падежа. Образование множественного числа имен существительных путем изменения корневой гласной. Множественное число некоторых имен существительных, заимствованных из греческого и латинского языков. Существительное в функции определения и его перевод на русский язык.

Имя прилагательное и наречие. Степени сравнения прилагательных. Наречие. Составные наречия. Степени сравнения наречий.

Имя числительное. Количественные числительные. Порядковые числительные. Дробные числительные. Даты.

Местоимения.Личные местоимения в формах именительного и объектного падежей. Притяжательные местоимения. Возвратные и усилительные местоимения. Местоимения вопросительные, указательные, относительные. Неопределенное местоимение и его функции.

Глагол. Основные классы глаголов в английском языке; правильные и неправильные глаголы.Изъявительное наклонение глагола и образование видовременных групп. Активная и пассивная формы. Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций на русский язык. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты. Функции глаголов. Основные сведения о сослагательном наклонении. Образование повелительного наклонения и его отрицательной формы. Выражение просьбы и приказания с помощью глагола. Неличные формы глагола: инфинитив и его формы. Видовременные формы инфинитива. Употребление инфинитива в различных функциях. Способы перевода инфинитива на русский язык. Инфинитивные конструкции: объектный инфинитивный оборот и субъектный инфинитивный оборот. Причастие в функции определения и обстоятельства. Сложные формы причастия. Независимый причастный оборот. Герундий. Видовременные формы герундия. Предикативные конструкции с герундием. Употребление герундия в различных функциях. Способы перевода герундия на русский язык.

Синтаксис

Простое распространенное предложение. Члены предложения. Прямой порядок слов повествовательного предложения в утвердительной и отрицательной формах. Обратный порядок слов в вопросительном предложении.

Сложносочиненное и сложноподчиненное предложения. Главное и придаточное предложения. Союзное и бессоюзное подчинение определительных и дополнительных придаточных предложений. Обороты, равнозначные придаточным предложениям.

Рекомендуемая литература

Агабекян И.П., Коваленко П.И., Кудряшова Ю.А. Английский язык для психологов: учебное пособие. М., 2006 г.

Коваленко П.И. Английский для психологов: Учебное пособие – Ростов н/Дону 2002

Куликова Н.В., Зенкевич Е.Б., Мельник Л.А. Учебное пособие по английскому языку для студентов факультетов психологии высших учебных заведений по специальности «Психология». М., 1998 г.

Англо-русский словарь-минимум психологических терминов – М., 1993

Донченко Е.Н.Английский для психологов и социологов. Ростов н/Д., 2002.

Могиленко Н.С. Английский язык. Тексты для чтения и перевода для специальности 030301 – «Психология» – Вологда: ВИПЭ ФСИН Российской Федерации, 2006. – 71 с.

Мюллер В.К. Англо-русский словарь: 70000 слов. СПб.: Золотой век, 2000.

Новый англо-русский, русско-английский словарь: 45000 слов. Киев: А.С.К., 2001.

Федорова Л.М., Никитаев С.Н. Английский язык для психологов: Учебное пособие. М., 2004 г.

Каждый вариант состоит из 4 заданий, которые выполняется по порядку.

Вариант I

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст, используя словарь.

What Is Psychology?

Psychology is the scientific study of mental processes and behaviour. Psychologists observe and record how people and other animals relate to one another and to the environment. They look for patterns that will help them understand and predict behaviour, and they use scientific methods to test their ideas. Through such studies, psychologists have learned much that can help people fulfill their potential as human beings and increase understanding between individuals, groups, nations, and cultures.

Psychology is a broad field that explores a variety of questions about thoughts, feelings, and actions. Psychologists ask such questions as: "How do we see, hear, smell, taste, and feel? What enables us to learn, think, and remember, and why do we forget? What activities distinguish human beings from other animals? What abilities are we born with, and which must we learn? How much does the mind affect the body, and how does the body affect the mind? For example, can we change our heart rate or temperature just by thinking about doing so? What can our dreams tell us about our needs, wishes, and desires? Why do we like the people we like? What is mental illness?"

The research findings of psychologists have greatly increased our understanding of why people behave as they do. For example, psychologists have discovered much about how personality develops and how to promote healthy development. They have some knowledge of how to help people change bad habits and how to help students learn. They understand some of the conditions that can make workers more productive. A great deal remains to be discovered. Nevertheless, insights provided by psychology can help people function better as individuals, friends, family members, and workers.

2. Перепишите вопросы, дайте ответы на английском языке, основываясь на содержании прочитанного текста, и переведите на русский язык.

