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Vocabulary for the conclusion part
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Vocabulary for the conclusion part
In conclusion... / To conclude... / To conclude with...
In summary... / To sum up... / To summarise...
In general...
In short...
All in all...
Overall...
On the whole...
To draw the conclusion...
To elucidate…
All things considered...
By and large...
Taking everything into consideration... / Taking everything into account...
Weighing up both sides of the argument...
Examples
1. To sum up, if the population explosion continues, many more people will die of starvation in poor countries, and life in the cities, even in affluent nations, will become increasingly difficult.
2. To conclude, I recommend that the only sensible way to solve this problem is to educate young people about the dangers of drug use and to take steps to reduce the pressure of competition placed upon them.
3. In conclusion, nuclear technology certainly has positive uses but is nonetheless dangerous. However, it would have been better if it had never been used to create nuclear weapons. If life on Earth is to continue, all the nuclear nations of the world should agree to disarm as soon as possible.
Appendix 3
LATIN ABBREVIATIONS AND SHORTENINGS
There are some Latin abbreviations and shortenings that are common in academic writing.
Table 7. Latin abbreviations and shortenings
| Abbreviation/ shortening | Meaning | Translation | ||
| ab ovo | с самого начала | |||
| A. D. | Anno Domini | нашей эры, “год нашего бога” | ||
| ad hoc | специальный, ситуативный | |||
| a posteriori | основанный на опыте | |||
| a priori | априори, не зависимый от опыта | |||
| B. C. | Before Christ | до нашей эры | ||
| сf. | confer=compare | сравни | ||
| c., ca | circa | приблизительно, около | ||
| e. g. ٭ (exempli gratia) | for example | в качестве примера | ||
| et al. (et alii) | and others (people) | и другие (авторы, коллеги) | ||
| etc. (et cetera) | and so on | и тому подобное, и так далее | ||
| et seq. (et sequentia) | and the following | и далее, и последующее | ||
| i. e. (id est) | that is | то есть | ||
| ibid. (ibidem) | in the same place | то же место | ||
| ms., mss., mscr. | manuscriptum | рукопись | ||
| N. B. | nota bene | обрати внимание | ||
| op. cit. | opere citato | цитируемая работа, | ||
| p. a., per an. | per annum= yearly | ежегодно, в год | ||
| pro et con | pro et contra | за и против | ||
| Q. E. D. | quod erat demonstrandum | что и требовалось доказать | ||
| Sc. | scilicet=namely | то есть, аналог viz. | ||
| s. l. | sensu lato | в широком смысле | ||
| s. s. | sensu stricto | в строгом смысле | ||
| C. V. | curriculum vitae | краткое описание жизни и профессиональных навыков (резюме) | ||
| verbatim | буквально, дословно | |||
| vice versa | наоборот | |||
| viz. | videre licet | а именно | ||
| vs. | versus | против, в сравнении с | ||
| ٭ Make sure not to confuse “e. g. ” and “i. e. ”. In general, it is best to avoid using these abbreviations in the main text, especially in US English. Instead, put them inside parentheses followed by a comma, or write out full words.
