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Getting Offenders to Admit They Are Wrong

Магистратура

Контрольная работа № 2

Вариант № 1

Text № 1

Use of Non-Police Negotiators in a Hostage Incident

While I’m on the topic of who should or shouldn’t negotiate, I’d like to warn you about non-police negotiators. The SOARU (Special Operation and Research Unit) points out that using “civilian” negotiators like members of the subject’s family, friends, clergy, a mental health professional, or an attorney is a high-risk proposition. Since these people have generally not been trained in negotiation, they will probably, under the stress of the situation, revert to their usual way of talking with the subject. All negotiators have heard stories about family members who come to the scene and say, “Let me talk to him, he’ll listen to me”. When they get on the phone, some will call the subject a jerk; another will say, “Hang in there, Joey, we’re all proud of you”.

Clergymen, on the other hand, may get excessively moralistic or theological, while attorneys may have difficulty deciding which side they represent. Even mental health professionals with experience in crisis intervention may have little to offer if they have not had negotiation training. They are accustomed to people coming to them and asking for help, not resisting it. And, generally, they don’t have the mental “set” to expect demands and to deal with lying or threats if those demands aren’t ment. After getting negotiation training, however, they can work well as consultants to the negotiation team.

Finally, if a non-police negotiator is being used and you decide to go tactical, that person may be reluctant (or may refuse) to participate in a tactical response and may alert the subject by changing or disrupting the negotiations. So, unless there are specific reasons to the contrary, negotiators should be drawn from our trained officers, with professional consultants to back them up if necessary.

Упражнение 1.

А) Выпишите из текста № 1 пять предложений с модальными глаголами. Подчеркните модальные глаголы. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

Б) В следующих предложениях подчеркните модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Safety and control must be the prime consideration in the decision-making process.

2. We are to differentiate terrorists from the wide range of criminal personalities.

3. We have to find ways of breaking the vicious circle of repetition of offending.

Упражнение 2.

А) Выпишите из текста № 1 предложение с неопределенным местоимением some, переведите его.

Б) В данных предложениях подчеркните неопределенные местоимения или их производные. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. You should not let anyone else talk to the subject.

2. Do not offer the subject anything.

3. Do not allow any exchange of hostages.

4. You should make every effort to avoid bargaining with the subject.

5. Everything he says is valuable.

Упражнение 3.

А) Выпишите из текста № 1 и переведите три предложения, в которых глагол-сказуемое стоит в Present Perfect.

Б) В данных предложениях подчеркните глаголы-сказуемые, определите их временную форму и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. He stated that he had ‘lost face’.

2. He had been arrested three times.

3. The subject has taken no hostages.

Упражнение 4.

Выпишите из текста № 1 и переведите пять предложений, сказуемые которых употреблены в страдательном залоге. Подчеркните сказуемые.

Упражнение 5.

Выпишите из текста № 1 и переведите пять предложений, в которых употреблен инфинитив. Подчеркните инфинитивы.

Упражнение 6.

Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на –ing формы.

1. Using “civilian” negotiators is a high-risk proposition.

2. Attorneys may have difficulty deciding which side they represent.

3. They had not had negotiation training.

4. They are accustomed to people coming to them and asking for help.

5. Usually they don’t deal with lying or threats.

6. They can work after getting negotiation training.

Упражнение 7.

Выпишите из текста № 1 и переведите по одному предложению на каждый из следующих видов придаточных: времени, условия, причины, дополнительные, определительные.

Подчеркните придаточные предложения, укажите их вид.

Упражнение 8.

Образуйте глаголы от следующих существительных путем конверсии, переведите и существительные, и глаголы: use, point, hand, stress, phone, change, experience, offer, threat, work.

Выпишите из текста № 1 словосочетания с этими лексическими единицами; укажите, к какой части речи они принадлежат.

Упражнение 9.

Переведите текст № 2.

The Search for the Truth

How can the truth be discovered? Is there a reliable and safe way to make sure others are telling the truth?

