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Software Copyrights and licenses
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Copyright laws have fairly severe restrictions on copying, distributing, and reselling software; however, a license agreement might offer additional rights to consumers. The licenses for commercial software, shareware, freeware, open source, and public domain software specify different levels of permission for software use, copying, and distribution.
Commercial software is typically sold in computer stores or at Web sites. Although you “buy” this software, you actually purchase only the right to use it under the terms of the software license.
Shareware is copyrighted software marketed under a “try before buy” policy. It typically includes a license that permits you to use software for a trial period. To use it beyond the trial period you must pay a registration fee. A shareware license usually allows you to make copies of the software and distribute them to others. If they choose to use the software, they must pay a registration fee as well.
Freeware is copyrighted software that is available for free. Because the software is protected by copyright, you cannot do anything with it that is not allowed by copyright law or by the author. Typically, the license for freeware permits you to use the software, copy it, and give it away, but does not permit you to alter it or sell it. Many utility programs, device drivers, and some games are available as freeware.
Open source software makes the uncompiled program instructions – the source code – available to programmers who want to modify and improve the software.
Public domain software is not protected by copyright because the copyright has expired, or the author has placed the program in the public domain, making it available without restriction. It may be freely copied, distributed, even resold. The primary restriction on public domain software is that you are not allowed to apply for a copyright on it.
Comprehension check. Match the beginnings of the sentences in the first column with the endings in the second.
| 1. When you install software its files | for different operating systems. |
| 2. Installation procedures differ | might end up in different folders. |
| 3. Downloadable software can be provided | that guides you through the installation process. |
| 4. Public domain software | involves a fee. |
| 5. Windows software typically contains a setup program | in several different formats. |
| 6. Updating to a new version usually | is not protected by copyright. |
Vocabulary practice
1. Put the letters in the followingwords into correct order.
tchopgiry roeisttcri deexec susnecropm trneeqmueir rdeivsoc erceneefr
2. Fill in the blanks choosing from the variants given.
1. System … specify the operating system and minimum hardware capacities required for software to work correctly.
a) requirements b) references c) replacements
2. During the … process, your computer performs many tasks, including updating the Windows Registry and Start menu.
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a) uninstallation b) installation c) updating d) copyrighting
3. Linux is an example of … software.
a) open source b)freeware c) public domain d) shareware
4. A software patch is a small selection of program code that … part of the software you currently have installed.
a) activates b) replaces c) installs d) specifies
5. Public domain software is not copyrighted because the copyright has ….
a) completed b) expired c) replaced d) purchased
6. Software patches and service packs are usually ….
a) expensive b) inexpensive c) free
3. Restore the instructions for installing software from distribution media by matching the beginnings with the endings and put them into the correct order.
| Start | the license agreement if one is presented on the screen. By agreeing to the terms of the license, you can proceed with the installation. |
| Insert | the first distribution CD or DVD. The setup program should start automatically. |
| Select | the prompts provided by the setup program to specify a folder to hold the new software program. |
| Follow | the installation option that best meets your needs. |
| Read | the program you just installed to make sure it works. |
| Insert | multiple distribution CDs in the specified drive when the setup program prompts you. |
4. Fill in the gaps in the text.
When you ___ software, the new software files are placed in the appropriate ___ on your computer’s hard disk, and then your computer performs any software configurations that are necessary to make sure the program is ready to run. The ___ files and data files for the software are placed in the folder you specify. Windows software typically contains a ___ program that guides you through the installation process.
A ___ is a form of legal protection that grants the author of an original “work” the right to copy, distribute, sell, and modify that work, except under special circumstances described by laws. A software ___ is a legal contract that defines the ways in which you may use a computer program.
Speaking. Discuss the following questions.
1. Where can I get software?
2. What is included in a typical software package?
3. How do I know if a software program will work on my computer?
4. Why is it necessary to install most software?
5. What is a software update?
6. How do I get rid of software?
7. Are all software licenses similar?
Critical thinking. Read the article and express you opinion on the problem.
Software Piracy
Software is easy to steal. You don’t have to walk out of a store with a $495 DVD Workshop software box under your shirt. You can simply borrow your friend’s DVD Workshop distribution CDs and install a copy of the program on your computer’s hard disk. It seems so simple that it couldn’t be illegal. But it is.
Piracy takes many forms. End-user piracy includes friends loaning distribution disks to each other and installing software on more computers than the license allows. Although it is perfectly legal to lend a physical object, such as a sweater, to a friend, it is not legal to lend digital copies of software and music because, unlike a sweater that can be worn by only one person at a time, copies of digital things can be simultaneously used by many people.
