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Коммуникативное упражнение

Фонетическое упражнение

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке A, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

['vxlI]; [raIz]; ['hqVllI]; klqVz; ['djHqrIN]; [RC]; [rI'vJl]; [aI'dIq]; ['veqrIqs]; [TrH]; [I'vPlv]; ['sIqrJz]; [q'dPpt]; [vLlt]

Текст A

ARCHITECTURE DEVELOPMENT

Geographically and chronologically, architecture has originated in the Nile valley. A second centre of development was in the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates, but the older Egyptian art influenced it. Through various channels the Greeks inherited from both Egyptian and Assyrian art. The two influences were apparent even through the strongly original aspect of Greek architecture. The Romans, in turn, adopted the external details of Greek architecture but transformed its substance. They substituted the Etruscan arch for the Greek construction of columns and lintels and developed a complete and original system of construction and decoration and then spread it over the civilized world, which has never wholly outgrown or given it up.

With the fall of Rome and the rise of Constantinople these forms underwent in the East another transformation, which was called the Byzantine, in the development of Christian domical church architecture. In the North and West, meanwhile, during the development of a feudal civilization, architecture evolved from the basilica type of church a structure with a vault, and decorated it throughout with an appropriate embellishment of constructive and symbolic ornament. Gothic architecture was the result of this style, and it prevailed throughout northern and western Europe until nearly or quite the close of the fifteenth century.

During this fifteenth century the Renaissance style matured in Italy, where it speedily triumphed over Gothic fashions and produced a marvellous series of civic monuments, palaces, and churches, which were decorated with forms that were borrowed or imitated from classic Roman art.

Notes:

civilized ['sIv q laIzd] a цивилизованный

Constantinople ["kOnstxntI'nqVpl] n г. Константинополь

Etruscan [I'trAskqn] a этрусский ( этруски - древние племена, населявшие в первом тысячелетии до н.э. северо-запад Аппенинского п-ва, древняя Этрурия, совр. Тоскана)

Euphrates [jH'freItJz] n р. Евфрат (Турция, Сирия и Ирак)

feudal ['fjHdl] a феодальный

inherit [In'herIt] v унаследовать, перенять

Nile [naIl] n р. Нил

originate [q'rIGIneIt] v брать начало, происходить (от)

outgrow [aVt'grqV] v перерасти, превзойти

speedily ['spJdIlI] adv скоро, быстро

Tigris ['taIgrIs] n р. Тигр

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1. Where has architecture originated?

2. What was the second centre of architecture development?

3. Where did the Greeks inherite from?

4. What did the Romans adopt from Greek architecture?

5. How did they transform it?

6. What do we call the transformation Roman architecture underwent in the East?

7. How did architecture develop in the northern and western Europe?

8. How long did Gothic architecture prevail?

9. Where did the Renaissance style mature?

10. Why did the Renaissance style triumph over Gothic fashions?

Лексические упражнения

1. а) Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже

существительные: arch, architecture, art, aspect, basilica, centre, century, channel, church, civilization, close, column, construction, decoration, detail, development, embellishment, Europe, fashion, form, influence, lintel, monument, rise, Rome, series, structure, style, substance, transformation, valley, vault,

прилагательные и наречия: apparent, appropriate, Byzantine, chronological, complete, constructive, domical, even, external, marvelous, meanwhile, quite, strong, various, western, wholly,

служебные слова и обороты: another, both … and …, during, for, from, over, then, through, throughout, in turn, until,

глаголы: adopt, borrow, develop, evolve, give up, imitate, mature, prevail, produce, spread, substitute, transform, triumph, undergo.

б) Какие из перечисленных глаголов являются неправильными? Укажите их формы.

2. Переведите следующие слова на английский язык:

памятник; восток; архитектура, зодчество; перемычка над проёмом; украшение; развитие; наружная и внутренняя отделка; деталь, часть; строительство,возведение; колонна; конец, завершение; церковь, храм; аспект, сторона; долина; трансформирование; запад; система; способ; сущность, суть; стиль, манера; ряд, группа; арка, свод; эпоха Возрождения;

испытывать, подвергаться; преобразовывать; распространять; приносить, давать; перенимать, усваивать; заимствовать; отказываться (от чего-либо); создавать, разрабатывать; развиваться, эволюционировать; подражать, копировать;

полностью; разнообразный; в свою очередь; везде; потом, затем; символичный; энергичный, выразительный; явный, несомненный; подходящий, уместный; христианский; общественный; законченный, совершенный; строительный; купольный; египетский; почти; оригинальный, самобытный; почти, чуть не; между тем; зрелый, развитой; готический; даже;

для, в течение, за, так как; как … так и …; до; через, сквозь; по, на.

3. Перечислите упомянутые в тексте архитектурные термины и переведите их на русский язык.

