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6. Terror—propaganda by the deed
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Notes
1 Paul McMahon, British Spies and Irish Rebels: British Intelligence in Ireland, 1916–45
(Suffolk, 2008), p. 2.
2 Carl von Clausewicz, On War (Princeton, 1984), p. 117.
3 Seá n Sharkey, ‘My role as an Intelligence Officer with the Third Tipperary Brigade (1919–1921)’, Tipperary Historical Journal, vol. 11 (1998).
4 Florence O’Donoghue, ‘Guerilla warfare in Ireland’, An Cosantó ir, vol. 23 (1963).
5 Samuel Issacharoff and Richard H. Pildes, ‘Targeted warfare: individuating enemy responsibility’, NewYork University Law Review, vol. 1521 (2013).
6 John F. Murphy Jr, ‘Michael Collins and the craft of intelligence’, International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, vol. 17, issue 2 (17 August 2010).
7 Florence O’Donoghue, No Other Law (Dublin, 1954; 1986), p. 116.
8 John Borgonovo, Spies, Informers and the Anti-Sinn Fé in Society (Dublin, 2006), pp 135–6.
9 Ibid., p. 139.
10 ‘Record of the Rebellion in Ireland in 1920–1921 and the Part Played by the Army in Dealing with it, ’ Imperial War Museum, Box 78/82/2.
11 Cabinet Memorandum: ‘The Present Military Situation in Ireland and the Proposed Military Policy During the Coming Winter, General Macready, 6th August, 1920’, CAB/24/110 Image Reference: 0050.
12 Piaras Bé aslaí, ‘How it was done: IRA intelligence’, in Dublin’s Fighting Story 1916– 21 (Tralee, 1949).
13 Florence O’Donoghue, ‘Lecture on intelligence in the Black and Tan day’, National Library of Ireland, MS 31443.
14 É amon Broy, Witness Statement 1280.
15 Murphy, ‘Michael Collins and the craft of intelligence’.
16 Richard Popplewell, ‘Lacking intelligence: some reflections on recent approaches to British counter-insurgence 1900–1960’, Intelligence and National Security, vol. 10, no. 2 (1995).
17 ‘Record of the Rebellion in Ireland in 1920–1921 and the Part Played by the Army in Dealing with it’, Imperial War Museum, Box 78/82/2. Sir Hugh Jeudwine papers.
18 Ibid.
19 Piaras Bé aslaí, Dublin’s Fighting Story, quoted in Frank Thornton’s Witness Statement 615.
20 Peter Hart, Mick: The Real Michael Collins (London, 2006), p. 205.
21 Francis Costello (ed. ), Michael Collins: In His Own Words (Dublin, 1997), pp 80–1.
22 Tony Woods, in Uinseonn MacEoin (ed. ), Survivors: The Story of Ireland’s Struggle as Told Through Some of Her Outstanding Living People. Notes 1913–1916 (Dublin, 1966), p. 322.
23 Liam Tobin, Witness Statement 1753.
24 Frank Thornton, Witness Statement 615.
25 Piaras Bé aslaí, Michael Collins and the Making of the New Ireland (London, 1926), p.
319.
26 Smith, also known as ‘Smyth’, was the one who smuggled out the information on the ‘Castle Document’ from Dublin Castle prior to the Rising. See Des White, ‘The Castle Document’, History Ireland, vol. 24, no. 4 (2016). He was also the brother of DMP ‘G’ Division detective ‘Dog’ Smith, the first G-man that Collins had executed. Eugene Smyth, Witness Statement 334.
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27 É amon Broy and Eugene Smyth, in MacEoin (ed. ), Survivors, pp 52–4.
28 É amon de Valera, Minutes of Dá il É ireann, vol. 1 (10 April 1919).
29 Richard Mulcahy, ‘Chief of Staff, 1919’, Capuchin Annual (1970).
30 John M. Regan, The Memoirs of John M. Regan, a Catholic Officer in the RIC and RUC: 1909–1948 (ed. Joost Augusteijn) (Dublin, 2007).
31 Joseph Leonard, Witness Statement 547.
32 General Paddy Daly, Witness Statement 387.
33 William J. (Bill) Stapleton, ‘AVolunteer’s story’, Irish Independent, 1916 Golden Jubilee Supplement (April 1966).
34 Ulick O’Connor, Michael Collins and the Troubles: The Struggle for Irish Freedom 1912– 1922 (NewYork, 1996), p. 143; William J. (Bill) Stapleton, ‘Michael Collins’s Squad’, Capuchin Annual (1969); William Stapleton, Witness Statement 822.
