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Look through the text and say what every passage is about. Choose the right variant.
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| The first passage The second passage The third passage The fourth passage The fifth passage The sixth passage The seventh passage The eighth passage | is about | § possible causes of cancer § surgery § normal body cells growth § chemotherapy § the process called metastasis § types of cancer § radiotherapy § cancer cell growth |
Translate the text into Russian
Answer the questions.
1. What is cancer?
2. When does cancer start?
3. What is the difference between cancer cell growth and normal cell growth?
4. How does the process of metastasis go on?
5. How many types of cancer are there?
6. What does cancer treatment include?
7. What factors can lead to cancer?
Fill in the table
| Types of cancer treatment | Means of cancer treatment | Aim of cancer treatment |
| 1.____________________ a……… 2.____________________ 3.____________________ a………. b……… c……… |
TOPIC 39. HEPATITIS
The knowledge and understanding the nature of hepatitis is the way to defend yourself. This lesson will help you.
Review the given words.
Inflammation / liver / cells / tissue / occur / jaundice / loss of appetite / malaise / acute / cause / cases / transmit / contaminated food / fatigue / fever / abdominal pain / nausea / itching / dark urine / prevent / avoid / needles / syringes / spread / cure.
Study the words
1. ingestion - приём пищи
2. exhibit – обнаружить, проявлять
3. sanitation – улучшение санитарных условий
4. exposure – подвергание внешнему воздействию
5. clear the infection – устранять инфекцию
6. replicate – воспроизводиться путём клеточного деления
7. scarring – появление рубцов
Read and translate the text.
Hepatitis
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver characterized by the presence of inflammatory cells in the tissue of the organ. The condition can be healing on its own or can progress to fibrosis (scarring) and cirrhosis. Hepatitis may occur with limited or no symptoms, but often leads to jaundice, loss of appetite and malaise. Hepatitis is acute when it lasts less than six months and chronic when it persists longer. A group of viruses known as the hepatitis viruses cause most cases of hepatitis worldwide, but it can also be due to toxins (alcohol, certain medications), other infections.
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted person-to-person by ingestion of contaminated food or water or through direct contact with an infectious person. The incubation period is between two and six weeks and the average incubation period is 28 days.
Early symptoms of hepatitis A infection can be mistaken for influenza, but some people exhibit no symptoms at all. Symptoms of hepatitis A infection include fatigue, fever, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, appetite loss, jaundice, weight loss, itching, dark urine. Hepatitis A can be prevented by vaccination, good hygiene and sanitation.
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There is no specific treatment for hepatitis A. Patients should rest, avoid fatty foods and alcohol, eat a well-balanced diet.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) results from exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Possible forms of transmission include sexual contact, blood transfusions, re-use of contaminated needles and syringes, and vertical transmission from mother to child during childbirth.
The acute hepatitis B infection causes liver inflammation, vomiting, jaundice and rarely, death. Chronic hepatitis B may cause liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. The infection is preventable by vaccination.
Acute hepatitis B infection does not usually require treatment because most adults clear the infection spontaneously. Treatment of chronic infection may be necessary to reduce the risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer. Although none of the available drugs can clear the infection, they can stop the virus from replicating, thus minimizing liver damage.
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is spread by blood-to-blood contact. The infection is often asymptomatic, it is mostly discovered accidentally. Persistent infection can be treated with medication. 51% are cured overall. No vaccine against hepatitis C is currently available. Chronic infection can progress to scarring of the liver (fibrosis), and advanced scarring (cirrhosis) which is generally apparent after many years.
Say into English
1. передаётся от человека к человеку
2. приём зараженной пищи и воды
3. инкубационный период
4. не обнаруживать симптомы
5. можно предотвратить путём вакцинации
6. избегать жирной пищи
7. зараженная кровь
8. повторное использование зараженных игл и шприцов
9. быть причиной цирроза и рака печени
10. острый и хронический гепатит
11. устранять инфекцию
12. уменьшать риск цирроза печени
13. имеющиеся в наличии лекарства
14. остановить вирус от самовоспроизведения
15. бессимптомный
16. обнаружить случайно
17. лечить лекарственными средствами
5.Fill in the table using the text “Hepatitis”
| The Types of the Disease | The Cause of the Disease | The Symptoms of the Disease | The Treatment of the Disease | The Preventive Measures |
| Hepatitis A | ||||
| Acute Hepatitis B | ||||
| Chronic Hepatitis B | ||||
| Hepatitis C |
Answer the questions
1. What is hepatitis?
2. When is hepatitis acute and chronic?
3. What are the causes of hepatitis?
4. What should the patient with hepatitis A do to get well?
5. What may chronic hepatitis B and C cause?
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7. Fill in the gaps using the given words.
Hepatitis
vaccination / an inflammation / liver cirrhosis and cancer / viruses / infectious blood / reduce / sanitation / treatment / avoid fatty foods / acute / jaundice / replicating / contaminated
Hepatitis is 1________________of the liver. Hepatitis may be 2______________ and chronic. Most cases of hepatitis are caused by a group of 3______________, alcohol, certain medications, other infections. Hepatitis can be transmitted by ingestion of 4_____________________food or water, through direct contact with an infectious person, by exposure 5_______________________________________ to or body fluids. Symptoms of acute hepatitis include fatigue, fever, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, appetite loss,6__________________, weight loss, itching, dark urine. Chronic hepatitis can cause 7__________________________________. Hepatitis A can be prevented by vaccination, good hygiene and 8___________________. Hepatitis B is preventable by 9__________________. Acute hepatitis doesn’t usually require 10_________________. Patients should rest, and 11________________________alcohol, eat a well-balanced diet. Treatment of chronic infection may be necessary to 12_______________ the risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer and to stop the virus from 13 _____________________.
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