4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод

5. Перечисленные ниже слова могут быть как существительными, так и глаголами. Переведите их как глаголы исходя из их значения как существительного. Проверьте, отличается ли произношение глаголов от произношения соответствующих существительных.

Грамматические упражнения

1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на время сказуемого:

1. The Etruscans had produced arch before the Romans.

2. Bill will have finished the work by tomorrow.

3. James was having lunch when we came.

4. Architecture has originated in the Nile valley

5. John will go to the cinema on Sunday.

6. The Romans developed a complete and original system of construction and decoration.

7. Dick is reading a book now.

8. Phil did not go to school yesterday.

9. Greek art forms the beginning of European civilization.

10. The Greeks took influences from Asia and Africa.

2. Образуйте прилагательные от названий континентов и стран, используя суффиксы –an/ian:

Europe, America Asia, Africa, Assyria, Egypt, Rome, Italy, Russia.

3. Переведите предложения, выделите подлежащее, сказуемое и второстепенные члены в каждом из них и укажите часть речи, которой являются эти члены предложения:

1. A second centre of development was in the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates.

2. The Romans adopted the external details of Greek architecture.

3. Gothic architecture prevailed in Europe until the fifteenth century.

4. The Renaissance style speedily triumphed over Gothic fashions.

5. In Italy Renaissance produced great monuments of architecture.

4. Переведите предложения, объясните s-endings:

1. The Greeks were open to the influences of the Assyrians.

2. These are Jane’s books.

3. My brother often plays football.

4. The students’ results of your group are good.

5. Mike sometimes goes to the cinema with his friends.

6. Ann doesn’t like Gothic architecture.

5. Образуйте форму множественного числа следующих существительных:

arch, centre,century, church,column, form, influence, substitute, child, man, woman.

Обратите внимание на особенности написания и произношения форм множественного числа.

6. Переведите прилагательные и образованные от них с помощью суффикса -ly наречия.

Текст В

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE.

A history of architecture is a record of man’s efforts to build beautifully. The erection of structures that lack beauty is mere building, not an art. Only when the idea of beauty is added to the idea of use, a structure takes its place among works of architecture. We may define architecture as the art which seeks to harmonise in a building the requirements of utility and of beauty. It is the most useful of the fine arts and the noblest of the useful arts. It touches the life of every man. Everyone at some point comes in contact with the work of the architect, and from this universal contact architecture derives its significance as an attribute of the civilization of an age, a race, or a people.

The historian of architecture traces the origin, growth, and decline of the architectural styles which have prevailed in different lands and ages, and shows how they have reflected the great movements of civilization. The commercial, social, and religious changes among different peoples have all revealed themselves in the changes of their architecture, and the historian’s function must show this. It is also his function to explain the principles of the styles, their characteristic forms and decoration, and to describe the great masterpieces of each style and period.

Notes:

harmonise (BrE) ['hRmqnaIz] v согласовывать, соразмерять

historian [hI'stLrIqn] n историк

race [reIs] n раса

touch [tAC] v касаться, иметь отношение к

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1. When does a structure take its place among works of architecture?

2. How can we define architecture?

3. What does the historian of architecture do?

4. What must he explain and describe?

Грамматические упражнения

1. Какие видо-временные формы глагола использованы в тексте?

2. Проанализируйте подчёркнутое в тексте предложение: выделите в нём подлежащее, сказуемое и второстепенные члены и укажите часть речи, которой являются эти члены предложения.

3. Какие функции выполняет в тексте окончание –s?

4. Найдите в тексте наречие, образованное от прилагательного с помощью суффикса –ly.

Лексические упражнения

1. а) Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже

существительные: age, attribute, beauty, change, contact, decline, fine art, land, masterpiece, people, principle, requirement, significance, use, utility,

глаголы: add, define, describe, explain, lack, take somebody’s place, reveal, trace,

прилагательные и наречия: also, characteristic, commercial, each, mere, religious, social, universal, useful,

служебные слова: among, as, how.

b) Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

architect – architecture - architectural

build - building;

Урок 1.2

Фонетическое упражнение

['meZq]; [I'lxb q rIt]; [Im'plOI]; [jH"tIlI'teqrIqn]; [SRft]; [pIq]; ['teIpq]; [leIt]; [jHs]; [kraVn];[pjVq]; ['Apwqd]; [Ik'sepS q n]; [kRv]

Текст A

ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS.

