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Methods clearing household sewage.
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Methods clearing household sewage.
1) Mechanical or initial – clearing sewage of floating impurity and suspensions by upholding and filtration,
2) Biological or secondary - clearing of the dissolved organic substances due to processes of biological autopurification,
3) Tertiary - clearing high degree from pathogenic microflora or toxic substances.
Clearing methods share on:
1) Natural (soil methods, biological ponds)
2) Artificial (sediment bowls, biofilters, disinfecting)
Natural methods:
Soil methods of sewage clearing.
Fields of irrigation. The sewage moves on fields with agricultural plants (move in ditches between plants). Waters pass filtration through ground, there are processes of auto purification due to soil microflora and the filtrate becomes clean enough.
Fields of filtration. It is the ground areas without plants. The separate sites of such fields limited to earthen shaft 1 m, irrigate sewage by flooding, then they " have a rest" 1 year, and then are again used.
Biological ponds. Special ponds with development hydrobionts, plants, saprophyt microbes are used, which provide processes biological auto purification of sewage. The sewage in process of clearing in 3-7 days is passed through such ponds. In the beginning go anaerobe ponds, then - facultative and oxidizing ponds.
Artificial methods sewage clearing.
1. Mechanical clearing. It will be carried out with the help of lattices, and initial sediment bowls. At the big clearing stations silts neutralize in the closed tanks - metatenks.
2. Biological clearing. Biological decomposition organic substances will be carried out in biooxidizers, where there are processes of auto purification as in biological ponds, but is much faster. For this purpose use biological filters (filters with a film of microorganisms) and aerotenks (bring active silt, aerate and mix).
3. Disinfecting. In case use sewage after clearing for watering agricultural plants, at it dump in reservoirs of drinking and recreational purpose will carry out additional disinfecting (chlorination in dozes 5 - 50 mg / l within 1 hour).
4. Tertiary processing. In case use the cleared sewage in the industry, for drink cattle, updating in stocks of underground waters use complex and expensive methods of full clearing - coagulation, adsorption, removal of foam, ionic exchange, deep disinfecting etc.
Clearing sewage from medical establishments.
Sewage of infectious, tuberculosis and some other branches before dump in the city water drain pass additional disinfecting by chlorination.
Sewage from radiological branches collect in special sediment bowls before decrease of radio-activity to allowable levels, and then act in townspeople's system of the water drain.
Final Lesson on Municipal hygiene
(Module Control N 2)
Control questions
1. Concept “Municipal Hygiene”, it main divisions and it tasks.
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2. Concept about climate and microclimate. Climate-forming factors. Factors of microclimate.
3. Influence factors of microclimate on the thermoregulation system of person.
4. Influence climatic factors on the organism. Problems of acclimatization.
5. Methods of measurement factors of microclimate, devices, specifications for various premises (rooms) and it substantiation.
6. Kinds of infringement thermoregulation of the person in conditions of a hot climate, it mechanisms and prevention.
7. Methods of a complex estimation of microclimate and it application. Norms of parameters and ways of definition.
8. Basic weather-forming factors and it influence on the person. Medical estimation and classifications of weather.
9. Heliometheotropic reactions of the man, it display. Diseases accompanying by such reactions. Prevention such reactions.
10. Structure of atmospheric air, action of its components on the person.
11. Pathogenesis, clinic and prevention of the mountain (high-altitude) and kesson (decompression) illness.
12. Contents CO 2 in atmosphere, its dynamic and reasons. Action on the man various concentration CO 2. MPC in air of premises (rooms) and its substantiation.
13. Basic sources and factors of pollution of an atmosphere, ways it self-purification.
14. Factors influencing at level of pollution in concrete region. Kinds of air-clearing structures.
15. Direct and indirect negative influence of atmospheric pollution on health of the people and condition of their life, its versions and examples.
16. Protection of atmosphere from anthropogenous pollution: the basic directions and examples. Standartization harmful substances in atmospheric air.
