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The system of petroleum education in russia

THE ENGINEERING PROFESSION

 

Engineering is one of the most ancient occupations in history. Without the skills included in the broad field of engineering, our present-day civilization never could have evolved. The first toolmaker s who chipped arrows and spears from rock were the forerunners of modern mechanical engineer s. The craftsmen who discover ed metals in the earth and found ways to refine and use them were the ancestors of mining and metallurgical engineers. And the skilled technicians who devised irrigation system s and erected the marvellous buildings of the ancient world were the civil engineer s of their time.

Engineering is often defined as making practical application of theoretical sciences such as physics and mathematics. Many of the early branches of engineering were based not on science but on empirical information that depended onobservation and experience.

The great engineering works of ancient times were constructed and operated largely by means of slave labor. During the Middle Ages people began to seek devices and methods of work that were more efficient and humane. Wind, water, and animals were used to provide energy for some of these new devices. This led to the Industrial Revolution that began in the eighteenth century. First steam engine s and then other kinds of machines took over more and more of the work that had previously been done by human beings or by animals.

Since the nineteenth century both scientific research and practical application of its results have escalated. The Industrial Revolution began by putting water and steam to work; since then machines using electricity, gasoline, and other energy sources have become so widespread that they now do a very large proportion of the work of the world.

One result of the rapid expansion of scientific knowledge was an increase in the number of engineering specialties. By the end of the nineteenth century not only were mechanical, civil, and mining and metallurgical engineering established but the newer specialties of chemical and electrical engineering also emerge d. This growth in the number of specialties is continuing with the establishment of such disciplines as aerospace, nuclear, petroleum, and electronic engineering.

Engineers design and make machines, equipment and the like. Such work requires creative ability and a working knowledge of scientific principles. The engineer must also have an understanding of the various processes and materials, and could be working in any of the following areas: the organization of manufacture, research and development, design, construction, sales and education.

There are often many different kinds of engineers working on large projects such as the development of nuclear power or new aircraft. Each engineer is a member of a team often headed by a systems engineer able to combine the contribution s made by all the different disciplines.

Another result of the increase of scientific knowledge is that engineering has become a profession. A profession is an occupation like law or medicine that requires specialized advanced education. Today it requires at least four or five years of university study leading to a Bachelor of Science degree. Often engineers get an advanced master’s or doctor’s degree.

 

Words and phrases to learn by heart from Russian into English:

1. field of engin ee ring – область машиностроения / инженерного дела

2. toolmaker – изготовитель инструментов

3. mech a nical engin ee r – инженер-технолог; инженер-механик

4. craftsm a n (craftsm e n) – мастер; ремесленник

5. to discover; discovery – открыть / обнаружить; открытие

6. mining – горное дело

7. to devise irrigation system – разработать систему орошения

8. civil engin ee r – инженер-строитель

9. practical application of theor e tical sciences – практическое применение

теоретических наук

10. branches of engineering – отрасли инженерного дела

11. to dep e nd on something (smth.) – зависеть от чего-либо

12. observ a tion and exp e rience – наблюдение и практический опыт

13. the Middle Ages – Средние Века

14. to provide energy – предоставлять энергию; обеспечивать энергией

15. steam e ngine – паровой двигатель

16. scientific research – научное исследование

17. to become widespread – стать широко распространённым

18. rapid expansion of scientific knowledge – быстрое расширение научного знания

19. to em e rge – появляться; возникать

20. n u clear – атомный; ядерный

21. petr o leum – нефть

22. equipment – оборудование

23. to req ui re creative ability – требовать творческих способностей

24. the organization of manuf a cture – организация производства

25. research and dev e lopment – исследование и разработка

26. dev e lopment of n u clear power – создание / развитие атомной энергетики

27. aircraft – самолётостроение

28. contrib u tion (to …) – вклад во что-либо; содействие чему-либо

29. specialized adv a nced education – специализированное продвинутое образование

 

 

HOME READING # 2

 

THE SYSTEM OF PETROLEUM EDUCATION IN RUSSIA

 

Our country has always paid great attention to the education of petroleum engineers. Soon after the October Revolution in September 1918 the Soviet Government publish ed the Decree about the organization of the Moscow Mining Academy. Later in 1930 a separate petroleum institute singled out from this Academy and we call this institute the Russian State Oil and Gas University named after Gubkin. Since that time the level of petroleum education has grown.