Counterfeiting is the large-scale illegal duplication of software distribution media, and sometimes even its packaging. According to Microsoft, many software counterfeiting groups are linked to organized crime and money-laundering schemes that fund a diverse collection of illegal activities, such as smuggling, gambling, extortion. Counterfeiting software is sold in retail stores and through online auctions– often the packaging looks so authentic that buyers have no idea they have purchased illegal goods.
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Internet piracy uses the Web as a way to illegally distribute unauthorized software. The Business Software Alliance (BSA) estimates that more than 800.000 Web sites illegally sell or distribute software.
In many countries software pirates are subject to civil lawsuits for monetary damages and criminal prosecution, which can result in jail time and stiff fines. Is software piracy really damaging? Who cares if you use a program without paying for it? Software piracy is damaging because it has a negative effect on the economy. Software production fuels economic development of many countries. A BSA economic impact study concluded that lowering global piracy from an average of 36 % to only 26 % would add more than 1 million jobs and $400 billion in worldwide economic growth.
Decreases in software revenues can have a direct effect on consumers, too. When software publishers are forced to cut corners, they tend to reduce customer service and technical support. As a result, you, the consumer, get put on hold when you call for technical support, find fewer free support sites, and encounter customer support personnel who are only moderately knowledgeable about their products. The bottom line – software piracy negatively affects customer service. As an alternative to cutting support costs, some software publishers might build the cost of software piracy into the price of the software.
Some analysts suggest that people need more education about software copyrights and the economic implications of piracy. Other analysts believe that copyright enforcement must be increased by implementing more vigorous efforts to identify and prosecute pirates.
What do you think?
1. Do you believe that software piracy is a serious issue?
2. Do you know of any instances of software piracy?
3. Do you think that most software pirates understand that they are doing something illegal?
4. Should software publishers try to adjust software pricing for local markets?
Final test. Do the tasks in the following test.
1. All publicly available software programs adhere to the same licensing agreements. (True/False)
2. A(n) ___ operating system provides process and memory management services that allow two or more programs to run simultaneously.
3. Which of the following type of software is copyrighted software marked under a “try before buy” policy.
a) freeware b) shareware c) commercial software d) public domain software
4. ___ software helps you store, organize, update, and report information.
5. The microprocessor controls the operating system in your computer. (True/False)
6. A computer’s microprocessor understands both high-level and machine language. (True/False)
7. The operating system in many handheld computers is small enough to be stored in ROM. (True/False)
8. The software installation process includes which of the following activities:
a) analyzing the computer’s resources b) analyzing the computer’s hardware
c) updating necessary system files d) all of the above
9. MP3 encoding software is used to pull tracks off a CD and store it in a raw digital format on a computer’s hard disk. (True/False)
10. A(n) ___ translates all of the instructions in a program as a single batch, producing machine language instructions that are placed in a new file.
11. To start a software program, you run the program’s main ___ file.
12. Which of the following converts one computer instruction at a time into a machine language while the program is running?
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a) a compiler b) an interpreter c) a translator d) none of the above
13. ___ language is the instruction set that is ‘hard wired’ within a microprocessor’s circuits.
14. A (n) ___ is a set of letters that shares a unified design.
15. Programmers first write instructions in a machine language and then translate them into a high-level language. (True/False)
16. System requirements specify both the operating system and the minimum hardware capacity necessary for a software product to work correctly. (True/False)
17. The ___ routine deletes a software program’s files and removes references to the program from the desktop and operating system files.
18. Which of the following is responsible for allocating specific areas of memory for each program running on your computer.
a) the microprocessor b) the operating system
c) RAM d) none of the above
19. Software counterfeiting and piracy does not include software that is distributed on the Internet. (True/False)
20. An auxiliary set of instructions that is used in conjunction with the main software program is called a(n) ___.
a) data file b) main executable file c) support program d) auxiliary file
Projects. Choose and perform one of the projects given.
1. Computer games are big business. They are exported worldwide and accessed by communities of online players around the globe. For this project gather information about the most internationally popular computer games. Try some of them yourself to see what they are all about. What effect, if any, would you expect these games to have on individual players living in the cultures of 1) industrialized countries, 2) Middle-eastern countries, and 3) developing countries? Summarize your ideas.
2. Use the Web and other resources to compile a list of the software used in your current or future career field. Are there standard packages that job applicants need to know how to use? If so, what can you find out about those packages on the Web. Also, make a list of the software packages you are familiar with. Use the software classification system. As you consider your career goals for the next year, list at least five additional software packages you would like to learn. Explain why they would be helpful.
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