1. What is psychology?
2. What do psychologists do?
3. What does psychology explore?
4. What kind of questions do psychologists ask?
5. Why do we need psychological research?
6. How can psychology help us?

3. Ответьте на вопросы, выразив собственное мнение.

1. Why do you want to become a professional psychologist?

2. What is your favourite topic in psychology?

3. When do you think a person should consult a psychologist?

4. Перепишите данные слова и словосочетания на русском языке и напишите их эквиваленты, основываясь на содержании прочитанного текста.

психология; научный; исследование; изучение; умственный; психический; поведение; окружающая среда; окружение; образец, пример; человек; мысль; чувство; действие; разум, ум; сон, мечта; желание; психическое расстройство; исследование; психолог; личность, индивидуальность; привычка; способность понимать умственные процессы, схватывание сути проблемной ситуации, внезапное нахождение решения (на основе опыта и интуиции).

Вариант II

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст, используя словарь.

Why is psychology interesting?

Psychology has some unique advantages over most other academic subjects. Most people are very interested in other people. They want to be able to understand them better, and to develop deeper and more fulfilling relationships with them. They also want to develop a fuller understanding of themselves, in the hope that this will allow them to become happier and to cope better with their lives.

Another major reason why psychology is interesting is because it has numerous applications to everyday life. Perhaps the most important of such applications is clinical psychology. Back in the nineteenth century, Sigmund Freud argued that most people who were then regarded as "mad" were really suffering from mental disorders of one kind or another. He claimed that psychological forms of treatment (such as psychoanalysis) could allow such people to lead fuller and happier lives.

Clinical psychology has developed enormously since then, and psychoanalysis is no longer considered one of the most effective forms of treatment. However, there is now conclusive proof that clinical psychology is of great value in treating mental disorders.

Educational psychologists make use of knowledge about human nature, and about the processes involved in learning, to help children who are experiencing learning difficulties. Some occupational psychologists focus on stress at work. Stress-related illnesses cost British industry billions of pounds a year in lost production and human misery.

1.Why are the most people very interested in other people?

2.Why is psychology increasingly applied to everyday life?

3.Why do educational psychologists make use of knowledge about human nature?

4.What are the strengths of psychological forms of treatment (such as psychoanalysis)?

5.What are occupational psychologists interested in?

3. Ответьте на вопросы, выразив собственное мнение.

1. Why did you decide to become a psychologist?

2. How can you use the knowledge about human nature at your work?

преимущество; совершенный, полноценный; взаимоотношения; справляться с чем-либо; применение, использование, употребление; страдать; расстройство психики; лечение, обращение; убедительное доказательство; испытывать, переживать.

Вариант III

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст, используя словарь.

Careers in Psychology

There are many careers in psychology. Psychology includes both research, through which we learn fundamental things about human and animal behaviour, and practice, through which that knowledge is applied in helping people to solve problems.

Psychology is an extremely varied field. Psychologists conduct research, serve as consultants, diagnose and treat people, and teach future psychologists and other types of students. They test intelligence and personality. As scientists, psychologists use scientific methods of observation, experimentation and analysis. But psychologists also need to be creative in the way they apply scientific findings.

Psychologists are frequently innovators, inventing new approaches to people and societies. They develop theories and test them in their research. As they collect new information, these findings can be used by practitioners in their work with clients and patients

As practitioners psychologists work in laboratories, hospitals, courtrooms, schools and universities, prisons and corporate offices. They work with business executives, performers, and athletes to reduce stress and improve performance. They advise lawyers on jury selection and cooperate with educators on school reform. Immediately following a disaster, such as a plane crush or bombing, psychologists help victims and bystanders recover from the shock of the event. Involved in all aspects of our world, psychologists must keep up with what is happening around us. When you are a psychologist, your education never ends.

The study of psychology is a good preparation for many other professions. Many employers are interested in the skills of collecting, analyzing and interpreting data, and their experience with statistics and experimental design.

Psychology is a very diverse field with hundreds of career paths. We all know about caring for people with mental and emotional disorders. Some other jobs like helping with the design of computer systems are less well-known. What all psychologists have in common is an interest in the minds of both humans and animals.

1. What does the field of psychology include?

2. What innovations do psychologists make?

3. Where do psychologists work?

4. Who do psychologists work with?

5. What skills are many employers interested in?

6. What do all psychologists have in common?

3. Ответьте на вопросы, выразив собственное мнение.

