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The difference between Market and Command economy
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Контрольная работа
по дисциплине «Б1.В.ОД.1.1 Иностранный язык в профессиональной деятельности»
по направлению подготовки
38. 03.01 Экономика
Направленность (профиль) образовательной программы
Бухгалтерский учет, анализ и аудит
квалификация (степень) выпускника «Бакалавр»
Контрольная работа № 1
Контрольная работа выполняется обучающимися, имеющими опыт изучения английского языка, и нацелена на совершенствование их умений в понимании устной и письменной речи, расширение словарного запаса, тематически связанного со сферой профессиональной деятельности, а также на повторение грамматических конструкций и словообразовательных моделей английского языка.
Контрольная работа нацелена на совершенствование их умений в понимании устной и письменной речи (Задание 1), расширение словарного запаса, тематически связанного со сферой профессиональной деятельности (Задание 2), повторение словообразовательных моделей (Задание 3) и грамматических конструкций (Задание 4) английского языка, а также на активизацию коммуникативных навыков (Задания 5,6).
Задание 1 Выполните письменный перевод текста.
The difference between Market and Command economy
An economy may be defined as the state of a country or region in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services, and the supply of money.
A market economy (also called a free market economy, free enterprise economy) is an economic system in which the production and distribution of goods and services takes place through the mechanism of free markets guided by a free price system.
On the other hand, a command economy (also known as planned economy) is an economic system in which the state or government controls the factors of production and makes all decisions about their use and about the distribution of income. There is another type of economy, known as Mixed economy. Mixed Economy is combination of free market and command economy. However, this essay will analyze the main key difference between command and free market.
A command system is one in which decision making is centralized. In a command economy, the government controls the factors of production and makes all decisions about their use and about the consumption of output. The central planning unit takes the inputs of the economy and directs them into outputs in a socially desirable manner. This requires a careful balancing between output goals and available resources. Resources are allocated through a planning process. At its most extreme, this means that the state will direct labour into jobs as well as directing consumers what to consume, although it is more likely that they will direct producers what to produce, thus determining the choice of goods available to consumers. What is more, price is controlled by government, they decide minimum and maximum price of goods according to their importance. For instance, one the one hand, government sets the minimum price for wheat to encourage farmers to produce more. On the other hand, government sets the maximum price on rents so everyone can easily afford that. In a command economy, the state plans the allocation of resources between current consumption and investment for future, the output of each industry and firm, methods of production and the resources allocated to each industry and firm. Moreover, in a command economy, all factors of production apart from labour are owned by the state. The classic examples of command economies were the USSR under Stalin and the People's Republic of China during Mao's Great Leap Forward.
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In contrast, in a free market economy, all economic decisions are taken by individuals and firms, which are assumed to act in their own self-interest. Firms decide what goods shall we produce? They can produce whatever they want to acquire their maximum profit. They can produce necessity goods such as foods, clothes, tables and chairs. Moreover, they decide the prices of goods as guided by the laws of demand and supply. For instance, one firm produces Flat TVs, if Flat TVs are highly demanded, Prices increase dramatically. However, demand of black and white TVs decrease, consequently prices decrease. In addition, in a free market economy, the output is determined by the quantity demand, the techniques of production by the firms themselves keeping in mind efficiency and productivity and land is free to buy for everyone (firms, business invertors and etc.). The free market idea of land ownership can have some good and some disastrous effects. On the one hand, land ownership is good because this gives the opportunity to business person to plan for long term without having any problems such as, rent or charges on the land will increase after few years. On the other hand, land prices will increase dramatically which will affect the whole country. For instance, residential land values in Japan grew seven times faster than wages between 1950 and 1988. This wrecked Japan's economy and it has taken 16 years to recover. The common examples of free market are USA, China and Canada.
To sum up, world has scarce resources. The economic systems of countries are designed to allocate those resources, through a production system, to provide output for their citizens. The fundamental questions that these systems answer are: what to produce, how and for whom? Market economies leave the answers to these questions to the determination of the forces of supply and demand while command economies use a central planning agency to direct the activities of the economy. Both have their own strengths and weaknesses. But in really world, all economies are actually mixed economies, incorporating some facts of both market and command economies. The relative importance of the particular economic system in the country is the determinant of the type of economic system that it is generally considered to be.
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Задание 2 Найдите в тексте слова и выражения по теме «Экономика» (не менее 15), выпишите их в начальной / словарной форме и в контекстном употреблении в таблицу. Образец выполнения задания:
| Слово / выражение | Перевод | Пример употребления в тексте | Собственный пример употребления | |
| 1. | the production and consumption of goods and services | производство и потребление товаров и услуг | An economy may be defined as the state of a country or region in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services, and the supply of money. | The production and consumption of goods and services defines the economy of the country. |
Задание 3 Выпишите из текста не менее 15 производных или сложных слов. Укажите, от каких слов и с помощью каких элементов они образованы. Переведите. Образец выполнения задания:
| Производное/сложное слово | Перевод | От какого слова / каких слов или с помощью какого элемента / каких элементов оно образовано | Собственный пример употребления | |
| 1. | distribution | распределение | от глагола distribute – распределять – с помощью суффикса ion, который образует имена существительные с отвлеченным значением | Distribution of natural resources is uneven in different regions of the country. |
Задание 4 Используя грамматические справочники или интернет-ресурсы, повторите образование форм настоящего обычного (Present Simple), прошедшего обычного (Past Simple), и будущего обычного (Future Simple) времени глаголов в Active Voice и Passive Voice. Обратите внимание на наречия и обстоятельства времени, которые используются с каждым из перечисленных выше времен. Преобразуйте предложения а) Past Simple, б) в Future Simple:
1. The state or government controls the factors of production and makes all decisions about their use and about the distribution of income.
2. The central planning unit takes the inputs of the economy and directs them into outputs in a socially desirable manner.
3. Resources are allocated through a planning process.
4. Price is controlled by government.
5. Government sets the minimum price for wheat to encourage farmers to produce more.
6. All factors of production apart from labour are owned by the state.
7. Firms decide what goods are produced.
8. All economic decisions are taken by individuals and firms.
Задание 5 Сформулируйте в 5-7 предложениях на русском языке краткое содержание текста. Систематизируйте главные различия между рыночной и централизованно управляемой экономикой. Переведите эти предложения на английский язык. (Записываются оба варианта – русскоязычный и англоязычный).
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Задание 6 Напишите на английском языке эссе (не менее 15-20 предложений) на тему «Strengths and weaknesses of market economy».
Критерии оценки:
– оценка «отлично» выставляется обучающимся, если ими выполнены предложенные задания на 90 – 100%.
– оценка «хорошо» выставляется обучающимся, если ими выполнены предложенные задания на 70 – 90%.
– оценка «удовлетворительно» выставляется обучающимся, если ими выполнены предложенные задания на 50 – 70%.
– оценка «неудовлетворительно» выставляется обучающимся, если ими выполнены предложенные задания ниже 50%.
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