With the exception of a few purely utilitarian vaulted structures, all Egyptian architecture was based on the principle of the lintel. Artistic splendour depended upon the use of painted and carved pictures, and the decorative treatment of the very simple supports employed. Piers and columns sustained the roofs of such chambers as were too wide for single lintels, and produced, in halls like those of Karnak, a marvellous effect by their height, massiveness, number, and coloured decoration. The simplest piers were plain square shafts; others, more elaborate, had lotus stalks and flowers or heads of Hathor carved upon them. The most striking were those against whose front faces were carved colossal figures of Osiris. The columns, which were rarely over six diameters in height, were treated with greater variety; the shafts, slightly tapering upward, were either round or clustered in section, and usually contracted at the base. The capitals with which they were crowned were usually of one of the five chief types described below. Besides round and clustered shafts, the Middle Empire and a few of the earlier monuments of the New Empire employed polygonal or slightly fluted shafts, these had a plain square abacus, with sometimes a cushion-like echinus beneath it. A round plinth served as a base for most of the columns.

The five chief types of capital were: a) the plain lotus bud; b) the clustered lotus bud; c) the campaniform or inverted bell; d) the palm-capital, frequent in the later temples; and e) the Hathor-headed, in which heads of Hathor decorate the four faces of a cubical mass surmounted by a model of a shrine. A few other forms are met with as exceptions. The first four are shown in Fig. 1.

a. Campaniform;

b. Clustered Lotus-Column;

c. Simple Lotus-Column;

d. Palm-Column.

FIGURE 1 Types of column

Notes:

abacus ['xbqkqs] n абак(а) (верхняя часть капители колонны)

bud [bAd] n бутон

campaniform [kqm'pxnIfLm] a колоколообразный; колокольчатый

cubical ['kjHbIk q l] a кубический, имеющий форму куба

cushion ['kVS q n] n подушка

echinus [I'kaInqs] n эхин (часть капители дорической колонны в виде круглой в плане подушки с выпуклым криволинейным профилем: переход от ствола колонны к абаку)

fluted ['flHtId] a рифлёный

Hathor ['hxTPr] n Хатхор (в египетской мифологии богиня неба, любви, женственности, красоты, веселья и танцев)

inverted [In'vWtId] a перевёрнутый

Karnak [kR'nxk] n Карнак (древнеегипетский храмовый комплекс (20 в. до н. э.), названный по одноименному арабскому селению на территории древних Фив, главное государственное святилище в период Нового царства)

Middle Empire ["mIdl'empaIq] Среднее царство (эпоха истории Древнего Египта, 2040 - 1783 гг. до н. э.)

New Empire ["njH'empaIq] Новое царство (эпоха наивысшего расцвета древнеегипетской государственности, 1550-1069 гг. до н. э.)

Osiris [qV'saIrIs] n Ози́рис (в египетской мифологии бог умирающей и воскресающей природы)

palm-capital ["pRm'kxpItl] n капитель египетской колонны в форме кроны пальмового дерева

stalk [stLk] n стебель

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1. What was all Egyptian architecture based on?

2. What did artistic splendour depend upon?

3. What was used when the chambers were too wide for single lintels?

4. Which types of piers were used?

5. How high were the columns?

6. How were they treated?

7. What did the Middle Empire monuments employ besides round and clustered shafts?

8. What were the five chief types of capital?

Лексические упражнения

1. а) Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже

существительные: base, bell, capital, chamber, diameter, effect, exception, face, hall, head, height, model, pier, plinth, roof, shrine, splendour, support, temple, treatment, variety,

прилагательные и наречия: artistic, below, chief, colossal, coloured, decorative, elaborate, a few, frequent, like, plain, polygonal, purely, rarely, round, single, slightly, square, striking, upward, utilitarian, wide,

служебные слова и обороты: against, beneath, besides, either... or..., such as,

глаголы: carve, cluster, contract, crown, depend, employ, paint, serve, sustain, taper, treat.

б) Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

2. Переведите следующие слова на английский язык:

число, количество; большинство, большая часть; модель, макет; масса, массив; лотос; высота; зал; фасад; воздействие, впечатление; помещение; колокол; пилон; цоколь, подколонник; крыша; сечение, профиль; ствол, стержень; великолепие; опора; храм; отделка, обработка; разнообразие; подножие;

встречать; использовать, применять (2); обусловливаться; сужаться; венчать, увенчивать (2); вырезать; поддерживать, подпирать; обрабатывать, отделывать; суживаться к концу;

подобный, похожий; поразительный, изумительный; утилитарный; поздний; передний; часто встречающийся; детально разработанный; ранний; цветной; одноцветный; редко; круглый; отдельный; широкий; слегка, немного; квадратный; вверх, кверху; грандиозный, громадный; дополнительный, другой; важнейший, главный;

или... или...; кроме, помимо; на.

3. Перечислите упомянутые в тексте архитектурные термины и переведите их на русский язык.

4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

5. Подберите в списке слов В девять пар антонимов слов списка А.

Грамматические упражнения

1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на глагол в страдательном залоге. Найдите в предложениях причастие II в функции части сказуемого.