35 Bridget (Mrs Batt) O’Connor, Witness Statement 330.
36 Calton Younger, Ireland’s Civil War (New York, 1969), p. 99.
37 General Patrick Daly, Witness Statement 387.
38 Joe Dolan, Witness Statement 663.
39 The Times, 23 January 1920.
40 Peter Hart (Mick, p. 196) has the amount at £ 4, 000.
41 Daithi O’Donoghue, private statement, 26 March 1951.
42 Dorothy Macardle, The Irish Republic (New York, 1937; 1965), p. 986; Hart, Mick, p. 194.
43 O’Connor, Michael Collins and the Troubles, p. 145.
44 Joe Dolan, Witness Statement 663.
45 William Stapleton, Witness Statement 822.
46 General Patrick Daly, Witness Statement 387.
47 Dave Neligan, quoted in Kenneth Griffith and Timothy O’Grady, Ireland’s Unfinished Revolution: An Oral History (Boulder, CO, 2002), pp 164–5.
48 Ibid.
49 David Neligan, Witness Statement 380; General Patrick Daly, Witness Statement 387.
50 Frank Thornton, Witness Statement 615.
51 Michael Murphy, Witness Statement 1547.
52 David Neligan, The Spy in the Castle (London, 1999), p. 72, named him Bernard Hugh Mulloy; Hart (Mick, p. 238 et seq. ) named him ‘Patrick’ Molloy.
53 Liam Tobin, Witness Statement 1753; Frank Thornton, Witness Statement 615.
54 Lily Mernin, Witness Statement 441.
55 Michael McDonnell, Witness Statement 225.
56 Richard Mulcahy, Bé aslaí Notes, vol. 2, p. 46.
57 Hart, Mick, pp 212–14.
58 Neligan, The Spy in the Castle, p. 68 et seq.
59 David Neligan, Witness Statement 380.
60 Meda Ryan, Michael Collins and the Women in His Life (Dublin, 1996), p. 70; Lily
Mernin, Witness Statement 441. Rex Taylor did not determine the identity of ‘Lt G. ’; however, he wrote that, ‘so far as the present writer could ascertain, Lieutenant ‘G’ was a member of the British Military Intelligence in Ireland. He [sic] was also one of Collins’ chief agents as well as being a particular confidant of his’. Rex Taylor, Michael Collins (London, 1970), pp 126–9.
61 Frank Thornton, Witness Statement 615.
62 John Borgonovo (ed. ), Florence and Josephine O’Donoghue’s War of Independence: A Destiny that Shapes our Ends (Cork, 2006), pp 110–25.
63 Joseph E. A. Connell Jnr, Rebels’ Priests: Ministering to Republicans, 1916–1924 (Dublin, 2014), pp 38–46.
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64 Ailin Quinlan, ‘The mother who turned IRA spy to save her son’, Irish Independent, 25 November 2012.
65 Hayden Talbot, Michael Collins’ Own Story (London, 1923), p. 85.
66 See Joseph E. A. Connell Jnr, Unequal Patriots (Dublin, 2015).
67 See Siné ad McCoole, Hazel: A Life of Lady Lavery (Dublin, 1996); Guns and Chiffon (Dublin, 1997); No Ordinary Women: Irish Female Activists in the Revolutionary Years (Dublin, 2003).
68 See Ryan, Michael Collins and the Women in His Life.
69 ‘ Remembering the past: Molly O’Reilly’, An Phoblacht, 7 October 1999.
70 Author’s correspondence and documents from Clare Cowley, granddaughter of Molly O’Reilly; http: //mspcsearch. militaryarchives. ie/docs/files//PDF_Pensions/ R2/MSP34REF20325MaryTCorcoran/W34E4055MaryTCorcoran. pdf. See Molly O’Reilly in Terry Fagan (ed. ), Rebels and Heroes: Hidden Stories from Dublin’s Northside (Dublin, 2016), p. 54 et seq.
71 J. B. E. Hittle, Michael Collins and the Anglo-Irish War: Britain’s Counter-insurgency Failure
(Chicago, 2011), pp 78, 131–2, 152.
