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Forms and methods of international trade

КОНТОРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ 3

Чтобы правильно выполнить задание 3, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:

1.Граматические функции и значения слов that, one, it.

2.Пассивный залог (The Passive Voice) видовременных форм Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect.

3.Функции глаголов to be, to have, to do.

4.Простые неличные формы глагола. Инфинитив в функции а) подлежащего, б) составной части сказуемого, в) определения, г) обстоятельства цели.

5.Бессоюзное подчинение в определительных и дополнительных придаточных предложениях.

Используйте образцы выполнения упражнений.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 1 (К УПР. I)

Present Perfect Passive

The main question has already been discussed.

Главный вопрос уже обсудили.

Present Indefinite Passive

His scientific work is much spoken about.

О его работе много говорят.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 2 (К УПР. II)

1. It is necessary to use the latest means of control in industry. 2. One should agree that experiment was of great importance for our research. 3. It is hydrogen that will be the main source of energy in the car of the future.

Необходимо использовать в промышленности новейшие средства контроля. Следует согласиться, что тот эксперимент имел большое значение для нашего исследования. Именно водород будет основным источником энергии в автомобиле будущего.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 3 (К УПР. IV)

1. What is the name of the book you are reading? 2. The region we must explore possesses great natural wealth.

Как называется книга, которую ты читаешь? Район, который мы должны исследовать, обладает огромными природными ресурсами

ВАРИАНТ 1

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола сказуемого (см.образец). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. When much material had been looked through and some problems hag been solved, the article was published.

2. Electric cars will be widely used in future.

3. Today plastics are being applied for car bodies (корпус автомобиля).

4. This lecture is listened to with the great interest.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их не русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения слов it, one, that.

1. It is proved that light needs time to travel any distance.

2. One must take part in scientific work.

3. Specialists consider that in future city transport will reject gasoline.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1. You have to listen to records to improve your pronunciation.

2. This material does not possess elastic properties.

3. Scientists had to create new material for the industry.

4. The exam was to start in the morning.

IV. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

1. We know electricity produces heat.

2. The new materials the chemists developed were used in the space technology.

V. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. It is necessary for the specialist to know a foreign language.

2. The Russian scientists were the first to construct and launch the space rocket.

3. Our idea was to design a new device for automatic control.

4. To increase the productivity of labour one must use the methods we have just described.

VI..Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 6-ый абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, и 6-ой абзацы. Письменно ответьте на вопрос после текста.

Advertising

1. Advertising is a message to promote a product, a service, or an idea. The purpose of most advertising is to sell products or services. Advertising plays a key role in the competition among business for the consumer’s money. In many businesses, the role of sales depends largely on the amount of advertising done.

2. Manufacturers advertise to persuade people to buy their products. Large firms also use advertising to create a favorable image of their company. The company can advertise in many ways depending on how much it wishes to spend, and the size and the type of the target audience. If the company wants to enter the market or launch a new product, it often starts an advertising campaign.

3. Such campaigns are usually very successful because people learn about new product or service.

4. There are different advertising: newspapers, television, direct mail, radio, magazines, outdoor signs and other ways.

5. Television is the chief medium used by advertisers. In the USA 100 largest advertisers spend on average 75 per cent of their advertising budgets on television. Food companies spend about 80 per cent on television, and candy, snack, and soft drink companies spend about 85per cent.

6. Advertising on TV is often criticized. People don’t like it when programs are interrupted every fifteen minutes. In Russia TV advertising generates $300 million a year. Of course, advertising revenues are important, but there are international norms which recommend advertisement breaks every 45 minutes. These days outdoor advertising is popular in Moscow. Many people think it makes the city more beautiful. It is especially widely used by car manufactures, clothing and telecommunications companies. Such advertising attracts wide audience and is cost-effective.

Vocabulary

advertising – реклама

message – послание

target audience – целевая аудитория

to launch – запускать (завод, продукт)

advertising campaign – рекламная кампания

revenues – доходы

outdoor advertising – наружная реклама

Question

Why do large firms and companies use advertising?

ВАРИАНТ 2

1. When much had been done in the study of ecology by our university it became an important scientific center.

2. The new way of promoting goods is offered by the Marketing Department.

3. The research of the planets will be developed with the help of cosmic apparatus.

4. This material is unaffected by solar radiation.

1. It is necessary to find new sources of cheap energy.

2. It was Einstein who came to the conclusion that electromagnetic field is influenced by the gravitational field.

3. This metro station was opened last year, and that one will be put into operation in two years.

1. Man had to learn to obtain electric power directly from the Sun.

2. At present most of the industrial enterprises have their own electric power stations.

3. Specialists do not use solar cells in industry as they are too expensive.

4. The engineers are to study the problem of using cosmic rays.

IV. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

1. The methods we have just described are very effective.

2. The instruments our plant produces help to automate production processes.

V. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. The teacher told the students to learn the poem by heart.

2. This student was the first to read the text.

3. To translate the sentence is to discover its meaning.

4. We are working hard to improve our English.

VI..Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 5-ый абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 5-ый абзацы. Письменно ответьте на вопрос после текста.