1. Renaissance monuments, palaces, and churches were decorated with forms that had been borrowed or imitated from classic Roman art.

2. The Roman system of construction and decoration has never been wholly outgrown or given up by the civilized world.

3. The architecture of Tigris and Euphrates was influenced by the Egyptian art.

4. The principles of the styles, their characteristic forms and decoration are being explain by the historians.

5. The social, and religious changes among different peoples have all been revealed in the changes of their architecture.

6. Egyptian architecture was based on the principle of the lintel.

7. A few other forms of capital are met.

8. The great masterpieces of each style and period were explained, and described by the historians.

9. The fall of Rome was followed (следовать за) by the rise of the Byzantine architecture.

10. Modern European architecture has been based on many styles.

11. Each style of architecture has been described in this study (исследование).

12. The book “Architecture Classic and Early Christian” was written by T. Roger Smith and John Slater.

2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на причастие II в функции определения.

1. The Renaissance style produced a series of civic monuments, palaces, and churches decorated with forms borrowed or imitated from classic Roman art.

2. Artistic splendour depended upon the use of painted and carved pictures and the decorative treatment of the supports employed.

3. Architecture based on the principle of the lintel prevailed in Egypt.

4. The capitals with which they were crowned were usually of one of the five chief types described below.

5. The idea of beauty added to the idea of use makes a structure a work of architecture.

6. Architectural styles prevailed in different lands and ages reflect the great movements of civilization.

7. The external details of Greek architecture adopted by the Romans were transformed in their substance.

8. These forms underwent in Constantinople another transformation called the Byzantine.

9. The Renaissance style matured in Italy speedily triumphed over Gothic fashions.

10. More elaborate piers had heads of Hathor carved upon them.

3. Укажите сравнительную и превосходную степень следующих прилагательных:

beautiful, early, elaborate, fine, frequent, good, late, little, many, mature, noble, pure, strong, useful, wide.

4. Представьте на английском языке формы количественных и порядковых числительных следующих цифр:

1, 5, 11, 4, 83, 21, 2, 45, 12, 32, 53, 8.

5. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции слова that.

1. That round plinth served as a base for most of those columns is known to the historians.

2. Piers and columns sustained the roofs of chambers that were too wide for single lintels, and produced, in halls like those of Karnak, a marvellous effect.

3. Renaissance produced a series of civic monuments, which were decorated with forms that were borrowed from classic Roman art.

4. The erection of structures that lack beauty is mere building, not an art.

5. The oldest and greatest pyramid is that of Cheops.

6. That everyone at some point comes in contact with the work of the architect is evident (очевидно).

7. The most striking piers were those against whose front faces were carved colossal figures of Osiris.

8. During that fifteenth century the Renaissance style matured in Italy.

9. Many people think that architecture is the most useful of the fine arts and the noblest of the useful arts.

10. The architecture of Greece has a beauty greater than that of the styles which preceded it

Текст В

THE ANCIENT EMPIRE: THE PYRAMIDS.

The great works of this period are almost exclusively sepulchral, and include the most ancient buildings of which we have any remains. While there is little of strictly architectural art, the overwhelming size and majesty of the Pyramids, and the audacity and skill shown in their construction, entitle them to the first place in any description of this period. They are all royal tombs and belong to the first twelve dynasties; each contains a sepulchral chamber, and each at one time possessed a small chapel adjacent to it, but this has, in almost every case, been destroyed.

Three pyramids surpass all the rest by their astonishing size; these are at Ghizeh and belong to the fourth dynasty. The oldest and greatest is that of Cheops; the second, is that of Chephren; and the third, is that of Mycerinus.

The base of the “Great Pyramid” measures 764 feet on a side; its height is 482 feet, and its volume must have originally been nearly three and one-half million cubic yards. It is constructed of limestone upon a plateau of rock that was leveled in order to receive it. It contained three principal chambers and an elaborate system of inclined passages, all executed in finely cut granite and limestone. The sarcophagus was in the uppermost chamber, above which the superincumbent weight was relieved by open spaces and a species of rudimentary arch of Λ-shape.

Notes:

Cheops ['kJPps] n Хео́пс (второй фараон IV династии Древнего царства Египта 2589—2566 до н. э.)

Chephren [ke'freIn] n Хефрен (четвёртый фараон Египта из IV династии; царствовал в 2558 и 2532 до н. э.)

dynasty ['dInqstI] n династия

entitle [In'taItl] v давать право

Ghizeh ['gJzq] n Гиза (плато в пригороде Каира, Египет)

Mycerinus [mIkq'raInqs] n Микери́н (пятый фараон IV древнеегипетской династии Менкаура, царствовал в 2520—2480 до н. э.)

plateau ['plxtqV] n плато

rudimentary ["rHdI'ment q rI] a элементарный, зачаточный

sarcophagus [sR'kPfqgqs] n саркофаг

sepulchral [sI'pAlkrql] a погребальный

species ['spJSJz] n pl вид, разновидность

superincumbent ["sjHpqrIn'kAmbqnt] a вышележащий

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1. Why do the Pyramids require (нуждаться в) description?

