Part I. History and major rules

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНТСТВО ПО РЫБОЛОВСТВУ

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ

ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

"МУРМАНСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ"

 

Кафедра

Иностранных языков

 

Professional English for Marine Engineers

 

 

Профессиональный английский язык

для судомехаников

 

 

Методические указания

к изучению темы "Защита морской окружающей среды"

для курсантов старших курсов СМФ специальности 180403.65

"Эксплуатация судовых энергетических установок"

 

 

Мурманск 2010

 

 

Составители –

Валентина Владимировна Загузова, доцент кафедры иностранных языков Мурманского государственного технического университета; Лариса Ивановна Окунева, доцент той же кафедры

 

 

Методические указания рассмотрены и одобрены кафедрой

 

 

Рецензент –

Н. Г. Марьина, доцент кафедры иностранных языков Мурманского государственного технического университета

 

Редактор Г. В. Зобнина

 

 

© Мурманский государственный технический университет, 2010

 

ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ

 

Введение.................................................................................................................................... 4

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Литература..................................................................... Ошибка! Закладка не определена.

 

 

 

 

Введение

 

Данные методические указания предназначены для курсантов старших курсов специальности 180403.65 "Эксплуатация СЭУ", обучающихся по программе дисциплины "Деловой английский язык". Учебный материал методических указаний базируется на терминологической лексике по теме "Защита морской окружающей среды". Учебные тексты включают информацию об истории создания МАРПОЛ 73/78, принятии поправок, выдержки из правил, входящих в Конвенцию МАРПОЛ 73/78, а также описание некоторых судовых устройств, предназначенных для предотвращения загрязнения морской среды. Диалоги представляют собой образцы ситуаций, возникающих при проверках судов на предмет соблюдения ими требований МАРПОЛ 73/78.

Целью заданий и упражнений, вошедших в методические указания является расширение запаса профессиональной лексики, развитие навыков устной речи в диалогической и монологической формах. Тексты, использованные в учебном пособии, служат источником информации и ситуаций для обсуждения

 

MARPOL 73/78

 

MARPOL 73/78 signatories

There are 169 countries which are party to the agreement as of 2010.

GENERAL INFORMATION

Marpol 73/78 is the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 as modified by the Protocol of 1978. ("Marpol" is short for marine pollution and 73/78 short for the years 1973 and 1978.) The original MARPOL Convention was signed on 17 February 1973, but did not come into force. The current Convention is a combination of the Convention 1973 and the 1978 Protocol. It entered into force on 2 October 1983.

PART I. HISTORY AND MAJOR RULES

 

1. Pay attention to how the following words are pronounced.

adequate	['xdikwit]	intermediate	["intq'mJdjqt]	reception	[ri'sepSqn]
annual	['xnjuql]	issue	['isjH 'iSH]	sewage	['sju(:)iG]
appropriate	[q'proupriit]	noxious	['nOkSqs]	validity	[vq'liditi]
certificate	[sq'tifikit]	obstacle	['Obstqkl]	survey	['sWvei] [sW'vei]
garbage	['gRbiG]	primarily	['praimqri]	unscheduled	['An'SedjHld]

1. Translate the text “MARPOL 73/78” using the words that follow.

 

accept v	принимать, брать	mandatory adj.	обязательный
adopt v.	принимать	noxious adj.	вредный, ядовитый
aimed (at) p.p	имеющий целью	object n.	цель
amend v.	вносить поправки	obstacle n.	препятствие
annex n.	приложение, дополнение	overcome v.	преодолеть
annual adj.	ежегодный	primarily adv.	главным образом
appropriate adj.	соответствующий	promote v.	продвигать, содействовать
concern n.	беспокойство, тревога	reception n.	приемка
deal (dealt) with) v.	рассматривать	recognize v.	признавать
dumping n.	сброс	regard v.	рассматривать, относиться
establish v	устанавливать	sewage n.	сточные воды
extend v.	простираться, тянуться	strict adj.	строгий
garbage n.	мусор, бытовые отходы	survey n.	осмотр
harmful adj.	вредный, опасный	treaty n.	соглашение, договор
implement v.	выполнять, осуществлять	unscheduled p.p.	внеплановый
issue v.	выпускать, выдавать	validity n.	период действия

