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Discussion. References. Give a Book a Good Critical Reading. Ex. 1. Answer the questions. Ex. 2. Which of the two types of scientific articles
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Discussion
This is the most 'open' section of the paper. It is where the authors draw conclusions about the results. They may choose to put their results in the context of previous findings and offer theories or new hypotheses that explain the sum body of knowledge in the field. Or the authors may comment on new questions and avenues of exploration that their results give rise to. The purpose of discussion sections in papers is to allow the exchange of ideas between scientists. However, this section is often a good place to get ideas about what kind of research questions are still unanswered in the field and thus, what types of questions you might want your own research project to tackle.
References
Throughout the article, the authors will refer to information from other papers. These citations are all listed in the references section, sometimes referred to as the bibliography. Regardless of the type of source, there will always be enough information (authors, title, journal name, publication date, etc. ) for you to find the source at a library or online. This makes the reference section incredibly useful for broadening your own literature search.
Give a Book a Good Critical Reading
By the time a paper is published, it has usually been through a process of quality control, called peer review. This involves a small number of people (the referees) not involved in the research project reading the paper and deciding if it is suitable for publication. The editors of the journal are usually also involved in the reviewing process. However, this does not mean it will be perfect. Many published papers contain factual and statistical errors, and statements which are really assertions disguised as objective fact. Given this, and the fact that scientific knowledge is often provisional and changing, the proper attitude when reading scientific papers is one of scepticism; it is the task of the reader to judge whether the authors' conclusions are justified.
Ex. 1. Answer the questions.
- What is a standard format of a scientific article?
- What information does an abstract contain? What is its purpose?
- In your opinion, which of the sections in a research paper is the most informative?
- What is a peer review?
- Can you agree that the morequestions researchers answer, the more new questions they receive?
Ex. 2. Which of the two types of scientific articles
- gives an overview of the data in the field?
- gives a review of the original data?
- summarizes the data and conclusions from many studies?
- is a better starting place for a summary of what has been happening in the field?
- contains more background information?
- contains the original data and conclusions about experiments?
LANGUAGE TRAINING
Ex. 1. Fill in the correct word from the list:
carry out, specific, follow, build, exchange, background, factual and statistical, review, well-rounded, original, reference, contain.
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Ex. 2. Fill in the correct preposition, then choose any item and make up a sentence.
To be involved ….. smth; to be interested ….. smth; to be exposed …. smth; to be useful …. doing smth; to be helpful …. doing smth; to be extracted ….. smth; to comment …. smth; to refer …. smth; to be listed …. ; to be suitable ….; to be prone …. smth.
Ex. 3. Look up the word bias in an English-English dictionary. Translate the sentences below and learn some meanings of the word.
- The statistics have a bias due to inaccuracy in data.
- Abraham Lincoln freed America from slavery but he didn’t free it from racial biases.
- Any form of discrimination based on gender can be identified as a gender bias.
- Avoiding or at least eliminating personal bias in research is very important.
- As Robert J. MacCoun states, in 1990-s the psychological research literature in America was criticized for being biased toward a Western individualist world view[4].
Ex. 4. Study the examples of some book reviews[5]. Give the reasons why you think the books might be worth reading.
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