72 Eileen McCarville (McGrane), Witness Statement 1752.
73 Michael T. Foy, Michael Collins’ Intelligence War (Stroud, 2006; Dublin, 2007), p. 198.
74 Dr Brigid Thornton (né e Lyons), Witness Statement 259.
75 Florence O’Donoghue (ed. ), IRA Jailbreaks, 1918–1921 (Cork, 1971), pp 146–53.
76 T. Ryle Dwyer, Big Fellow, Long Fellow: A Joint Biography of Collins and deValera (Cork, 2006), pp 137–8.
77 Christopher Andrew, Her Majesty’s Secret Service: The Making of the British Intelligence Community (New York, 1986), p. 255.
78 Gordon Pattison, ‘The British Army’s Effectiveness in the Irish Campaign 1919– 1921, and the Lessons for Modern Counterinsurgency Operations, with Special Reference to C3I Aspects’, UK Ministry of Defence (1999).
79 Tim Carey and Marcus de Burca, ‘Bloody Sunday 1920: new evidence’, History Ireland, vol. 11, no. 2 (2003).
80 Martin C. Hartline and M. M. Kaulbach, ‘Michael Collins and Bloody Sunday: the intelligence war between the British and Irish intelligence services’, CIA Historical Review Program (2 July 1996; approved for release 1994).
81 David Lloyd George, The Times, 10 November 1920.
82 See Tom Bowden, ‘Bloody Sunday, a reappraisal’, European Studies Review, vol. 2, no. 1 (1972); ‘The Irish underground and the War of Independence 1919–1921’, Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 8, no. 2 (1973); Anne Dolan, ‘Killing and Bloody Sunday, November 1920’, Historical Journal, vol. 49, issue 3 (2006); Gen. F. P. Crozier, The Men
I Killed (London, 1937), part 3; Ireland Forever (London and Toronto, 1932), p. 95 et seq.; Miceal O’Meara, Bloody Sunday, 1920–1995: A Commemorative Booklet (Dublin, 1995); Charles Townshend, ‘Bloody Sunday: Michael Collins speaks’, European Studies Review, vol. 9 (1979).
83 Carey and de Burca, ‘Bloody Sunday 1920: new evidence’.
84 There is no mention of a ‘Cairo Gang’ in the reports and records of 1919–22. The first appearance of the term is in Rex Taylor’s Michael Collins (1958), pp 125–34: ‘In Cairo sixteen officers were chosen for a special task … The Cairo group travelled under assumed names and arrived in Dublin singly on different dates. They were in plain clothes and posing as commercial travellers … rented flats in Pembroke Street and Mount Street. ’ The agents frequented the Cairo Café (59 Grafton Street, five doors from the corner of South King Street) and Kidd’s Buffet (Kidd’s was where the Berni Inn was until the 1980s in Nassau Street; later it was where Lillie’s Bordello is now at the bottom of Grafton Street) or the Porterhouse pub at 46 Nassau Street. The Squad called them the ‘Cairo Gang’, but the origin of the name is unclear.
85 Mark Sturgis Diary, 1 September 1920, PRO 30/59.
86 James Gleeson, Bloody Sunday (London, 1962), pp 101–23.
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87 Lily Mernin, Witness Statement 441.
88 Bé aslaí, Michael Collins, vol. 1, p. 448.
89 Richard Mulcahy, Bé aslaí Notes, vol. 2, p. 51.
90 Dolan, ‘Killing and Bloody Sunday, November 1920’.
91 Jane Leonard, ‘“English dogs” or “Poor devils”? The dead of Bloody Sunday morning’, in David Fitzpatrick (ed. ), Terror in Ireland (Dublin, 2012). Leonard gives pen-pictures of the British killed on Bloody Sunday and indicates that ‘most of them appeared to be officially employed in other posts, both military and non-military. It is unclear if those were just “aliases” and “cover” jobs or if the men were not actually intelligence agents. ’ In contrast, see Hittle, Michael Collins and the Anglo-Irish War, pp 162–89, in which he argues that all but two of the men were connected with British intelligence.
92 Taylor, Michael Collins, p. 104.
93 General Paddy Daly, Witness Statement 387.
94 Margery Forester, Michael Collins: The Lost Leader (Dublin, 1989), p. 170.
95 Caroline Woodcock, the wife of Col. Woodcock, wrote prolifically about her period as a British army wife in Dublin. Her diaries were published as Experiences of an Officer’s Wife in Ireland (London, 1921; 1994). [Originally published in Blackwood’s Magazine, no. 1267, vol. 209 (May 1921). ]
96 Wayne Sugg, ‘British Intelligence wiped out’, An Phoblacht, 20 November 1997; ‘Bloody Sunday’, An Phoblacht, 27 November 1997.