MARPOL 73/78

The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by its Protocol of 1978, is the most important anti-pollution treaty ever adopted by the International Marine Organization (IMO). The Convention is usually known as MARPOL 73/78. It was designed to minimize pollution of the seas, including dumping, oil and exhaust pollution. Its object is: to preserve the marine environment through the complete elimination of pollution by oil and other harmful substances and the minimization of accidental discharge of such substances.

Oil pollution of the sea – especially in ports and harbours – was first recognized as a problem in the first half of the 20^th century and various countries introduced national regulations to control discharges of oil within their territorial waters.

In 1954, the United Kingdom organized a conference on oil pollution which resulted in the adoption of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Seas by Oil (OILPOL), 1954.

The 1954 Convention, which was amended in 1962, 1969 and 1971, was primarily aimed at pollution resulting from routine tanker operations and from the discharge of engine room bilges of all ships (not only tankers) which were the greatest causes of oil pollution from ships.

The 1954 OILPOL convention, which entered into force on 26 July 1958, attempted to tackle the problem of pollution of the seas by oil in two main ways:

• It established ‘prohibited zones’ extending at least 50 miles from the nearest land in which the discharge of oil or of mixtures containing more than 100 parts of oil per million was forbidden.
• It also required Contracting Parties to take all appropriate steps to promote the provision of facilities for the reception of oily water.

The increasing amount of chemicals and oil being carried at sea and a growing concern for the world’s environment as a whole made people feel that the 1954 convention was no longer adequate, despite the various amendments which had been adopted.

In 1969 the IMO assembly decided to arrange an international conference to consider a completely new convention. The conference met in London in 1973. It dealt not only with oil but with all forms of marine pollution. Most of the technical measures are included in five annexes to the convention which deal respectively with the following:

Annex I – Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil. Annex I entered into force on 2 October 1983.

Annex II –Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances Carried in Bulk (e.g. chemicals). Annex II entered into force 6 April 1987.

(A state that becomes party to MARPOL must accept Annex 1 and II. As of October 2009, 150 countries representing almost 99.14% of the world's tonnage had become party to Annexes I and II.)

Annex III – Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged Form (e.g. tanks and containers). Annex III entered into force on 1 July 1992 and (as of October 2009) 133 countries representing over 95.76% of the world’s tonnage had become party to it. It is voluntary for acceptance.

Annex IV - Prevention of Pollution by Sewage. It entered into force on 27 September 2003 and 124 countries representing over 81.62% of the world’s tonnage had become party to it. A revised annex was adopted in 2004. It is voluntary for acceptance.

Annex V - Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships. Annex V entered into force on 31 December 1988 and (as of October 2009) 139 countries representing over 97.18% of the world's tonnage had become party to it.

The 1973 convention required ratification by 15 States, with a combined merchant fleet of not less than 50% of world shopping by gross tonnage, to enter into force. Only a handful of countries ratified the convention in the years immediately following its adoption. In 1978 when the International Conference on Tanker Safety and Pollution was held there was no prospect of the convention entering into force for many more years.

The TSPP conference was held to consider major changes to MARPOL. It adopted the Protocol 1978 relating to the 1974 Convention on the Safety of Life at Sea (1978 SOLAS Protocol) and the Protocol of 1978 relating to the 1973 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (1978 MARPOL Protocol).

More importantly in terms of achieving the entry into force of MARPOL, the 1978 MARPOL Protocol allowed States to become Party to the Convention by first implementing Annex I (oil), as it was decided that Annex II (chemicals) would not become binding until three years after the Protocol entered into force. This gave States time to overcome technical problems in Annex II, which for some had been a major obstacle in ratifying the convention.