Franchising

1.Franchising means granting a formal right to the manufacture, wholesaler or retailer to produce or to sell the company’s goods or services in a special area for a special period of time. This way of doing business is widely used in the market economy. 40% of all sales in the USA go through franchising which makes $1 billion as annual volume of sales. These figures are presented by International Franchising Association. Franchising in Great Britain is supported by government.

2.The banks give loans to businessmen, and the government guarantees 80% of the loan. Purchase of a franchise is the simple way of starting business. Reliable scheme of doing business, a promoted band, product of a high quality – all these things increase chances of a beginning businessman for success. For a stable economy it is a good way of expanding markets. These are great advantages of franchising.

3.According to Russian Franchising Association the number of franchises in Russia does not exceed two dozen. In other words, it is not developed in our country.

4.History of franchising in Russia dates back to 1993, when Baskin Robbins sold the first franchise in our country. Later, some Russian franchises were sold, among them a chain of shoe stores “Ekonika”, fast food “Rostics”, “Teremok”, TNK filling station. But still we can’t say that franchising is highly developed in Russia. Legal, administrative and financial problems are in the way of its development.

5.Our laws don’t operate the notion “franchising”. One of the main things in the process of selling franchise is transfer of a brand name. According to Russian laws, brand name can’t be transferred. Another serious problem is the responsibility of subsidiary company. For example, if franchisee in Siberia violates standards of franchisor in Moscow, the consumer has a right to make a claim against low quality of goods or services. Open joint-stock companies TNK which sells franchises for setting up filling stations, has special departments in the areas where its franchises operate. In order to develop this kind of business laws on franchising should be passed. Nowadays many officials in Russia don’t know what franchising is.

Vocabulary

franchise – франшиза – лицензия, выдаваемая производителю, сбытовику, торговцу, которая позволяет производить или продавать товар или услуги компании, используя торговую марку компании.

franchisee – франчайзи (покупатель лицензии)

franchisor – франчайзер (продавец лицензии

wholesaler – оптовый торговец

promoted – здесь: раскрученный

transfer – передача

subsidiary company – дочерняя компания

claim – претензия

open joint-stock company – открытое акционерное общество

Question

What are the problems of developing franchising in Russia?

ВАРИАНТ 3

1. The radar has been used for the automatic control of ground transport.

2. The construction of the dam has been completed this month.

3. Today plastics are being widely used instead of metals.

4. The alloys were experimented upon in the lab.

1. It is the number of electrons within the atom that determines the properties of a substance.

2. The territory of Moscow is larger than that of London.

3. In London one must get used to the left-side traffic.

1. Some substances do not conduct heat.

2. Our plant is to increase the output of consumer goods.

3. Soon our industry will have new and cheap sources of energy.

4. These computers will have to perform millions of operations per second.

IV. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

1. The hostel our students live in is situated not far from the metro station.

2. I think he has made a mistake in his calculations.

V. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. They promised to supply us with the necessary equipment.

2. The purpose of this book is to describe certain properties of the metals.

3. The experiment to be carried out is of great importance for our research.

4. To convert chemical energy into electrical energy we must use an electrical cell.

VI..Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 6-ой абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 3, и 6-ой абзацы. Письменно ответьте на вопрос после текста.

Banking

1.There are several ways in which consumers and businesses can use their savings or idle funds. They can deposit them in the commercial bank, they can take them to savings bank or to a saving and loan association, or they can buy stocks and bonds.

2.They can also keep excess funds completely idle by holding their cash in a safe place.

3.Since there is competition for savings, the bank must offer an attractive rate of interest. The higher the rate, the less likely it will be that savers will bring funds to the bank because people will prefer a more profitable way to save. Besides being saving institutions, banks serve another vital function. They act as a market for money.

4.People and business in need of money are willing to pay for the use of it. Banks provide facilities for the movement of money. Businessmen borrow to expand their factories or stores, to increase their inventories and to buy machinery. They expand in the expectation that they will increase their profits. Businessmen must consider interest on loans as an added expense of any expansion.

5.Businessmen and consumers may postpone actions that require borrowed money when in their opinion the interest rate is too high.

6.There is another side to the bank’s role in the economy. Since the prosperity of the bank is tied directly to the prosperity of the community in which it does business, bankers usually take an active interest in local development efforts to bring new industry to the area. They help and advise businessmen who are interested in setting up the biggest buyers of local government bonds. By buying these bonds they lend money for local improvements that will make their community a better place to live and to do business.

Vocabulary

savings – сбережения

idle – незанятый, бездействующий

loan – заем

stocks – акции

bond – облигация

rate of interest – процент (ссудный)

profit - доход

inventories – материальные запасы

Question

What are the ways in which consumers and businesses can use their savings or idle funds?