1. What sort of career in psychology would you prefer? Why?

карьера; лечить; интеллект, ум; наблюдение; эксперимент; практик; уменьшать стресс; жертва; свидетель, очевидец; восстанавливаться, приходить в себя, выздоравливать; гибкость, приспособляемость; расписание, план; навык, умение; интерпретировать данные; опыт (жизненный); заботиться о; психическое нарушение, психическое расстройство.

Вариант IV

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст, используя словарь.

What Is the Difference Between a Psychologist and a Psychiatrist?

The work of psychologists and psychiatrists has much in common. Both psychologists and psychiatrists can provide psychotherapy and counseling services. Both psychologists and psychiatrists are trained to diagnose neuropsychological disorders and dysfunctions plus psychotic, neurotic and personality disorders and dysfunctions. Both professionals are granted the right to make such diagnoses by law while other doctors cannot. Both psychologists and psychiatrists help people maintain and enhance their physical, intellectual, emotional, social and interpersonal functioning.

However, there are some important differences in training and special skills. Psychiatrists, as medical doctors, can prescribe medications for psychological distress. Psychologists do not prescribe medications, instead focusing their treatment on psychotherapy. In addition, psychologists are the only mental health professionals who are fully trained and qualified to use psychological tests.

The education of psychologists provides knowledge of psychological and emotional problems, personality, and human development, integrated with specialized training in how to apply this knowledge to helping people with emotional distress and other problems in living.

Psychologists also specialize in psychological testing. Psychological tests are used in situations where there are questions about what a person's particular problem is. Psychologists also use psychological tests in legal cases. Psychological tests can include assessments of personality styles, tests of emotional well-being, intellectual (or "IQ") tests, tests of academic achievement and tests for possible brain damage. The use of psychological tests requires years of training that involves not only learning how to give the tests, but also how to integrate all the information from a variety of tests

It is important to be aware that there can be broad differences in training and philosophy among psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and other therapists which can often lead to widely differing treatment approaches and understandings of psychological and emotional problems.

1. What services can psychologists and psychiatrists provide to people?

2. What professionals are granted the right to diagnose neuropsychological disorders and dysfunctions?

3. What professionals are granted the right to prescribe medications?

4. What do psychologists focus their treatment on?

5. What does the education of psychologists include?

6. What does psychologist's training allows them to do?

7. When do psychologists use psychological tests?

3. Ответьте на вопросы, выразив собственное мнение.

1. What are the main differences between psychologists and psychiatrists?

консультационные услуги; ставить диагноз; изменение личности; быть наделенным (чем-то); расширять, улучшать; прописывать (лекарство и т.д.); лечение; оценивать; оценка; успехи в учебе; состояние; повреждения мозга, мозговая травма.

Вариант V

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст, используя словарь.

What is stress?

Stress is the emotional and physical way in which we respond to pressure. Stress can cause both mental and physical symptoms. The mental (emotional) symptoms of stress include: trouble sleeping and tension, irritability and inability to concentrate, feeling excessively tired.

The physical symptoms of stress are: dry mouth and a pounding heart, difficulty breathing and stomach upset, headache and sweating palms, tight muscles that may cause pain and trembling.

There are some kinds of stress and they are survival stress, internal stress, environmental stress, fatigue and overwork.

This is a common response to danger in all people and animals. When you are afraid that someone or something may physically hurt you, your body naturally responds with a burst of energy so that you will be better able to survive the dangerous situation or escape it all together. This is survival stress.

Internal stress is one of the most important kinds of stress to understand and manage. Internal stress is when people make themselves stressed. This often happens when we worry about things we can't control or put ourselves in situations we know will cause us stress.

The environmental stress is a response to things around you that cause stress, such as noise, crowding, and pressure from work or family.

The fatigue and overwork. This kind of stress builds up over a long time. It can be caused by working too much or too hard at your job(s), school, or home. It can also be caused by not knowing how to manage your time well or how to take time out for rest and relaxation. This can be one of the hardest kinds of stress to avoid because many people feel this is out of their control.

1. What is stress?

2. What are the symptoms of stress?

3. What kinds of stress can you name?

4. What kind of stress do you experience if you are afraid of anything?

5. What is the internal stress?

6. What can fatigue and overwork be caused by?

3. Ответьте на вопросы, выразив собственное мнение.

1. Have you ever experienced stress in your life?

2. What kind s of stress have you experienced?

3. What do you think if we need stress in our life? Why do you think so? Please prove your point of view.

быть (стать) причиной; прилив энергии; раздражительность; чрезмерно усталый; окружающая среда; усталость, утомление; неспособность; ответ, ответная реакция; частота сердцебиения; выживать, выдержать; справляться, удаваться.

Вариант VI

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст, используя словарь.