2. What period do the royal tombs belong to?

3. Which of them surpass all the rest?

4. How big is the “Great Pyramid”?

5. Where was the sarcophagus?

Грамматические упражнения

1. Найдите в тексте порядковые числительные. Переведите их на русский язык.

2. Найдите в тексте прилагательные в превосходной степень. Переведите их на русский язык.

3. Найдите в тексте причастия II. Определите их функцию и переведите их на русский язык.

4. Найдите в тексте формы слова that. Определите их функцию и переведите их на русский язык.

Лексические упражнения

1. а) Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже

существительные: audacity, case, chapel, description, granite, half, limestone, majesty, passage, pyramid, the rest, rock, side, size, skill, space, tomb, volume, yard,

глаголы: belong, construct, contain, cut, destroy, execute, incline, level, measure, receive, relieve, surpass,

прилагательные и наречия: adjacent, almost, ancient, astonishing, cubic, strictly, uppermost,

служебные слова: above, in order to, at one time.

2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

construct – constructive - construction

describe – description

Урок 1.3

Фонетическое упражнение

['vxljH]; [Dxn]; [q'txC]; ['fJCq]; [dqVm]; ['seIkrId]; ['xbsqlHt]; [kleIm]; [dI'lIb q rIt]; ["kxrÁktq'rÁstÁk]; [kqn'faIn]; ['Cxp q l]; [Den]; ['kPntrRst]

Текст A

GREEK ARCHITECTURE.

The architecture of Greece has a value far higher than that attached to any of the styles which preceded it, on account of the beauty of the buildings and the astonishing refinement which the best of them display. There is no feature, no ornament, nor even any principle of design which the Greek architects employed, that can be said to have now become obsolete. Not only do we find direct reproductions of Greek architecture that form part of the practice of every European country, but we are able to trace to Greek art the origin of many of the forms and features of Roman, Byzantine, and Gothic architecture, especially those connected with the column and which grew out of its artistic use.

Greek architecture did not include the arch and all the forms related to it, such as the vault and the dome; and the Greeks abstained from the use of the tower. Examples of both these features were fully within the knowledge of the Greeks; consequently it is to deliberate selection that we must attribute this exclusion. Within the limits by which they confined themselves, the Greeks worked with such power, learning, taste, and skill that we may fairly claim for their highest achievement—the Parthenon—that it advanced as near to absolute perfection as any work of art ever has been or ever can be carried.

Greek architecture began to rise from the stage of archaic simplicity about the beginning of the sixth century B.C. All the finest examples were erected between that date and the death of Alexander the Great (333 B.C.), after which period it declined and ultimately gave place to Roman.

Notes:

abstain [qb'steIn] v воздерживаться

B.C. ["bJ 'sJ] до нашей эры

consequently ['kPnsIkwqntlI] adv поэтому

death [deT] n смерть

ever ['evq] adv когда-либо; когда бы то ни было

exclusion [Ik'sklHZ q n] n исключение

Greece [grJs] n Греция

obsolete ['PbsqlJt] a устаревший, вышедший из употребления

taste [teIst] n вкус

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1. Why does the architecture of Greece have a higher value than the styles which preceded it?

2. Has any feature, ornament, or principle of design of the Greek architects become obsolete.?

3. Where can we trace Greek art to?

4. What did Greek architecture not include?

5. What must we attribute this exclusion to?

6. What is the Greeks highest achievement?

7. When did the Greek architecture begin to rise?

8. When did it decline and give place to Roman architecture?

Лексические упражнения

1. а) Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже

существительные: achievement, beginning, design, dome, example, feature, knowledge, learning, limit, part, perfection, power, practice, refinement, reproduction, tower, value,

прилагательные и наречия: about, absolute, archaic, deliberate, direct, especially, European, fairly, near, ultimately,within,

служебные слова и обороты: between, on account of, than,

глаголы: advance, attach, carry, claim, confine, connect, display, erect, grow out of, precede, relate.

б) Какие из перечисленных глаголов являются неправильными? Укажите их формы. Укажите также правильные глаголы, имеющие особенности в написании при добавлении окончания –ed.

в) Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

2. Переведите следующие слова на английский язык:

воспроизведение; выбор; достижение, успех; знание, знания; знания, эрудиция; купол; начало; особенность, характерная черта; практика; проектирование; простота; сила, мощь; утончённость, изысканность; часть, элемент; этап;

быть связанным c; вырастать, возникать из чего-л.; показывать, демонстрировать; предшествовать; приписывать, придавать; продвигаться, развиваться; связывать(ся) c; сооружать, воздвигать; утверждать, заявлять;

в конце концов; гораздо, намного; древний; европейский; намеренный; около, приблизительно; особенно; полный, безусловный;

близко; в, в рамках; из-за, вследствие; между; чем.

3. Перечислите упомянутые в тексте архитектурные термины и переведите их на русский язык.

4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

5. Найдите в уроках 1.1 – 1.3 все прилагательные, которые характеризуют качество исполнения архитектурных проектов древности.

Грамматические упражнения

1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции глагола have.

1. The architecture of Greece has a high value.

2. Architecture has originated in the Nile valley.

3. The design of this building has to be changed.

4. Different architectural styles have prevailed in different lands and ages.

5. Every architectural style has to change with time.

6. A small chapel has, in almost every case, been destroyed.

7. The more elaborate piers had lotus stalks and flowers.

8. The most ancient buildings of which we have any remains are sepulchral.

2. Переведите предложения с оборотом there + be.

1. There have to be five buildings on this small square.

2. There was much variety in the decorative treatment of the halls.

3. There were no surrounding chambers.

4. There is no feature which the Greek architects employed, that can be said to have now become obsolete..

5. There is little of strictly architectural art in the Pyramids.

6. There are many examples of Gothic architecture in northern and western Europe.

3. Переведите предложения с модальными глаголами и их заменителями.

1. Greek architecture advanced as near to absolute perfection as any work of art can ever be carried.

2. We may define architecture as the art which seeks to harmonise in a building the requirements of utility and of beauty.

3. The historian must show the changes of different peoples’ architecture.

4. The design of a Greek building could be understood at once (сразу).

5. In many cases we should find better architectural solutions (решение).

6. We are able to prove (доказать) that the Greeks inherited from both Egyptian and Assyrian art.

7. John is soon to come.

8. A big building should have a strong basement (цокольный этаж).

4. Переведите предложения со сравнительным оборотом as…as….

1. Greek architecture is as beautiful as that of Rome.

2. There is as little uniformity (единообразие) in the plans of Byzantine buildings as in the forms of the vault.

3. The building produces an effect almost as striking as that of the Pantheon.

4. The room was nearly as large as the hall.

5. Social changes were as important for the development of architecture as religious changes.

6. The exercise was not as difficult as you had thought.

5. Переведите предложения с эмфатическими конструкциями.

1. Not only do we find direct reproductions of Greek architecture, but we are able to trace to Greek art the origin of Roman, Byzantine, and Gothic architecture.

2. It is to deliberate selection that we must attribute the exclusion of the vault and the dome from Greek architecture.

3. It is in the Nile valley where architecture has originated.

4. The Romans did adopt the external details of Greek architecture.

5. It is from both Egyptian and Assyrian art that the Greeks inherited.

6. Only when the idea of beauty is added to the idea of use, does a structure take its place among works of architecture.

Текст В

The Greek idea of a temple was different from that entertained by the Egyptians. The building was to a much greater extent designed for external effect than internal. There were no surrounding chambers, dark halls, or enclosed courtyards, like those of the Egyptian temples, visible only to persons admitted within a guarded outer wall. The temple often stood within some sort of precinct, but it was accessible to all. It stood open to the sun and air; it invited the admiration of the passer-by; its most impressive features and best sculpture were on the exterior. The attention paid by the Greeks to the outside of their temples offers a striking contrast to the practice of the Egyptians, and to what we know of that of the Assyrians.

The temple, however grand, was always of simple form, with a gable at each end. In the very smallest temple at least one of the gables was made into a portico by the help of columns and two pilasters. More important temples had a larger number of columns, and often a portico at each end. The most important had columns on the flanks as well as at the front and rear and the sacred cell was, in fact, surrounded by them. The column, together with the superstructure which rested upon it, played a very important part in Greek temple-architecture.

FIGURE 2 Plan of a small Greek Temple

FIGURE 3 Plan of the Parthenon at Athens.

Notes:

admiration ["xdmq'reIS q n] n восхищение, восторг

passer-by ["pRsq'baI] n прохожий

superstructure ['sHpq"strAkCq] n верхняя часть, надстройка

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1. What was a Greek temple designed for?

2. Where were its most impressive features and best sculpture?

3. How were the gables made into a portico in the smallest temple?

4. What was the most important feature in Greek temple-architecture?

Грамматические упражнения

1. Найдите в тексте глагол have и определите его функцию. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

2. Найдите в тексте оборот there + to be. Переведите предложение на русский язык.

3. Найдите в тексте слово that. Определите его функцию и переведите на русский язык.

