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Problems of water pollution. Basic sources of pollution of reservoirs. ecologic and hygienic consequences pollution of reservoirs
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PROBLEMS OF WATER POLLUTION
Basic sources of pollution of reservoirs.
1) Natural - flooding, ice drifts, rotting biote, " flowering of water ", seasonal fluctuations number and dying off hydrobionts, etc.
2) Anthropogenous: household sewage, Industrial sewage, Agricultural drains, Stopping drain of the rivers - dams, water basins, A sailing charter, port works, Dump waste products in reservoirs, The atomic power station and military nuclear ranges, Recreational loading on reservoirs.
Ecologic and hygienic consequences pollution of reservoirs
1) Hygienic negative consequences:
- Restriction or full liquidation water use for the population
- Violations health of the population (water epidemics, the sharp and chronic poisonings, the remote effects),
- Deterioration sanitary conditions of life of the population, restriction development settlements,
- Accumulation dangerous levels toxicants and microbes in fish products,
- Pollution of contact environments - air, ground, underground waters
2) Ecological negative consequences:
- Convertible and irreversible changes hydroecosystems,
- Decrease efficiency and a biomass hydroecosystems,
- Loss rare and valuable kinds hydrobionts,
- Succession hydroecosystems.
BASIC DIRECTIONS PROTECTION WATER RESERVOIRS FROM POLLUTION
1. Administrative - legislative measures (laws, Sanitary Standarts).
2. Hygienic measures:
2. 1 Preventive sanitary control
а) Examination projects industrial etc. objects, clearing constructions on observance MPD (maximum-permissible dumps) in reservoirs
b) Reglamentation harmful substances in water by investigation 3 signs of harmful action: organoleptic, general sanitary and toxicologic (see 1 part of textbook).
2. 2 Current sanitary control - the control contents harmful substances and microbes in water of reservoirs, the control efficiency clearing and disinfecting water, the control water supply system and observance norms of water consumption.
3. Architectural - planning measures - zones sanitary protection of water sources
4. Medical monitoring - studying state of health of the population, depending from quality of water of reservoirs.
5. Ecological monitoring - researching influence of pollution on hydroecosystems and separate hydrobionts. Bioindication, biotesting.
6. Technological measures - the closed technology, decrease industrial water consumption, change technology for decrease toxicants in drains, clearing constructions on clearing and disinfecting sewage etc.
THEME № 15. HYGIENIC VALUE OF GROUND.
HYGIENE OCCUPIED PLACES.
HYGIENIC DEMANDS TO LIVING ROOMS.
CLEARING OCCUPIED PLACES FROM WASTE PRODUCTS.
Hygienic value of ground
Ground - one of the important objects of environment where there are processes of auto purification, in ground can collect many chemical and microbe pollutants, acting then in foodstuffs, atmospheric air, superficial and underground waters.
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Basic hygienic parameters of ground:
1) Porosity - than is more - that is less filtered waters and it is late in ground - marshy ground - is adverse for the person
2) Air permeability - is connected to porosity of ground - the more - the more acts oxygen and there are more biochemical processes of auto purification
3) Water penetration = filtration ability - at sufficient values ground dry, is stocks of subsoil waters
4) Capillarity - than more fine-grained ground - that subsoil waters rise highly.
Structure of ground.
The ground consists from mineral, organic, mineral-organic complexes, soil solutions, air and soil microflora. It is the important parameters for hygienic estimation of ground - it changes can testify to pollution of ground.
In ground constantly go 2 processes:
а) Disintegration organic substances up to inorganic - nitrification
b) Synthesis new organic substances - gumus - gumification.
Sharp infringements of ratio of these processes speak about pollution.
The soil microflora is characteristic for each kind of ground and is a basis of processes of autopurification of ground. It is estimated on total microbe number (TMN) and amount of the basic groups of microbes.
HYGIENIC VALUE GROUND:
1) Endemic value – it is environment of formation natural and technogenic biogeochemical provinces with the abnormal contents mineral substances that through food stuffs and water can result to endemic (characteristic for the given district) diseases of the person. The majority of such diseases concern to microelementhosis (classification, representatives - see theme on mineral substances).
To artificial biogeochemical provinces now carry accumulation in ground pesticides, heavy metals, etc. There are data about relation of state of health of the population in these territories with level accumulation some toxicants in ground.
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