Dreams still a secret

What are dreams? Volumes have been written on the subject, but the real dreams mechanism is still an enigma and many laboratories around the world seek to unveil it.

A special electronic unit watching and registering the eye movements of a sleeping person has been tested at the University of Texas. The results proved among other things, that dreams affect a person's entire body, which reacts with slight muscle movements.

To the psychologist, the dream is a form of natural expression which occurs only when the activity of the brain is depressed by sleep or by the influence of aesthetics or drugs. It has much in common with the fantasies and daydreams of waking life and differs from them mainly in being expressed in a dramatic form in which the dreamer himself appears to play a part.

Do animals dream? Unfortunately we cannot be sure of the answer. Everyone knows that a sleeping dog often behaves as though he was dreaming, but it is impossible to tell whether it is really dreaming. By analogy with human experience, however, it is reasonable to suppose that at least the higher animals are capable of dreaming.

Many superstitions and occult practices have been built round the supposed power of dreams foretell the future. Instances of dreams which have later turned out to be "prophetic" have often been recorded.

1. What is the mechanism of dreams?

2.Do dreams affect a person's entire body?

3.What is the dream to the psychologist?

4.Do animals dream?

3. Ответьте на вопросы, выразив собственное мнение.

1. Do you believe in dreams to be able to tell you the future?

сон, сновидение, мечта, греза; головоломка, загадка; открывать, предстать в истинном свете; отмечать, записывать, показывать; доказывать; понижать, ослаблять, снижать; эстетика; видение, мечта; разумный, благоразумный, рациональный, здравый; суеверие, религиозный предрассудок; пример.

Вариант VII

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст, используя словарь.

Memory

If you do not use your arms or your legs for some time, they become weak; when you start using them again, they slowly become strong again. Everybody knows this, and nobody would think of questioning this fact. Yet there are many people who do not seem to know1 that the memory works in the same way.

When someone says that he has a good memory, he really means that he keeps his memory in practice by exercising it regularly, either consciously or unconsciously. When someone else says that his memory is poor, he really means that he does not give it enough opportunity to become strong. The position is exactly the same as that of two people, one of whom exercises his arms and legs by playing tennis, while the other sits in a chair or a motor car all day.

If a friend complains that his arms are weak, we know that it is his own fault. But if he tells us that he has a poor memory, many of us think his parents are to blame, 2 or that he is just unlucky. Not all of us can become extremely strong or extremely clever; but all of us can, if we have ordinary bodies and brains, improve our strength and our memory by the same means – practice.

Have you ever noticed that people who cannot read or write have better memories than those who can? They have to remember dates, times, and prices, names, songs and stories; so their memory is the whole time being exercised3. So if you want a good memory, learn to practice remembering.

1do not seem to know – по-видимому не знают.

2his parents are to blame – нужно винить его родителей.

3is... being exercised – тренируется.

1.Why is it necessary to give memory enough exercise?

2.What does “a poor memory” mean?

3.What useful means of training one's memory could you suggest?

4.What people do usually have a good memory?

3. Ответьте на вопросы, выразив собственное мнение.

1. Have you ever thought about the quality of your own memory?

2. What sort of information do you remember better: names, numbers, dates, and times?

cлабый; казаться; подобным способом, методом; подразумевать, иметь ввиду; тренировать, укреплять; сознательно, умышленно, преднамеренно; бессознательно; очень сильный; жаловаться; вина; запоминание, припоминание, вспоминание.

Вариант VIII

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст, используя словарь.

How Do Psychologists Study the Mind?

Psychology is the science of the mind and behaviour. The human mind is perhaps the most complex and unique field of study, and has been a puzzle to humankind for hundreds of years. The human mind is the source of all thought, behaviour, emotions, interactions, and it determines how we conduct ourselves in society.

The mind is highly complex and enigmatic. Many wonder how psychologists can study such an abstract and extremely sophisticated thing. Even if scientists look inside the brain, as in an autopsy or during a surgical operation, all they see is gray matter (the brain). Thoughts, cognition, emotions, memories, dreams, perceptions, etc. cannot be seen physically, like a skin rash or heart defect.

Experts say that the approach to psychology is not that different to other sciences. As in other sciences, experiments are devised to confirm or disprove theories or expectations. For a psychologist, human behaviour is used as evidence – or at least an indication – of how the mind functions. We are unable to observe the mind directly; however, virtually all our actions, feelings and thoughts are influenced by the functioning of our minds. That is why human behaviour is used as raw data for testing psychological theories on how the mind functions.

German psychologist Wilhelm Wundt opened the first experimental psychology labs in the late 1800s. Since that time we have learned an enormous amount about the relationship between brain, mind, memory and behaviour.