a) Many species of primates, e. g. orangutans, are endangered. b) Many species of primates (e. g., orangutans) are endangered. c) Many species of primates, such as orangutans, are endangered. | ||||
Appendix 4
SUBLISTS OF THE ACADEMIC WORD LIST
Sublist 1
analyze
analyzed
analyzer
analyzers
analyses
analyzing
analysis
analyst
analysts
analytic
analytical
analytically
analyze
analyzed
analyzes
analyzing
approach
approachable
approached
approaches
approaching
unapproachable
area
areas
assess
assessable
assessed
assesses
assessing
assessment
assessments
reassess
reassessed
reassessing
reassessment
unassessed
assume
assumed
assumes
assuming
assumption
assumptions
authority
authoritative
authorities
available
availability
unavailable
benefit
beneficial
beneficiary
beneficiaries
benefited
benefiting
benefits
concept
conception
concepts
conceptual
conceptualization
conceptualize
conceptualized
conceptualizes
conceptualizing
conceptually
consist
consisted
consistency
consistent
consistently
consisting
consists
inconsistencies
inconsistency
inconsistent
constitute
constituencies
constituency
constituent
constituents
constituted
constitutes
constituting
constitution
constitutions
constitutional
constitutionally
constitutive
unconstitutional
context
contexts
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contextual
contextualize
contextualized
contextualizing
uncontextualized
contextualize
contextualized
contextualizing
uncontextualized
contract
contracted
contracting
contractor
contractors
contracts
create
created
creates
creating
creation
creations
creative
creatively
creativity
creator
creators
recreate
recreated
recreates
recreating
datum
data
define
definable
defined
defines
defining
definition
definitions
redefine
redefined
redefines
redefining
undefined
derive
derivation
derivations
derivative
derivatives
derived
derives
deriving
distribute
distributed
distributing
distribution
distributional
distributions
distributive
distributor
distributors
redistribute
redistributed
redistributes
redistributing
redistribution
economy
economic
economical
economically
economics
economies
economist
economists
uneconomical
environment
environmental
environmentalist
environmentalists
environmentally
environments
establish
established
establishes
establishing
establishment
establishments
disestablish
disestablished
disestablishes
disestablishing
disestablishment
estimate
estimated
estimates
estimating
estimation
estimations
over‑ estimate
overestimate
overestimated
overestimates
overestimating
underestimate
underestimated
underestimates
underestimating
evident
evidenced
evidence
evidential
evidently
export
exported
exportation
exporters
exporting
exports
factor
factored
factoring
factors
finance
financed
finances
financial
financially
financier
financiers
financing
formula
formulae
formulas
formulate
formulated
formulating
formulation
formulations
reformulate
reformulated
reformulating
reformulation
reformulations
function
functional
functionally
functioned
functioning
functions
identify
identifiable
identification
identified
identifies
identifying
identities
identity
unidentifiable
income
incomes
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indicate
indicated
indicates
indicating
indication
indications
indicative
indicator
indicators
individual
individualized
individuality
individualism
individualist
individualists
individualistic
individually
individuals
interpret
interpretation
interpretations
interpretative
interpreted
interpreting
interpretive
interprets
misinterpret
misinterpretation
misinterpretations
misinterpreted
misinterpreting
misinterprets
reinterpret
reinterpreted
reinterprets
reinterpreting
reinterpretation
reinterpretations
involve
involved
involvement
involves
involving
uninvolved
issue
issued
issues
issuing
labor
labor
labored
labors
labored
laboring
labors
legal
illegal
illegality
illegally
legality
legally
legislate
legislated
legislates
legislating
legislation
legislative
legislator
legislators
legislature
major
majorities
majority
method
methodical
methodological
methodologies
methodology
methods
occur
occurred
occurrence
occurrences
occurring
occurs
reoccur
reoccurred
reoccurring
reoccurs
percent
percentage
percentages
period
periodic
periodical
periodically
periodicals
periods
policy
policies
principle
principled
principles
unprincipled
proceed
procedural
procedure
procedures
proceeded
proceeding
proceedings
proceeds
process
processed
processes
processing
require
required
requirement
requirements
requires
requiring
research
researched
researcher
researchers
researches
researching
respond
responded
respondent
respondents
responding
responds
response
responses
responsive
responsiveness
unresponsive
role
roles
section
sectioned
sectioning
sections
sector
sectors
significant
insignificant
insignificantly
significance
significantly
signified
signifies
signify
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signifying
similar
dissimilar
similarities
similarity
similarly
source
sourced
sources
sourcing
specific
specifically
specification
specifications
specificity
specifics
structure
restructure
restructured
restructures
restructuring
structural
structurally
structured
structures
structuring
unstructured
theory
theoretical
theoretically
theories
theorist
theorists
vary
variability
variable
variables
variably
variance
variant
variants
variation
variations
varied
varies
varying
invariable
invariably
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