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Text: Principle of Operation of the
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Four-Stroke Petrol Engine
Dialogue A: Tracing a Fault
Dialogue B: At the Repairing Shop
The exercises to be done before reading the text
Предтекстовые упражнения
Упражнение 1. Прочтите слова и словосочетания и запомните их русские эквиваленты.
bottom dead center - нижняя мертвая точка
charge of fuel — заряд топлива
combustion — сгорание
combustion chamber – камера сгорания
compression stroke — такт сжатия(смеси)
connecting rod - шатун
crankshaft — коленчатый вал
cylinder - цилиндр
diesel engine — дизельный двигатель
engine — двигатель
exhaust stroke — такт выпуска
four-stroke cycle — четырехтактный цикл
fuel injection — впрыск топлива
ignite — воспламенять
ignition — воспламенение
intake (inlet) stroke — такт впуска
internal combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания
mixture — смесь
operating cycle - рабочий цикл
petrol engine — бензиновый двигатель
piston — поршень
power stroke — рабочий ход
pressure - давление
reciprocating movement — возвратно-поступательное движение residual gas — остаточный газ
rotary movement — вращательное движение
spark plug — свеча зажигания
stroke — ход (поршня);
top dead center — верхняя мертвая точка
valve - клапан
Упражнение 2. Переведите слова на русский язык, обращая внимание на суффиксы.
to combust — combust ion; to operate — operat ion; to ignite — ig nit ion; to reciprocate — reciprocat ion; to connect — connect ion; to compress — compress ion; to describe — descript ion.
Упражнение 3. Прочтите и переведите интернациональные слова.
Principle, cycle, piston, center, cylinder, atmosphere.
Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения на русский язык, используя терминологию упражнения 1.
1. During the inlet (intake) stroke the inlet valve opens and a charge of fuel (mixture) flows into the cylinder.
2. During the compression stroke the inlet valve is closed and the fuel is compressed by the rising piston.
3. During the power stroke both valves are closed, pressure rises in the combustion chamber, and the spark ignites the mixture.
4. During the exhaust stroke the exhaust valve is opened, pressure is released and the residual gases flow into the atmosphere through the exhaust valve.
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Прочтите и переведите текст, а затем выполните следующие за ним упражнения.
TEXT
Principle of Operation of the Four-Stroke Petrol Engine
The internal combustion engine is called so because fuel is burned directly inside the engine itself. Most automobile engines work on a 4-stroke cycle. A cycle is one complete sequence of 4 strokes of the piston in the cylinder. The operating cycle of the four-stroke petrol engine includes: inlet stroke (intake valve opens), compression stroke (both valves closed), power stroke (both valves closed), exhaust stroke (exhaust valve is opened).
To describe the complete cycle, let's assume that the piston is at the top of the stroke (top dead center) and the inlet and the exhaust valves are closed. When the piston moves down the inlet valve opens to intake a charge of fuel into the cylinder. This is called the inlet (intake) stroke. On reaching the lowest position (bottom dead center) the piston begins to move upward into the closed upper part on the cylinder, (he inlet valve is closed and the mixture is compressed by the rising piston. This is called the compression stroke. As the piston again reaches the top dead center the spark plugs ignite the mixture, both valves being closed during its combustion. As a result of burning mixtures the both valves being closed during its combustion. As a result of burning mixtures the gases expand and great pressure makes the piston move back down the cylinder. This stroke is called the power stroke. When the piston reaches the bottom of its stroke, the exhaust valve is opened, pressure is released, and the piston again rises. It lets the burnt gas flow through the exhaust valve into the atmosphere. This is called the exhaust stroke which completes the cycle. So the piston moves in the cylinder down (intake stroke), up (compression stroke), down (power stroke), up (exhaust stroke).
The heat released by the fuel is transformed into work so that the reciprocating movement of the pistons is converted into rotary movement of a crankshaft by means of connecting rods.
1 -intake 2 - compression 3 - power 4 - exhaust
Рис. 1. Principle of Operation of the Four-Stroke Petrol Engine
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1. intake - такт впуска 3. power — рабочий такт
2. compression — такт сжатия 4. exhaust — такт выхлопа
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