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Unit 6. The Present Perfect Tense
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The Present Perfect Tense обозначает действие, которое завершилось к
настоящему моменту или завершено в период настоящего времени (в этом году, на этой неделе, только что).
have / has (3л. ед.ч.) + V3
+ She has already been to Greece.
– She hasn’t been to Greece yet
? Has she been to Greece yet?
already, just, ever, never, this week, today, yet,
Text 6.1. This woman has lost her job.
Exercise 6.1.1. Learn the words below and write your own sentences using the Present Perfect Tense.
private secretary личный секретарь
to receive получать
to worry беспокоиться
to earn зарабатывать
to upset расстраиваться
to pay платить
Exercise 6.1.2. Read and translate the text.
This woman has lost her job.
Mrs. Clark and her daughter Sarah have been out shopping, and they have just returned home.
Mrs. Clark has just opened a letter; and she’s received bad news. She has lost her job!
For the past year she’s worked as a private secretary for a rich musician. Now the musician has decided to stop working, and he’s asked Mrs. Clark to find another job.
Mrs. Clark is the only money earner in the family, since her husband is no longer living.
The letter has upset Mrs. Clark very much. She’s crying. She’s recently bought a new house, a new car, and many new clothes for her job. She hasn’t paid for them yet.
Now she may not be able to pay for them, because she hasn’t saved much money.
Sarah has heard the bad news, but she really doesn’t understand much about money.
She’s more worried about her mother. Mrs. Clark has never cried in front of her daughter before.
Exercise 6.1.3. Change each sentence into a general (Yes/No) question.
Example: Mrs. Clark and Sarah have been out shopping.
Have Mrs. Clark and Sarah been out shopping?
1. They have just returned home.
2. Mrs. Clark has just opened a letter.
3. She’s worked as a private secretary for a rich musician
4. She has lost her job.
5. The musician has decided to stop working.
6. The letter has upset Mrs. Clark very much.
7. She’s recently bought a new house.
8. Sarah has heard the bad news.
9. Mrs. Clark has never cried in front of her daughter before.
Revision 2.
2.1. Complete the text. Use the Past Simple of the verbs.
Tanni Grey-Thompson is one of the most successful disabled athletes in the world. She (1) _______(be) born with spinal bifida, so she (2) _____ (not can) walk and (3) ________ (have to) use a wheelchair. At school her teachers (4) _______ (not expect) her to be good at sport but her disability (5)______ (not stop) her and she (6) ______(swim) and (7) _____ (play) basketball. Then she (8) ______ (see) the London Marathon on TV and (9) _______(decide) to try athletics. At the age of fifteen she (10) _______(represent) Wales in the Junior National Games and (11) _______
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(come) first in the 100 metres. Between 1992 and 2004 she (12) _______
(win) sixteen Paralympic medals and (14) _______ (break) 30 World records. She (15) _______ (retire) from wheelchair racing in 2007.
2.2. Put the words in the correct order to make questions.
1. last / what / you / did / night / do?
What did you do last night?
2. last / you / what / do / did / Sunday/?
3. you / how many hours / last night / did / sleep?
4. do / on your birthday / did / what / you /?
5. did / last summer / where / go / you / on / holiday/?
6. you / did / when / last time / to the stadium / go /?
2.3. Complete the article with the words given below:
attacking, said, clear, eventually, heard, professional, screamed, swimming, thought, was
Friendly dolphins save swimmers
One morning in November 2004, four people were (1) ________ in the sea about 100 metres from the beach near Auckland, New Zeeland. They were (2) _______ lifeguards on a training swim. Suddenly, about ten dolphins appeared and started to swim around them in circles. At first the swimmers were worried – they (3) _______ that the dolphins were (4) ________ them. One of the swimmers, Ron Howes, tried to swim back to the beach, but the dolphins stopped him and pushed him back to other swimmers. Suddenly, one of the swimmers (5) ________. There was a three-metre shark and it was swimming towards them through the (6) _______ blue water. It came very close to the swimmers. It was only metres away, but it couldn’t attack them because the dolphins were there. The dolphins stated with the swimmers for 40 minutes. (7) ________ the shark swam away and the dolphins let the swimmers return back to the beach. A scientist, Rosemary Finn, who studies the behavior of dolphins, (8) _______ not surprised when she (9) ________ the story. “Dolphins often help other animals and fish when they are in trouble in the sea,” she (10) _______.