97 David Neligan, Witness Statement 380.
98 ‘ Record of the Rebellion in Ireland in 1920–1921 and the Part Played by the Army in Dealing with it’, Imperial War Museum, Box 78/82/2, Vol. 2, Intelligence; Brian
P. Murphy, The Origin and Organisation of British Propaganda in Ireland, 1920 (Dublin, 2006), p. 54; Hittle, Michael Collins and the Anglo-Irish War, pp 160–77.
99 Foy, Michael Collins’ Intelligence War, p. 153.
100 Seá n MacAodh, ‘Murder in the Castle’, An Phoblacht, 22 November 2001; Seá n O’Mahony, Three Murders in Dublin Castle (pamphlet, Dublin, 2000).
101 Richard Mulcahy, Bé aslaí Notes, vol. 2, p. 51.
102 Gleeson, Bloody Sunday, p. 181.
103 Ibid., p. 191.
104 Michael Foley, The Bloodied Field (Dublin, 2014), is the best and most comprehensive account of all the events at Croke Park that afternoon. See also D. Leeson, ‘Death in the afternoon: the Croke Park massacre, 21 November 1920’, Canadian Journal of History (April 2003).
105 Carey and de Burca, ‘Bloody Sunday 1920: new evidence’.
106 Mark Duncan, Mike Cronin and Paul Rouse, The GAA: A People’s History (Cork, 2009), p. 154.
107 Oscar Traynor, Witness Statement 340.
108 Frank Thornton, Witness Statement 510.
109 Maura R. Cremin, ‘Fighting on their own terms: the tactics of the Irish Republican Army, 1919–1921’, Small Wars and Insurgencies, vol. 26, no. 6 (2015).
110 Charles Townshend, ‘The Irish Republican Army and the development of guerrilla warfare, 1916–1921’, English Historical Review, vol. 94, no. 371 (1979).
111 Frank Thornton, Witness Statement 615.
112 Vincent Byrne, Witness Statement 423.
113 See Peter Hart (ed. ), British Intelligence in Ireland, 1920–21: The Final Reports (Cork, 2002); D. Kostal, ‘British Intelligence in Ireland 1919–1921: integration of law enforcement and military intelligence to support force protection’, unpublished MS dissertation, US Joint Military Intelligence College, Bethesda, MD (2004).
114 John McGuigan, ‘Michael Collins on file? ’, History Ireland, vol. 19, no. 4 (2011).
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115 Eunan O’Halpin, ‘Collins and intelligence, 1919–1923’, in Gabriel Doherty and Dermot Keogh (eds), Michael Collins and the Making of the Irish Free State (Cork, 1998), p. 71.
116 Hart, British Intelligence in Ireland, 1920–1921, p. 11.
117 Peter Hart, The IRA and its Enemies: Violence and Community in Cork, 1916–1923
(Oxford, 1998), pp 293–315. See Chapter 6, notes 38 and 130.
118 B. H. Liddell Hart, ‘Foreword’, in Mao Tse-Tung and Che Guevara, Guerrilla Warfare
(London, 1969), p. xv.
119 Townshend, ‘The Irish Republican Army and the development of guerrilla warfare’.
120 ‘Report on the Intelligence Branch of the Chief of Police from May 1920 to July 1921’, Col. Ormonde de l’Epee Winter, PRO WO 35/214, p. 13.
121 Ibid.
122 Tim Pat Coogan, Michael Collins, the Man Who Made Ireland (London, 1992), pp xi– xii.
123 Peter Gudgin, Military Intelligence: The British Story (London, 1989), p. 52.
124 Townshend, ‘The Irish Republican Army and the development of guerrilla warfare’.
125 O’Halpin, ‘Collins and intelligence 1919–1923’.
126 Hart, British Intelligence in Ireland, 1920–1921, p. 13.
127 Max Boot, ‘Kick the bully: Michael Collins launches the War of Independence’, http: //www. historynet. com/kick-the-bully-michael-collins-launches-the-1921- irish-rebellion. htm.
6. Terror—propaganda by the deed
Careful application of terrorism is also an excellent form of total communication.
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