17. Importance of solar radiation. The reasons, display and prevention solar starvation.
18. Biological effects of ultra-violet irradiation, its mechanism. Concept about a biodoze of ultra-violet irradiation, method of definition.
19. Structure of solar light at a surface of the Earth. Action components of solar light on the person.
20. The hygienic requirements to natural illumination in inhabited, educational and hospital premises (rooms), its indicators, methods of estimation and specifications.
21. The hygienic requirements to artificial illumination, kinds and systems of such illumination, methods of estimation and specifications in various premises (rooms).
22. The hygienic characteristic of sources of water supply. Zones of sanitary protection water sourses and it purpose.
23. Main kinds of water using, hygienic requirements to quality of water, structure of waterpipe.
24. The hygienic requirements to quality of drinking water. Organoleptic parameters of drinking water, it importance, methods of definition and norms.
25. The hygienic requirements to chemical structure of water, diseases caused by its changes, it reasons, displays and prevention.
26. Epidemical importance of water, attributes of water epidemics, parameters epidemical safety of water.
27. The methods of improvement quality of water. Methods of clearing water, control it efficiency.
28. The methods of disinfection water, it hygienic estimation and control it efficiency.
29. The chemical methods of disinfection water, it hygienic estimation and control it efficiency.
30. Chlorination water, its kinds, scheme, parameters of efficiency, lacks of this method disinfection water.
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31. The basic sources and factors of pollution of reservoirs, ways self-purification of reservoirs.
32. Protection reservoirs from anthropogenous pollution. Hygienic standartization pollutants in water.
33. Hygienic importance of ground, its basic parameters. Basic pollutants and ways self-purification of ground.
34. Endemical importance of ground: endemic diseases – reasons, display, prevention.
35. The attributes of harm at standartization harmful substances in ground. Protection ground from anthropogenous pollution.
36. Urbanization and its hygienic estimation. The modern town-forming factors and it importance for development of cities.
37. Hygienic estimation systems of building cities and inhabited quarters. Functional zones in cities.
38. The hygienic requirements to inhabited rooms (microclimate, ventilation, illumination).
39. The methods of clearing of the occupied places from firm waste. Methods of destruction firm household and industrial wastes.
40. Methods of clearing of waste water. Natural and artificial methods of clearing waste waters.
Examples of licension tests
1. Researches of water, which is selected from mine well, are carried out. It fixed: transparence - 18 sm, color - 15 °, smell - 3 points, rigidity - 12 mg/equivalent, oxidability - 4 mg/l, the contents of nitrogen - 0, 2 mg/l, Sodium of nitritums nitrogen - 0, 05 mg/l, Sodium of chlorids - 80 mg/l, coli-titer - 80, coli-index - 12. Prove a hygienic conclusion concerning quality of drinking water.
A. Water does not answer hygienic requirements, carrying out of its harmless is necessary
B. Water answers hygienic requirements
C. Water does not answer hygienic requirements, carrying out of its clearing is necessary
D. *Water does not answer hygienic requirements, carrying out of its disinfection is necessary
E. Water does not answer hygienic requirements, carrying out of its deactivation is necessary
2. Before release in a sewer network of city sewage of infectious hospital are cleared and disinfected on local constructions into which complex devices enter: a lattice, airotanke, a secondary sediment bowl, the contact tank, dehelmintizator. In what from the resulted devices there is a biological clarification of sewage?
A. Dehelmintizator B. In a secondary sediment bowl C. In the contact tank D. A lattice
E. *Airtannk
3. At inhabitants of settlement A., posed in 3 climatic girdle, are mass defeat by fluorosis of teeth. At what concentration of F-ion in drinking water the defeat by fluorosis can be observed?
A. 0, 7 B. *1, 5 C. 1, 0 D. 0, 3 E. 0, 1
4. Diseases of children by a methemoglobinemia are registered in the house of the baby. By inspection was fixed, those children’s alimentary admixtures diluted of drinking water. What surplus of chemical substance in drinking water can be causing this disease?
