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The Great Shampoo Sham (Part I)
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НЕОЛОГИЗМЫ
– новые слова, появившиеся в языке в связи с развитием общества и появлением новых понятий
СПОСОБЫ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ НЕОЛОГИЗМОВ
1. Использование словообразовательных средств (суффиксов, префиксов, словосложения)
| ballistician | bogdom | laptop | buy-in |
| brinkmanship | itemize | know-how | shut-down |
| showmanship | institutionalize | stay-in | brain-drain |
| gangdom | unionize | sit-in | has-been |
2. Переосмысление существующих в языке слов
| summit | shuttle | mouse |
| colour-blind | web | browser |
3. Заимствования из других языков
| marketing | tranche | khozraschot |
| dealer | laissez-faire | perestroika glasnost |
4. Сокращения (аббревиатуры и акронимы)
| ALGOL (Algorithmic Language) | FORTRAN (Formula Translation) | ||||
| scuba (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) | radar (radio detecting and ranging) | ||||
| SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) | Hi-Fi (high fidelity) | ||||
| Benelux (Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg) | stagflation (stagnation+ inflation) | ||||
| informercial (information + commercial) | showbiz (show business) | ||||
| ATM machine (automated teller machine) | E-mail (Electronic mail) | ||||
| M-way (Motorway) | Y-intersection | ||||
| U-turn | U2 | 4U | 2B | B4 | |
| IOU | R | 8 | YU? | UI | |
| B2B | B4U | ICQ | 4X | B&B | |
5. Конверсия
The gap is to be bridged in the near future.
Programs involved in teaching English as a foreign language mushroomed in the 60-s in the US.
The unemployment rate sky-rocketed in 1994.
The wages have plummeted.
They had to torpedo the talks.
6. Звуковое подобие
Dellionaire (компьютерная корпорация Dell)
7. Политически корректные эвфемизмы
developmentally charged Native Americans
intellectually disadvantaged academic dishonesty
voluntarily leisured international students
technologically challenged flight attendant
На основе приведенных ниже неологизмов и их определений, данных на английском языке, установите, какой способ образования послужил основой для их появления; попытайтесь их перевести изолированно и в предложениях.
1. GOOMBY – а person who hopes for the remоvаl of some dangerous оr unpleasant feature frоm his оr her neighborhood (based оп the phrase Get Оиt оf Му Back Yard). GOOMBYism – the attitude of such а person. E.g.: The city is trying to raise taxes... The appeliate judge coined а new phrase to describe what council members аге doing: GOOMBYism. Не refers to NIMBYism – the Not in Му Back Yard sentiment that drives many political decisions. "The present case… mау bе described as GOOMBYism for “get out of my back yard”, оr at least “if you stay here, уоu'rе going to рау for it".
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2. LULU – а rеаl estate development оr other construction to which the lосаl residents аrе opposed (based оn the phrase “locally unwanted land use”).
3. METROSEXUAL – а dandyish narcissist in lоvе not only with himself, but also his urban lifestyle.
4. NARCO-TOURIST – а person who travels to а foreign country to sample the local drugs оr the indigenous narcotic plants.
5. NEWАTER – exceptionally pure water recycled frоm waste water generated bу showers, sinks, and toilets. E.g.:... As part of the campaign to win public acceptance, the government [of Malaysia has begun calling the recycled waste “newater” and has handled out mоге than 650,000 bottles.
6. WARMEDY – а comedy that features warm-hearted, family oriented content.
7. WEBLISH (n) – а form of English peculiar to some online documents and communication, the characteristics of which include the use of аll lowercase letters, … errors in spelling and grammar, and informal tone. E.g.: The popularity of e-mail is destroying the поrmаl rules of spelling and grammar leading to “weblish”, а lower case global language littered with mistakes….
8. WI-FI – wireless fidelity, а networking scheme that creates а wireless connection between а device and а network оr the Internet (cf. Нi-Fi)
9. BRANDALISM – the defacement of public buildings and spaces bу corporate ads, logos, and other forms of branding (brand + vandalism).
10. DADROCK – music performed bу aging rock stars; also music that is strongly influenced bу groups from the 60's and 70's.
11. HOSPITАLIST – а doctor who practices only in а hospital.
12. WEARABLE (n) – а computer designed to bе worn as аn item of clothing or as а wardrobe accessory.
13. WORDROBE – the words and phrases that comprise а реrson's vocabulary.
14. BRAIN GAIN – аn increase in the number of highly skilled intellectual and technical workers (cf. Braiп draiп). E.g.: Another example of Canada’s “brain drain” to the South? Just the opposite. Мr. Kaplan is аn American who саmе the other way – part of this country’s often-overlooked “brain gain”.
15. CAMOUFLANGUAGE – language that uses jargon, euphemisms, and other devices to hide the true meaning of what is being said.
Переведите предложения на русский язык. Обратите внимание на те слова-неологизмы, которые уже закреплены в словарном составе английского языка:
1. It was a decorated, becatered and bewaitered table.
2. She displayed wonders of horsemanship and horseman-woman-ship.
3. A man doesn't come a thousand and odd miles to be not-at-homed at the end of it.
4. There are people who have much and those who have nothing. – Well, you see. I'm among muchers. Weare has-beens now Kelly," said the former policeman to his dog.
5. She did her duty by me completely, but it is clear that there was no motherhood, no sonship between us.
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6. It was a strong northerly wind that found a few weary, half-skeletoned leaves to play with.
7. The stage of coccoondom for modern boys is soon gone out of.
8. It wasa dehumanized apartment.
9. The pill was sugar-coated.
10. Ireland has a right to nationhood.
11. This man is an escapist from modern society.
12. Is the child a mouth-breather? (" Medical Journal")
13. Modern Italy is an underbathroomed and overmonumented country.
14. We have many books for the world-minded in our library.
15. I do not think a working girl should take her standards from a socialite. (" DW")
16. War and Peace filmized is after all not War and Peace as we read it.
17. Cinemactors and cinemactresses are often chosen for general appeal rather than for their artistic merits.
18. Motels are provided all the way down from New York to Chicago; car-owners find it most convenient.
Найдите в тексте возможные слова-неологизмы и окказионализмы. Переведите текст на русский язык:
The Great Shampoo Sham (Part I)
By Christopher Wanjek
Shampooing can be complicated. First, there are the convoluted instructions: lather, rinse, repeat. It doesn't say anything about stopping. And now there's a movement afoot, called the "no poo" movement, advocating no shampooing whatsoever.
Shampoo is indeed a modern invention, as the no-poo'ers attest, developed roughly around the end of the 19th century. And few of us need to be shampooing every day, dermatologists say. Forgoing shampooing completely ultimately could be rough on your hair and rougher on your social interactions.
The English word shampoo originated in India about 300 years ago and, at first, entailed a head massage with some fragrant oil. The practice likely dates back centuries before that. Shampooing in the modern sense, though, with water to produce a soapy lather, is only about 100 years old.
Prior to this, it is not as if all humans were just filthy. Shampooing, whatever it was called, involved adding a dry substance to the hair, such as a vegetable starch or wood ash, to absorb excess oil. Rainwater collected with wood ash, actually, provides a silky feel similar to modern conditioners.
The hair does get dirty. We secrete an oil called sebum to protect the protein structure of the hair, so that it doesn't splinter. But that same oil, unfortunately, tends to collect dirt and scalp flakes. With the dawn of modern chemistry, scientists developed surfactants to remove dirt efficiently while leaving a soft feel. Cosmetic companies salivated, and a million-dollar industry was born.
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