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Safety Engineering (Техника безопасности)
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This field of engineering has as its object the prevention of accidents. Safety engineers develop methods and procedures to safeguard workers of hazardous occupations. They also assist in designing machinery, factories, ships, and roads, suggesting alterations and improvements to reduce accidents.
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ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ СЛОВАРЬ:
structural design проектирование конструкций
solid-state electronics электроника на полупроводниках
to shield заслонять, защищать
safe безопасный
naval architect кораблестроитель-проектировщик
stable устойчивый appropriate подходящий, соответствующий
interference помехи
hazardous опасный
fibre optics волоконная оптика
to provide обеспечивать, предусматривать
yield выход (продукции)
steam turbine паровая турбина
copper wire (cable) медный провод
to prevent предотвращать, препятствовать, предупреждать
alteration изменение, переделка, перестройка
naval architect кораблестроитель, судостроитель
carrying capacity пропускная способность
to safeguard охранять, защищать, предохранять
VLSI очень широкомасштабная интеграция
5.5. Answer the questions:
1. Is engineering a science?
2. How can we translate the word «engineering»? What are the Russian equivalents for this term?
3. What do civil engineers deal with?
4. What are the main subdivisions, in the field of civil engineering?
5. What do mechanical engineers deal with?
6. What knowledge is necessary for a mechanical engineer?
7. What are the four main branches of electrical engineering?
8. What are the major developments in the field of communication systems?
9. What are the major developments in the field of computer engineering?
10. What is aerospace engineering concerned with?
11. What do naval architects design?
12. What is marine engineering devoted to?
13. What is the task of chemical engineers?
14. What is nuclear engineering concerned with?
II. ROBOTS IN INDUSTRY
Today most robots are used in manufacturing operations. The applications of robots can be divided into three categories:
1. material handling
2. processing operations
3. assembly and inspection.
Material-handling is the transfer of material and loading and unloading of machines. Material-transfer applications require the robot to move materials or work parts from one to another. Many of these tasks are relatively simple: robots pick up parts from one conveyor and place them on another.
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Other transfer operations are more complex, such as placing parts in an arrangement that can be calculated by the robot. Machine loading and unloading operations utilize a robot to load and unload parts. Tills requires the robot to be equipped with a gripper that can grasp parts. Usually the gripper must be designed specifically for the particular part geometry.
In processing operations robot manipulates a tool to perform a process on the work part. Examples of such applications include spot welding, continuous arc welding and spray painting. Spot welding of automobile bodies is one of the most common applications of industrial robots. Tbe robot positions a spot welder against the automobile panels and frames to join them. Arc welding is a continuous process in which robot moves the welding rod along the welding seam. Spray painting is the manipulation of a spray-painting gun over the surface of the object to be coated. Other operations in this category include grinding and polishing in which a rotating spindle serves as the robot’s tool.
The third application area of industrial robots is assembly and inspection. The use of robots in assembly is expected to increase because of the high cost of manual labour. But the design of the product is an important aspect of robotic assembly. Assembly methods that are satisfactory for humans are not always suitable for robots. Screws and huts are widely used for fastening in manual assembly, but the same operations are extremely difficult for a one-armed robot.
Inspection is another area of factory operations in which the utilization of robots is growing. In a typical inspection job, the robot positions a sensor with respect to the work part and determines whether the part answers the quality specifications. In nearly all industrial robotic applications, the robot provides a substitute for human labour.
There are certain characteristics of industrial jobs performed by humans that can be done by robots:
1) the operation is repetitive, involving the same basic work motions every cycle,
2) the operation is hazardous or uncomfortable for the human worker (for example: spray painting, spot welding, arc welding, and certain machine loading and unloading tasks),
3) the workpiece or tool are too heavy and difficult to handle,
4) the operation allows the robot to be used on two or three shifts.
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Дополнительный словарь:
Answer the questions:
1. How are robots used in manufacturing?
2. What is «material handling»?
3. What does a robot need to be equipped with to do loading and unloading operations?
4. What does robot manipulate in robotic processing operation?
5. What is the most common application of robots in automobile manufacturing?
6. What operations could be done by robot in car manufacturing industry?
7. What are the main reasons to use robots in production?
8. How can robots inspect the quality of production?
9. What operations could be done by robots in hazardous or uncomfortable for the human workers conditions?
Translate into English:
1. Существует несколько различных сфер использования автоматизации в производстве.