A. Chlorides B. Sulfates C. *Nitrates D. Lead E. Hydrargyrum
5. At the hygienic estimation of conditions of sewage dump in a reservoir of 1-st category of water use has been determined, that conditions of dump do not correspond to hygienic requirements on biological consumption of oxygenium (BCO). What standard of BCO of quality of water of a reservoir was used in that case?
A. *No more than 3 mg of О2/dm3
B. No more than 2 mg of О2/dm3
C. No more than 4 mg of О2/dm3
D. No more than 5 mg of О2/dm3
E. No more than 6 mg of О2/dm3
6. The epidemic of typhoid of a water origin is registered in settlement NN. What from the listed attributes is not characteristic for given epidemic?
A. An epidemic tail (loop)
B. Sharp rise of curve disease
C. *Three - phase character of curve disease
D. Falling a level of disease after liquidation of failure on a waterpipe
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E. The contingent of the fallen ill population lives in one microdistrict
7. The man, 28 years, the inhabitant of Kiev, has the diagnosis “Chronic gastritis with reduced of secretory and acidgenesis function of a stomach with often aggravations, the phase of remission”. He receives necessary therapy at aggravations, adheres to a diet. Offer the most expedient gastroenterological sanatorium with mineral waters.
A. Sanatorium to Mirgorod
B. * Sanatorium in Essentuky
C. Sanatorium in Druskeeninkai (Baltic)
D. Sanatorium in Staraya Russa
E. All listed sanatoria
8. During the laboratory analysis of potable water from an artesian borehole it is established, that the transparency makes 50 sm; chromaticity - 200; turbidity - 0, 5 mg/l; smell and smack - 1 point; general hardness - 12, 5 mg/l; fluorine - 1, 5 mg/l; oxidability - 0, 7 mg/l; coli-titer -500 mg/l; coli-index - 2; microbic number - 10. What method of clarification listed is necessary for carrying out for improvement of quality of potable water?
A. Disinfecting B. Deodorization C. Disfluorisation D. *Softeining
E. Clarification
9. The settlement receives potable water from an artesian chink. Water has passed a full work cycle of water-preparation. Results of the analysis of potable water: the Transparency - 30 sm, Chromaticity - 20, Smell - 1 point, dry rest 1000 mg/dm3 , dense rest - 5, 5 mg/dm3, nitrates - 20 mg/dm3, fluorine - 4, 0 mg/dm3, coli-titer - 300 ml, microbic number - 100. The level of desease of what pathology will be influenced with the use of this water?
A. Urolithic illness B. *Fluorosis C. Chronic gastritis D. Water-nitrogen mеthemoglobinemia
E. Lacking iron an anemia
10. The researches of quality of potable water in city A. carried out. Determine that organoleptical parameters are lower than properties of water, rigidity - does not exceed, and nitrates and coli - titer are higher than the specified sizes in State standart «Water drinking». At the use of the specified water can be:
A. Urolithiasis B. Infectious disease of intestinal group C. Cholelithic illness
D. *Меthemoglobinemia E. It is unpleasant to drink
11. In hospital ward by the size 5 х 3, 5 m2 are two windows. The aeration of ward is carried out by reusable opening window leaves within day. Definition of the contents of carbon dioxyde carried out by the passing container with air through absorber Petry with an alkaline solution. Name allowable contents of carbonei dioxydum in air of ward (in %).
A. 0, 04 B. *0, 1 C. 0, 01 D. 0, 15 E. 0, 20
12. At definition of influence of quality of atmospheric air on health of the population take into account a degree of danger of impurity of atmospheric air. At what degree of danger of pollution of atmospheric air it is possible to expect increase of frequency of specific and nonspecific desease, cases of a sharp poisoning, increase of death rate?