2.4. Read the sentences and decide if they are correct.If the sentence is wrong, write down the correct one.
a. Do you know about Sue? She 's given up her job.
b. The Chinese have invented printing.
c. How many plays has Shakespeare written?
d. Have you read any of Shakespeare's plays?
e. Aristotle has been a Greek philosopher.
f. Oh! I' ve cut my finger. It's bleeding.
g. My grandparents have got married in London.
h. Where have you been born?
i. Mary isn't at home. She 's gone shopping.
j. I 've lost my key. I can't find it anywhere
k. Have you seen the news on television last night?
l. I' ve bought a new car. Do you want to see it?
m. I 've bought a new car last week.
n. Where have you been yesterday evening?
o. Jenny has left school in 1991.
Unit 7. The Past Perfect Tense
Обозначает действие, которое произошло до какого-то момента в прошлом.
had + V3
+ They had finished the contest before the rain began.
– They had not finished the contest before the rain began.
? Had they finished the contest before the rain began?
Text 7.1. Body clock
Exercise 7.1.1. What do these words mean? Before reading the text, can you anticipate what “Body clock” is about?
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to emerge
a cave
body rhythms
a scientist
living quarters
awake
to affect
to rise
entertainment
pattern
Exrecise 7.1.2. Read and translate the text.
On May 23 1989 Stefania Follini emerged from a cave at Carlsbad, New Mexico.
She hadn’t seen the sun for eighteen and a half weeks. Stefania was a volunteer in an Italian research programme, and the scientists in the programme were studying body rhythms. In this experiment Stefania, a 27-year old decorator, had spent 130 days in a cave 30 feet underground.
During her time in the cave, Stefania had been completely alone except for two white mice. Her living quarters had been very comfortable, but there had been nothing to tell her the time. She’d had no clocks or watches, no television or radio. There had been no natural light and the temperature had been kept at a constant 21 degrees Celsius.
The results were very interesting. Stefania had been underground for over four months, but she thought she had been there for only two. Her body clock had changed. She hadn’t kept to a 24-hour day; she had stayed awake for 20 – 25 hours and then had slept for 10 hours. She had eaten fewer meals (and had lost 17 lbs in weight as a result). She had also become rather depressed.
How had she spent her time in the cave? As part of the experiment she’d done some physical and mental tests. She’d recorded her daily activities and the results of the tests on the computer. (This computer had been her only link to the outside world).
For entertainment she’d played cards, read books and listened to music. She had also learnt English from tapes.
The experiment showed that our body clocks are affected by light and temperature.
For example, the pattern of day and night makes us wake up and go to sleep.
However, people are affected in different ways. Some people wake up naturally at 5.00 am, but others don’t start to wake up till 9.00 or 10.00 am. This affects the whole morning. The late risers, on the other hand, are tired during the day and come to life in the afternoon or evening.
Exercise 7.1.3. Answer the following questions.
1) What were the Italian scientists studying?
2) How many days had Stefania spent in the cave?
3) What do you know about her living quarters?
4) Did she get any information about the time?
5) What happened to her body clock?
6) How had she spent her time in the cave?
7) What makes us wake up and go to sleep?
Exercise 7.1.4. Translate from Russian into English. Which Tense is right?
1. Стефания стала добровольцем итальянской исследовательской
программы.
2. Стефания провела 130 дней в пещере на глубине 30 футов.
3. Когда Стефания покинула пещеру, выяснилось, что она похудела на 17 унций.
4. Стефания использовала компьютер для связи с внешним миром.
5. Эксперимент показал, что на наши биологические часы влияют свет и температура.
Exercise 7.1.5. Compose a short story about your body clock. Are you an early riser? When do you feel best of all – in the morning or in the evening?
Exercise 7.1.6. Check your memory. Speak about the experiment of Italian scientists.
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