1. What determines our behaviour?

2. Can scientists see human mind?

3. What do psychologists use to test their theories?

4. Who opened the first psychology laboratory?

3. Ответьте на вопросы, выразив собственное мнение.

1. Why is it difficult to study human mind?

2. Can you describe any psychological experiment?

сложный; сложный; область исследований; человечество; определять, устанавливать; сложно устроенный, утончённый; аутопсия (вскрытие); хирургический; серое вещество мозга; познание, узнавание, распознавание; восприятие; сыпь; порок сердца; разрабатывать, изобретать; опровергать; ожидание; по крайней мере; наблюдать, следить (за чем-л.); прямо, непосредственно; фактически, практически; необработанные данные, исходные данные; Вильгельм Вундт.

Вариант IX

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст, используя словарь.

Ethical issues

It is probably true to say there are more major ethical issues associated with research in psychology than in any other scientific discipline. There are various reasons for this. First, all psychological experiments involve the study of living creatures, and their right to be treated in a caring way can be infringed by an unprincipled or careless experimenter.

Second, the findings of psychological research may reveal what appear to be unpleasant or unacceptable facts about human nature, or about certain groups within society. No matter how morally upright the experimenter may be, there is always the danger that extreme political organizations will use the findings to further their aims.

Third, psychological research may lead to the discovery of powerful techniques that can be used for purposes of social control. It would obviously be dangerous if such techniques were to be exploited by dictators or others seeking to exert undue influence on society.

Psychologists have become increasingly concerned about ethical issues in recent years. In the United Kingdom in 1990, the British Psychological Society issues its Ethical principles for conducting research with human participants. These principles should be followed by everyone, including students who carry out experiments as part of their course.

1.Why are there more major ethical issues associated with research in psychology than in any other scientific discipline?

2.Why should psychologists follow Ethical principles?

3.Who can use the findings of psychological research to further their aims?

4.What happened in the United Kingdom in 1990?

5.Who should follow the ethical principles?

3. Ответьте на вопросы, выразив собственное мнение.

1. What do you think whether you heed some ethical principles at your work?

2. Can you name some of the ethical principles in the careers in psychology?

учебная дисциплина; опыт, эксперимент; полученные данные, добытые сведения; создание, творение; относится к кому-либо; нарушать, посягать (на чьи-л. права); невнимательный, неосторожный; раскрывать, обнаруживать; честный; пользоваться, использовать, эксплуатировать; оказывать давление; чрезмерный; проводить исследование; проводить опыт.

Вариант X

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст, используя словарь.

Happiness

Why do you think some people are much happier than others? Part of the answer is that they tend to have deeper relationships with other people, more friends, more interesting jobs, and so on.

For example, there is good evidence that married people are on average much happier than those who have never married, divorced, or been widowed (Eysenck, 1990). However, an equally important part of the answer is that happy people tend to have a certain type of personality.

Costa and McCrae (1980) assumed that happy people experience many pleasant emotions, but very few unpleasant ones. They found that those who are high on extraversion (a personality dimension involving being sociable and outgoing) experience much more pleasant emotion than those who are low on extraversion.

They also found that those who are high on neuroticism (a personality dimension involving being anxious and depressed) experience many more negative emotions than those low on neuroticism. Those individuals high on extraversion and low on neuroticism were happy with their lives, whereas who were low on extraversion and high on neuroticism were unhappy.

1.Do happy people tend to have a certain type of personality?

2.Why do you think some people are much happier than others?

3.What do usually happy people experience in their lives?

4.Are you high or low on extraversion (a personality dimension involving being sociable and outgoing)?

3. Ответьте на вопросы, выразив собственное мнение.

1. What is happiness in your opinion?

2. What can make a person be happy?

3. Are you happy? Can you give some of the reasons?

иметь склонность к чему-л.; доказательство, свидетельство; в среднем; расторгать брак; овдоветь; в равной степени; тип личности; допускать, предполагать; черта характера личности, характеризующаяся импульсивностью, активностью, оживленностью, восприимчивостью, возбудимостью; коммуникабельный, контактный, общительный, компанейский, дружелюбный; невротическое состояние.

Содержание

Общие указания по выполнению и оформлению контрольных заданий. 3

Контрольное задание № 1. 3

Рекомендуемая литература. 4

Вариант I 5

Вариант II 6

Вариант III 7

Вариант IV.. 8

Вариант V.. 10

Вариант VI 11

Вариант VII 12

Вариант VIII 13

Вариант IX.. 14

Вариант X.. 15

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