ВАРИАНТ 4

1. The automatic equipment is being installed in our shop.

2. Radioactive isotopes have been made in nuclear reactor.

3. The construction of this house will be completed in a month.

4. The engineer was asked about the new technology used at the plant.

1. The success in the chemistry made it possible to obtain a lot of new materials.

2. One must apply the material that can be machined easily.

3. It is the energy of falling water that is used to drive turbines.

1. The operators dealing with radioisotopes must have protective suits.

2. The engineers are to study the problem of using solar energy.

3. The chemical industry is one of the leading branched of our national economy.

4. He has finished his work at this book.

IV. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

1. I think the drawing will be ready by tomorrow.

2. Every substance a man comes in contact with consists of molecules.

V.Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. To design a new building is the work of an architect.

2. To measure volumes we must know the dimensions of a body.

3. Our plant was the first to install the automatic equipment.

VI..Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 7-ой абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 3 и 7-ой абзацы. Письменно ответьте на вопрос после текста.

Forms and methods of international trade

1.International trade is performed in several forms. The most important form is direct commercial import-export operations with deliveries paid in hard currency. Still, 25-30% of international trade accounts for barter and countertrade, with deliveries paid by goods. Such payment is usually initiated by the importer which does not have hard currency to pay for the goods.

2.Barter is a trade in which merchandise is exchanged directly for other goods without the use of money. It is a characteristic of quite primitive economies.

3.Countertrade transactions are more complex and difficult to arrange. They began in the 1950^sand are mainly carried out with developing countries and in Eastern Europe. Their currencies are not freely convertible and they do not possess enough hard currency to make the essential purchases necessary for economic development. The transaction may include the exchange of some currency as well as goods. For example, the contract may stipulate that the seller be paid in hard currency provided that the seller agrees to find markets for specified products (often cash crops) from the buyer’s country.

4.Usually only large corporations can set up such deals but they are one way of doing business with countries that have high foreign trade deficits, a large debt problem and small reserve of foreign currencies.

5.Another form of countertrade is the buyback arrangement. One party supplies the technology or equipment that allows the other to produce goods. The sale of these goods provides the money to repay the supplier.

6.Transactions of tolling type are connected with processing raw materials in other countries, payment is made with a part of produced products.

7.Goods can be sold to a foreign consumer as a result of direct transactions with the exporter and through middle-men, that is dealers, distributors, commissioners, consignors, agents. A great part of sales of mass raw materials and products is done at international commodity exchanges.

Vocabulary

hard currency – валюта

to account for – насчитывать

countertrade – встречная торговля

to stipulate – оговаривать условия

provided that – при условии, что

buyback arrangement – сделка «байбэк»

middle-men – посредник

commissioner – комиссионер

consigner – консигнатор

commodity exchange – торговая биржа

Question

What are the forms and methods of international trade?

ВАРИАНТ 5

1. Many new houses are being built in this part of Moscow.

2. The sputniks are used for the research of magnetic fields and cosmic rays.

3. The properties of materials are affected by solar radiation.

4. Scientific and engineering progress opens up wide prospects before man.

1. It necessary to obtain accurate data on the possibility of living and working in space.

2. The people know that their joint efforts can secure peace in the whole world.

3. We had to find new methods of investigation because the old ones were unsatisfactory.

1. A program for the construction of new types of spaceships is to be carried out this year.

2. They do not know the language well.

3. We had to change the design of this machine.

4. The speed of the electrons is almost the same as that of light.

IV. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

1. We know radio and radar systems play a very important role at any airport.

2. The information science gets about other galaxies comes through radiotelescopes.

V. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. Our science was the first to make great contribution to the development of space technology.

2. In order to make interplanetary flights in the future it is necessary to know factors affecting the human organism.

3. The main purpose of the computers is to solve complex problems quickly.

VI..Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-ый абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, и 4-ый абзацы. Письменно ответьте на вопрос после текста.

Sales documentation

1.When you send a consignment of goods by rail or road you need a receipt to prove the transport company has taken the goods. A consignment note is both a ticket and a receipt. A consignment note for goods sent by air is called an air way-bill. A consignment note for goods sent by sea is a Bill of Lading. A combined transport document is for goods sent by more than one means of transport.

2.When the companies buy goods they send the order to suppliers. If the buyers are regular customers, the suppliers send the goods and then send an invoice. The buyers do not pay the invoice immediately. Usually the suppliers send a statement at the end of the month. The buyers then pay the amount outstanding on the statement.

3.Sometimes when the suppliers receive an enquiry, they send a pro-forma invoice. This is the quotation which looks like the final invoice so the buyers know how much they have to pay. If the suppliers do not know the buyers, the buyers might pay in advance against the pro-forma when placing their order.

4.The delivery note is the document sent with the goods to customer, which gives details of the goods. The customer signs the delivery note to say that he has received the goods.

Vocabulary

consignment – груз, партия товаров

receipt - квитанция

consignment note – транспортная накладная

air waybill – авиатранспортная накладная

Bill of Lading – коносамент, транспортная накладная на груз, доставляемая морем

invoice – счет-фактура

pro-forma invoice – примерная счет-фактура

quotation – расценка, котировка

Question

What is the difference in function between an invoice and a pro-forma invoice?

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