A. Poorly dangerous B. Moderately dangerous C. Dangerous D. *Very dangerous
E. Rather dangerous
13. For a disinfection of air in operational it is planned to use a source of ultra-violet radiation. At carrying out of calculations with the purpose of established a necessary regimen of irradiation 5 regimens has been tested. An estimation of efficiency of disinfection of air has been carried out with the help of device Krotova. Efficiency of sanitation (in %) is designed. Specify an optimum dose.
A. 55 % B. 85 % C. 75 % D. 65 % E. *95 %
14. At laboratory research of air of settlement of M it fixed, that concentration of some chemical substances exceed maximum permissible concentration in 5 times. What changes are expected in a state of health of the population?
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A. Changes on some functional parameters
B. Body height of a specific and not specific case rate
C. * Expressed physiological infringements
D. Acute poisonings
E. Lethal poisonings
15. At laboratory research of the air environment quality of ward it has been established in the summer, that bacterial contamination - 4 cells / m3, hemolytics streptococcus - 25 colony formation unit per 1 m3, the contents of carbon dioxid - 0, 1 %. Estimate a degree of cleanliness of air.
A. Very clean B. Clean C. Polluted D. *Satisfactory clean E. Very much polluted
16. Patient with thyreotoxicisis is in the 2 beds hospital ward of therapeutic department. The area of the ward is 18 m2, height 3 m, ventilation rate 2, 5 /hr. Air temperature - 20оС, relative humidity 45\%, air movement velocity 0, 3 m/s, light coefficient 1/5, noise level 30 dB. Do hygienic assessment of the conditions
A*discomfortable microclimate B. non-effective ventilation C. poor lighting
D. high level of noise E. all conditions are OK
17. Under orders of the doctor the medical sister has carried out gaugings which are necessary for an estimation of microclimatic conditions of chamber of therapeutic branch. Results of gaugings: the average temperature of air makes 20°С, rate of movement of air - 0, 02 km/s, relative humidity of air - 58 %. State a hygienic estimation of a microclimate of chamber.
A. A microclimate discomfortable heating type
B. A microclimate discomfortable cooling type
C. *Microclimate comfortable
D. A microclimate discomfortable with the increased humidity of air
E. A microclimate discomfortable with the increased rate of air
18. In branches of an infectious hospital the tool control over an overall performance of ventilating system and keeping of optimum parameters of a microclimate is planned. Devices are prepared for this: device of Krotov, aneamometr in wings form, a thermograph, a catathermometer, aspirational psychrometr of Assman. What listed devices are intended for gauging speed of air movements in hospital premises?
A. Aspirational psychrometr of Assman B. Anemometr in wings form
C. *Catathermometer D. Device of Krotov E. Thermograph
19. The doctor - cardiologist of Chernigov city has received the urgent report of a bureau of weather: " Owing to chromospheric flash on the Sun it is possible to expect the big magnetic storm". Give the recommendation about changes in the plan of treatment of patients with chronic ischemic illness of heart in a hospital.
A. To continue the treatment appointed before
B. To appoint hypotensive preparations
C. To appoint a confinement to bed
D. * To strengthen of spasmolytic and anticoagulant therapy
E. To cancel the serious medical - diagnostic procedures appointed on the eve
20. In a class room in the sizes 6 х 10 m2 fixed 6 light points, equipped by filament lamps capacity 150 Watt everyone. Illuminating intensity on workplaces changes in borders 70-80 lk. State a hygienic estimation to artificial illumination of a class.
A. Artificial illumination of a class uniform and sufficient: illuminating intensity on workplaces low
B. Artificial illumination of a class uniform: illuminating intensity on workplaces low
C. Artificial illumination of a class non-uniform, but sufficient: illuminating intensity on workplaces sufficient
D. Artificial illumination of a class uniform and sufficient: illuminating intensity on workplaces sufficient
E. *Artificial illumination of a class non-uniform and insufficient: illuminating intensity on workplaces low
Situational tasks.
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