At present the system of petroleum education in our country comprises special petroleum universities with their branch es and some faculties in several polytechnical institutes and universities. Together with traditional specialities such as “ drilling, production and reservoir engineering ”, “geological and geophysical prospecting of oil and gas fields ”, “ refining and petrochemical processes”, “reservoir engineering and production methods”, “ pipeline transportation ”, “petroleum economics” – a great number of new specialities have appeared. Nowadays students are studying 59 petroleum specialities and it is difficult even to enumerate them.

A typical oil university has usually several (from 5 to 8) faculties and the educational period lasts 5 years. These universities usually provide not only full-time education but also part-time and extra-mural (заочный) (correspondence) departments. The main idea (method) of education at all the departments is based on the unity of academic, practical and research education. Future engineers study in well-equipped laboratories and workshops, computer classes and reading-rooms. They are mastering mathematics and physics, chemistry and drawing, strength of materials and foreign languages. As to foreign languages they study English, French or German languages.

All our higher educational institutions prepare our petroleum engineers in close connection with their future work and they have their practical training at oil refineries, oil fields and pipeline construction sites. During their studies at a typical petroleum university many students start their independent research work in students’ scientific societies. They carry out special investigations in the laboratories of the university under the guidance of experienced teachers.

Petroleum

As we know from ancient manuscripts man first began to apply petroleum already some centuries B.C. (Before Christ – до нашей эры). Ancient people knew different properties of oil and used it for various purposes. They caulked their ships and boats with oil and made their clothes waterproof. They used petroleum as a cheap and efficient lubricant. Ancients discovered curing (лечебный) properties of oil and used it in medical treatment of some diseases. Besides, they utilized petroleum for the illumination of their dwellings and even as the incendiaries in frequent war battles.

Only since 19 century A.D. (Anno Dominiнашей эры) people have begun to use petroleum as one of the most important sources of energy. The commercial production of this valuable fuel has led to the development of modern petroleum industry.

Petroleum is a combustible oily liquid which occurs in sedimentary rocks of the Earth’s crust. Petroleum usually forms and accumulates in geological traps at the depths of 1,200 – 2,000 m and deeper. Very often petroleum engineers drill deeper wells (up to 6,000 m).

Petroleum is a liquid which consists of different hydrocarbons (compounds of carbon and hydrogen). Besides, oil often contains smaller amounts of sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen. Petroleum is a substance with a characteristic smell. The odour of petroleum depends on the nature, composition and quantity of hydrocarbons and different impurities. The colour of oil varies from light brown to dark brown, nearly black. The heavier the oil, the darker is the colour. Oil is much lighter than water. It doesn’t dissolve in water and forms a thin rainbow filmon its surface. As oil doesn’t conduct electricity, people use some of its products in manufacturing of insulators. All sorts of petroleum are combustible. At present, petroleum is the most important fuel and energy source because of its high calorific value.

 

Words and phrases to learn by heart from Russian into English:

 

1. to pay great attention to - уделять большое внимание

2. to publish - опубликовать

3. branch - филиал

4. drilling - бурение

5. production - добыча (нефти)

6. reservoir engin ee ring - разработка пласта-коллектора

7. prospecting of oil fields - разведка нефтяных месторождений

8. refining processes - процессы по переработке

9. pipeline transportation - трубопроводный транспорт

10. full-time education - дневное обучение

11. part-time education - вечернее обучение

12. well-equipped lab o ratories - хорошо оборудованные лаборатории

13. oil refinery - нефтеперерабатывающий завод

14. research work - исследовательская работа

15. to carry out investigations - проводить исследования

16. pr o perties of oil - свойства нефти

17. l u bricant - смазочный материал

18. treatment of diseases - лечение болезней

19. illumination of dwellings - освещение жилищ

20. v a luable fuel - ценное топливо

21. combustible oily liquid - горючая маслянистая жидкость

22. sedim e ntary rocks - осадочные породы

23. composition of hydrocarbons - химический состав углеводородов

24. c o mpounds of carbon and hydrogen – химические соединения углерода и водорода

25. impurity - примесь

26. to dissolve in water - растворяться в воде

27. rainbow film on the surface - радужная плёнка на поверхности

HOME READING # 3

 

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