The combined instrument - the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL 73/78) finally entered into force on 2 October 1983 (for Annexes I and II)

Annex V, covering garbage, achieved sufficient ratifications to enter into force on 31 December 1988, while Annex III, covering harmful substances carried in packaged form, entered into force on July 1992. Annex IV, covering sewage, entered into force on 27 September 2003. A revised Annex was adopted in 2004.

In September 1997 Annex VI, dealing with Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships was adopted. Annex VI entered into force on 19 May 2005. It was amended on 10 October 2008. The revised Annex VI entered into force on 1 July 2010. (As in October 2009 56 countries representing over 46% of the world’s tonnage had become party to it).

The 1978 Protocol to MARPOL introduced stricter regulations for the inspection and certification of ships.

MARPOL 73/78 requires:

1. An initial survey before the ship is put in service or before an International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate is issued.

2. Periodical surveys at intervals not exceeding five years.

3. A minimum of one intermediate survey during the period of validity of the IOPP Certificate.

4. Unscheduled inspection or mandatory annual surveys must be carried out.

The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by its Protocol of 1978 (MARPOL 73/78) entered into force on 2 October, 1983.

It is generally regarded as the most important international treaty ever adopted in the struggle against pollution of the sea.The MARPOL Convention is the main international convention covering prevention of pollution of the marine environment by ships from operational or accidental causes. It is a combination of two treaties adopted in 1973 and 1978 respectively and updated by amendments through the years.

 

1. Scan the text to find English equivalents of the Russian word combinations.

Договор, направленный против загрязнения; правила, регулирующие сброс в море; договор, когда-либо принятый; конвенция, имеющая своей основной целью; загрязнение, являющееся результатом повседневной деятельности танкеров; запрещенные зоны, простирающиеся не менее чем на 50 миль от; растущее беспокойство; принять должные меры, чтобы способствовать обеспечению; приемные устройства; конференция по рассмотрению полностью новой конвенции; несмотря на разнообразные поправки; сразу же за ее принятием; протокол, относящийся к конвенции; для преодоления технических проблем; главное препятствие; приложение, касающееся / охватывающее; пересмотренное приложение; промежуток времени, не превышающий; период действия; внеочередное освидетельствование; сертификат выдается; стать участником; стать обязательным; добровольное для принятия.

 

1. Complete the table with missing words. Translate them into Russian. Use them in sentences of your own.

 

Verb	Noun (~tion;~ment;~er/~or)	Participle I	Participle II
pollute	pollution; polluter	polluting	Polluted
?	amendment	?	?
?	?	containing	?
?	?	?	introduced
adopt	?	?	?
?	reception /?	?	?
?	?	preventing	?
?	implementation	?	?
?	? /?	?	regulated
contaminate	?	?	?
?	revision	?	?

 

1. Answer the following questions using the information of the text.

1. What is MARPOL 73/78 and when was it adopted?

2. When was the problem of oil pollution of the sea recognized for the first time?

3. What were the first measures taken by some countries to prevent marine pollution?

4. When was the first International Convention for the Prevention of the Pollution of the Seas by Oil adopted?

5. What are the sources of pollution?

6. Why was the convention primarily aimed at oil pollution from ships?

7. How did the convention try to settle the problem of marine pollution?

8. Why was the convention considered to be no longer adequate some years later?

9. How was a new convention developed (worked out)?

10. What does it deal with?

11. What were the changes to MARPOL adopted in 1978?

12. What is the full name of the document?

13. What does the 1978 Protocol to MARPOL deal with?

 

1. Speak on:
• the ways of sea pollution;
• the first steps on the way of regulating sea pollution;
• how the International Convention was developed;
• the Annexes to the Convention;
• the rules concerning ship’s inspection and certification.

 

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