Лексические упражнения

1. а) Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже

существительные: cell, contrast, courtyard, end, gable, pilaster, portico, precinct, sculpture, wall,

глаголы: pay attention to, play, stand, surround,

прилагательные и наречия: accessible, dark, grand, guarded, impressive, internal, outer, together, visible,

2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

describe – description

erect – erection

Урок 1.4

Фонетическое упражнение

['geIb q l]; [haV'evq]; [hqVl]; [Im'belIS]; ['stAkqV]; ['stxCH]; ['pedImqnt]; [DqV]; [Ig'zIbIt]; ['Pfq]; [skJm]; [prq'pLS q n]; ['sekjVlq]; [pLC]

Текст A

GREEK TEMPLES

With the orders as their chief decorative element the Greeks built up a splendid architecture of religious and secular monuments. Their noblest works were temples, which they designed with the utmost simplicity of general scheme, but carried out with a mastery of proportion and detail which has never been surpassed.

The statue of the deity was kept in a chamber, often of considerable size, and accessible to the public through a columnar porch. A smaller chamber was sometimes added in the rear of the main sanctuary. Together these formed a windowless structure called the cella, beyond which was the rear porch. This whole structure was in the larger temples surrounded by a colonnade which formed the most splendid feature of Greek architecture. The external aisle on either side of the cella was called the pteroma. A single gabled roof covered the entire building.

The Greek colonnade was thus an exterior feature, which was surrounding the solid cella-wall. The temple was a public, not a royal monument; and its builders aimed, not as in Egypt at size and overwhelming sombre majesty, but rather at sunny beauty and the highest perfection of proportion, execution, and detail.

All the temples are of stone, though wood was sometimes used in early times. The finest temples were of marble, but in some places limestone, sandstone, or lava was employed and finished with a thin, fine stucco. The roof was of wood and gabled, forming at the ends pediments decorated in most cases with sculpture. Terra-cotta or marble covered the roof and it was probably ceiled and panelled on the under side, and richly embellished with color and gold.

Notes:

ceil [sJl] v штукатурить, отделывать потолок

deity ['deIItI] n божество, бог

Egypt ['JGIpt] n Египет

execution ["eksI'kjHS q n] n исполнение, выполнение

lava ['lRvq] n лава

pteroma [tq'rqVmq] n птерома (в древнегреческом храме - пространство между внешней поверхностью наружной стены и колоннадой)

sanctuary ['sxNkCVqrI] n святилище, алтарь

sombre ['sPmbq] a мрачный, угрюмый

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1. What was the chief decorative element of the Greek religious and secular monuments?

2. What did the general scheme of the Greek temples feature?

3. Where was the statue of the deity kept?

4. What formed the cella?

5. What was the whole structure surrounded by in the larger temples?

6. What did the Greek builders aim at?

7. What were the temples built of?

8. What did the structure of the roof feature?

9. How was the roof decorated?

Лексические упражнения

1. а) Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже

существительные: aisle, builder, cella, colonnade, color, element, marble, mastery, pediment, porch, proportion, public, sandstone, scheme, statue, stone, stucco, terra-cotta,

прилагательные и наречия: columnar, considerable, entire, general, main, probably, rather, secular, solid, splendid, sunny, thin, under, utmost, whole,

служебные слова и обороты: beyond, though, thus, up,

глаголы: aim, cover, decorate, embellish, finish, keep, panel.

2. Переведите следующие слова на английский язык:

статуя, монумент; система, структура; ордер; общественность; соразмерность; портик; песчаник; мастерство, искусство; мрамор; фронтон; камень; компонент, деталь; колоннада; строитель; неф; двускатная крыша;

украшать (2); покрывать, закрывать; выполнять; превосходить; добавлять; окружать; ставить своей целью, добиваться; обшивать панелями;

величественный, прекрасный; скорее, оба; больше; светский; вероятно, возможно; основной, главный; общий; целый, весь; большой, немалый; украшенный колоннами; тонкий; предельный, величайший; весь, целый;

вверх; таким образом; хотя; позади; вместе взятые; никогда; как.

3. Перечислите упомянутые в тексте архитектурные термины и переведите их на русский язык.

4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

5. a) Укажите антонимы следующих слов: flank (n), internal, over, partly, rear.

b) Укажите синонимы следующих слов: aim (v), element, marvellous, ornament (v) (2), skill.

Грамматические упражнения

1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на слова, образованные по способу конверсии. Укажите признаки, которые позволяют определить, какой частью речи являются подчёркнутые слова.