Perhaps the best-known scientific method relies on the fact that lying causes stress. Stress creates physical symptoms that can be recorded. The device used to record these symptoms is called a lie detector or polygraph. It is widely used by police and other agencies. It indicates whether a person questioned is being honest as it records changes in the heart rate, blood pressure and other physical factors during questioning.

Most polygraph experts now admit that the method is not perfect: even an innocent person will feel under stress when faced with a serious accusation. As a result, a more accurate technique has been developed. With this technique the person being questioned is instructed to deny questions like “Before 1990, did you ever do anything dishonest?” since most people would be guilty of this to some extent, the polygraph will show some stress caused by the denial of the truth. For innocent people this will be the highest stress they show, while a murderer will become even more stressed when denying a question about his or her involvement in the murder.

The basic problem with all the methods is that if the person is in control, they can easily mislead their questioners, while if the person is not in control due to pain or drugs, what they say may not be true at all.

Магистратура

Контрольная работа № 2

Вариант № 2

Getting Offenders to Admit They Are Wrong

Over the past 5 years, government reforms have improved the legal system of the United Kingdom. Restorative justice is an official initiative, which has been supported and encouraged to reduce crime and benefit victims.

The recently formed Youth Justice Board aims to promote the prevention of offences by children and young people. The board has called upon youth courts to reduce the number of short custodial sentences and, conscious of the need for an alternative to imprisonment for young offenders, a conference was convened on the topic.

Lord Chief justice Woolf, the main speaker, indicated that there is an alternative to imprisonment for young people. It is the process of restorative justice, which involves the victims of crime, the community, which may be affected, and offenders.

He pointed out frustration experienced sometimes by victims. They often believe that the effect of criminal behavior on them personally has not been taken into account.

Lord Wolf observed, “We have to find ways of breaking the vicious cycle of repetition of offending, punishment, release, reoffending and punishment again. Restorative justice cannot be the sole answer to this problem but can assist”.

With restorative justice an offender is encouraged to acknowledge the wrong which those who suffer from his or her criminal behavior have endured. A victim, ideally, is involved in the process but always voluntarily. Above all, the offender is encouraged to realize that someone, a real person, has been affected by the crime.

Restorative justice conference is a way of attempting to achieve this end. It includes where possible the families of both victim and offender to deal with the aftermath of the offence. Ideally, an offender is given an opportunity to become a member of law-abiding society and repay a moral debt to victims. Offenders can find it demanding when meeting face to face with their victims.

Упражнение 1.

А) Выпишите из текста № 1 четыре предложения с модальными глаголами и их эквивалентами. Подчеркните модальные глаголы. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The system of penal institutions is to be reformed.

2. The witness of the murder couldn’t sleep.

3. You should drive carefully on a busy road.

4. When you join the police you must learn to shoot

Упражнение 2.

А) Выпишите из текста № 1 предложение с неопределенным местоимением someone, переведите его.

Б) В данных предложениях подчеркните неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения или их производные. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Defendants are not entitled to a jury of any particular composition.

2. The US Supreme Court has upheld smaller Juries in some cases.

3. There is no evidence that the death penalty functions as a deterrent.

4. There was nobody in the laboratory.

5. Have we got anything to charge him with?

Упражнение 3.

А) Выпишите из текста № 1 и переведите три предложения, в которых глагол-сказуемое стоит в Present Perfect.

1. John couldn’t go to work because he had had a road accident.

2. By the time we get to London we will have driven over two hundred miles.

3. His car was stolen because he had left it unattended.

Упражнение 4.

Упражнение 5.

Выпишите из текста № 1 и переведите шесть предложений, в которых употреблен инфинитив. Подчеркните инфинитивы.

Упражнение 6.

Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на –ing формы.

1. We have to find ways of breaking the vicious cycle of repetition of offending.

2. Restorative justice conference is a way of attempting to achieve this end.

3. An offender is given an opportunity to become a member of law-abiding society.

4. Offenders can find it demanding when meeting face to face with their victims.

5. There are fewer than twenty people still waiting for their sentence.

6. Police think the man holding the hostages is heavily armed.