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Pronominal questions
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§13. Pronominal questions open with an interrogative pronoun or a pronominal adverb, the function of which is to get more detailed and exact information about some event or phenomenon known to the speaker and listener.
The interrogative pronouns and adverbs which function as question words are as follows: what, which, who, whom, whose, where, when, why, how and the archaic whence (= where from), whither (= where, where to), wherefore (= what for, why).
Adverbial phrases such as how long, how often may also function as question words.
Question words may have various syntactical functions in the sentence, depending upon the information the speaker wants to obtain:
1. Who came first? (subject) - I did.
2. What makes you think so? (subject) - Your behaviour.
3. Whose team has won the match? (attribute) - Ours.
4. Which story did you like best? (attribute) - The last.
5. Who is that man? (predicative) - He is my brother.
6. What are you doing there? (object) - Nothing.
7. When are you going to come back? (adverbial of time) - Tomorrow.
8. How can I get to your place? (adverbial of manner) - By bus.
As can be seen from the above examples, word order in a pronominal question is characterized by inversion of the operator and the subject. Inversion does not take place when the question word is the subject or an attribute to the subject (see examples 1, 2, 3).
A question word may be preceded by a preposition.
On what resolution do you insist?
In colloquial English it is preferable to shift the preposition to the end of the question.
What are you laughing at?
What did you argue about?
In colloquial English the pronoun who is used as a question word functioning either as subject or object.
Who has done it?
Who do you see there?
The tone of pronominal questions is usually a falling one.
§ 14. Pronominal questions are often used as short responses. They usually consist of (a) a question word or (b) a question word followed by a preposition.
a) I’m leaving for home. - When?
George won’t come to-night. - Why?
Let’s meet again. - Where?
I think I can help you. - How?
b) I want to talk with you. - What about?
Come again. - What for?
Open the tin. - What with?
The patterns (a) and (b) are employed when some information is missing and the listener asks for the necessary information. The tone is falling.
§ 15. Question words preceded by prepositions are usually employed as echo questions. No information is missing in the previous remark, the whole idea is questioned. The tone is rising and the question word is heavily stressed. They express surprise, incredulity and sometimes incomprehension.
Let’s talk about life on Saturn. - About what?
I opened the door with a pin. - With what?
You are a shameless liar, - I am a what?
Our neighbour was born in 1973. - She was born when?
The whole of the question may be reduced to the question word, with the article repeated if necessary.
- Your husband was telling us all about the chromosomes.
- The what?
- The chromosomes, the genes...or whatever they are.
- The Boss wants to see you.
- The who?
The whole of the pronominal question may be re-addressed to gain time for the answer. The re-addressed question takes a rising tone.
When are you going to see me? - When am I going to see you? -Yes, when? - On Sunday, if it suits you.
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