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2. Для использования жесткой автоматизации необходимы большие инвестиции.
3. Жесткая автоматизация широко используется в химической промышленности.
4. Станки с числовым программным управлением —- хороший пример программируемой автоматизации.
5. Гибкая автоматизация делает возможным перепрограммирование оборудования.
6. Время простоя оборудования оборачивается большими убытками.
7. Использование гибкой автоматизации делает возможным производство разнообразной продукции.
ГРАММАТИКА
МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ И ИХ ЗАМЕНИТЕЛИ
Модальные глаголы показывают отношение говорящего к действию, выраженному инфинитивом. Например, сравните:
You can speak English. Вы можете (умеете) говорить по-английски.
You must speak English. Вы должны говорить по- английски.
You may speak English. Вы можете говорить по-английски. (Вас поймут.)
Как видим, в одном и том лее предложении изменение модального глагола меняет смысл всего предложения, т.е. меняется отношение к действию, выраженному инфинитивом.
Модальные глаголы не имеют форм во всех временах, для этого употребляются их эквиваленты (заменители).
III. INTERNET
Millions of people around the world use the Internet to search for and retrieve information on all sorts of topics in a wide variety of areas including the arts, business, government, humanities, news, politics and recreation. People communicate through electronic mail (e-mail), discussion groups, chat channels and other means of informational exchange. They share information and make commercial and business transactions.. All this activity is possible because tens of thousands of networks are connected to the Internet and exchange information in the same basic ways.
The World Wide Web (WWW) is a part of the Internet. But it’s not a collection of networks. Rather, it is information that is connected or linked together like a web. You access this information through one interface or tool called a Web browser. The number of resources and services that are part of the World Wide Web is growing extremely fast. In 1996 there were more than 20 million users of the WWW, and more than half the information that is transferred across the Internet is accessed through the WWW. By using a computer terminal (hardware) connected to a network that is a part of the Internet, and by using a programme (software) to browse or retrieve information that is a part of the World Wide Web,
the people connected to the Internet and World Wide Web through the local providers have access to a variety of information. Each browser provides a graphical interface. You move from place to place, from site to site on the Web by using a mouse to click on a portion of text, icon or region of a map. These items are called hyperlinks or links. Each link you select represents a document, an image, a video clip or an audio file somewhere on the Internet. The user doesn’t need to know where it is, the browser follows the link.
All sorts of things are available on the WWW. One can use Internet for recreational purposes. Many TV and radio stations broadcast live on the WWW. Essentially, if something can be put into digital format and stored in a computer, then it’s available on the WWW. You can even visit museums, gardens and cities throughout the world, learn foreign languages and meet new friends-. And, of course, you can play computer games through WWW, competing with partners from other countries and continents.
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Just a little bit of exploring the World Wide Web will show you what a lot of use and fun it is.
Дополнительный словарь:
World Wide Web «Всемирная Паутина»
network сеть
to share делить
variety разнообразие, спектр
recreation развлечение
humanities гуманитарные науки
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business transactions коммерческие операции
access доступ
to browse рассматривать, разглядывать
browser браузер (программа поиска информации)
to provide обеспечивать (чем-либо)
broadcast live передавать в прямом эфире
to link соединять
hyperlink гиперссылка
to compete соревноваться
Answer the questions:
1) What is Internet used for?
2) Why so many activities such as e-mail and business transactions are possible through the Internet?
3) What is World Wide Web?
4) What is Web browser?
5) What does a user need to have an access to the WWW?
6) What are hyperlinks?
7) What resources are available on the WWW?
8) What are the basic recreational applications of WWW?
Which of the listed below statements
are true/false. Specify your answer using the text.
1) There are still not so many users of the Internet.
2) There is information on all sorts of topics on the Internet, including education and weather forecasts.
3) People can communicate through e-mail and chat programmes only.
4) Internet is tens of thousands of networks which exchange the information in the same basic way.
5) You can access information available on the World Wide Web through the Web browser.
6) You need a computer (hardware) and a special programme (software) to be a WWW user.
7) You move from site to site by clicking on a portion of text only.
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