1. Their noblest works were temples.

2. The architect works on a new design.

3. A smaller chamber was added in the rear of the main sanctuary.

4. Beyond the cella was the rear porch.

5. Together they form a windowless structure called the cella.

6. Colonnades form the most splendid feature of Greek architecture.

7. The chamber was accessible to the public through a columnar porch.

8. The temple was a public, not a royal monument.

9. The Greek colonnade was thus an exterior feature.

10. Greek temples feature simplicity of general scheme.

11. If architects design a structure that lacks beauty it is mere building, not an art.

12. No principle of design, which the Greek architects employed, has now become obsolete.

2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функцию причастие I.

1. In the larger temples the effect was obtained by the colonnade surrounding the shrine cell.

2. The Romans adopted the external details of Greek architecture transforming its substance.

3. The great works of this period being almost exclusively sepulchral include the most ancient buildings of which we have any remains.

4. In the North and West the developing feudal civilization resulted in Gothic architecture.

5. The columns, rarely being over six diameters in height, were treated with great variety.

6. The Renaissance style maturing in Italy speedily triumphed over Gothic fashions producing a marvellous series of civic monuments, palaces, and churches.

7. Piers and columns sustaining the roofs of such chambers produced a marvellous effect by their height, massiveness, and coloured decoration.

8. We may define architecture as the art seeking to harmonise in a building the requirements of utility and of beauty.

9. The historian of architecture traces the origin, growth, and decline of the architectural styles prevailing in different lands and ages.

10. Describing the great masterpieces of each style and period the historian should explain the principles of the styles.

3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на сослагательное наклонение.

1. I wouldn’t do that if I were you.

2. It would be better to ornament the pediments.

3. If terra-cotta or marble covered the roof it was probably ceiled and panelled on the under side.

4. Smaller size would increase the external effect.

5. If limestone, sandstone, or lava were employed, they would be finished with a thin, fine stucco.

6. Were the work not difficult, it could be done sooner.

4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функцию причастие II.

1. All the temples are of stone, though wood was sometimes used in early times.

2. The statue of the deity kept in a chamber often of considerable size was accessible to the public through a columnar porch.

3. All the finest examples were erected between that date and the death of Alexander the Great.

4. Chambers and dark halls of the Egyptian temples were visible only to persons admitted within a guarded outer wall.

5. There is no ornament employed by the Greek architects that can be said to have now become obsolete.

6. This whole structure surrounded by a colonnade formed the most splendid feature of Greek architecture.

7. There were no surrounding chambers, dark halls, or enclosed courtyards.

8. The attention paid by the Greeks to the outside of their temples offers a striking contrast to the practice of the Egyptians.

9. The architecture of Greece has a value far higher than that attached to any of the styles preceding it.

10. In the smallest temple there was at least one of the gables made into a portico by the help of columns and two pilasters.

Текст В

The plan or floor-arrangement of a Greek building was always simple however great its extent, was well judged for effect, and could be understood at once. The grandest results were obtained by simple means, and all confusion, uncertainty, or complexity were scrupulously avoided. Refined precision, order, symmetry, and exactness mark the plan as well as every part of the work.

The plan of a Greek temple, we may say, presents many of the same elements as that of an Egyptian temple, but, so to speak, turned inside out. Columns are relied on by the Greek artist, as they were by the Egyptian artist, as a means that produces effect; but they are placed by him outside the building instead of within its courts and halls. The Greek, encircles the small nucleus formed by the cell and the treasury by a magnificent circle of pillars, and so makes a grand structure. The arrangement of these columns and of the great range of steps, or stylobate, is the most marked feature in Greek temple plans. Columns also existed in the interior of the building, but these were of smaller size, and seem to have been introduced in order to aid to carry the roof.

In the greater number of Greek buildings a degree of precision is exhibited, to which the Egyptians did not attain.

Notes:

confusion [kqn'fjHZ q n] n беспорядок, путаница, сумбурность

precision [prI'sIZ q n] n точность, четкость, тщательность

scrupulously ['skrHpjVlqslI] adv тщательно, скрупулёзно

treasury ['treZqrI] n сокровищница

uncertainty [An'sWtntI] n неточность, неопределённость

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1. Why could the plan or floor-arrangement of a Greek building be understood at once?

2. What is the difference (отличие) of the plans of a Greek and an Egyptian temple?

3. What is the most marked feature in Greek temple plans?

4. What did the Greeks attain that the Egyptians did not?

Грамматические упражнения

1. Найдите в тексте слова, которые могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

2. Найдите в тексте прилагательные в сравнительной и превосходной степени. Переведите их на русский язык.

3. Найдите в тексте причастия II. Определите их функцию и переведите их на русский язык.

Лексические упражнения

1. а) Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже

существительные: arrangement, circle, interior, plan, step, stylobate, symmetry,

глаголы: aid, encircle, exhibit, introduce, judge, mark, present, rely, seem,

прилагательные и наречия: inside out, magnificent, refined,

служебные слова и обороты: at once, instead of, so, the same.

b) Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите е

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