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2. Найдите английские словосочетания в тексте (1-9).
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2)____________________
Modern international law developed alongside the emergence and growth of the European nation-states beginning in the early 16th century. Other factors that influenced the development of international law included ( 4 ) the revival of legal studies, the growth of international trade, and the practice of exchanging emissaries and establishing legations. The sources of International law are set out in Article 38-1 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice within the UN Charter.
3)___________________
European Union Law - a sub-discipline of international law known as " supranational law" in which the rights of sovereign nations ( 5 )are limited in relation to one another. Also referred to as the Law of the European Union or Community Law, it is ( 6 ) the unique and complex legal system that operates in tandem with the laws of the 27 member states of the European Union (EU). Similar to federal states, the EU legal system ensures compliance from the member states ( 7 ) because of the Union's decentralized political nature.
4)_____________________
The European Court of Justice (ECJ), established in 1952 by the Treaty of Paris, has been largely responsible for the development of EU law. Fundamental principles of European Union law include: subsidiary - the notion that issues be handled by the smallest, lowest, or least centralized competent authority; proportionality - the EU may only act to the extent needed to achieve its objectives; conferral - the EU is a union of member states, and all its authorities are voluntarily granted by its members; legal certainty - requires that legal rules be clear and precise; and precautionary principle - a moral and political principle stating that if an action or policy might ( 8 )cause severe or irreversible harm to the public or to the environment, in the absence of a scientific consensus that harm would not ensue, ( 9 ) the burden of proof falls on those who would advocate taking the action.
2. Найдите английские словосочетания в тексте (1-9).
a) нанести серьезный и непоправимый вред
в) уникальная и сложная правовая система
с) ограничены в отношениях друг с другом
d) включало возобновление правовых исследования
e) связаны региональными соглашениями
f) благодаря децентрализованному политическому характеру
g) бремя доказывания возлагается на тех, кто
h) законы неприменимы, когда они противоречат наднациональному праву
i) управляет правилами, принятыми в качестве обязательных к исполнению государствами
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в отношении друг друга
3. Соотнесите русские эквиваленты из правой колонки с английскими словосочетаниями из текста в левой колонке.
a) primarily concerns 1) понятие
b) international entity 2) действует совместно
c) supranational law 3) в первую очередь касается
d) developed alongside 4) наднациональное право
e) international trade 5) международная торговля
f) operates in tandem 6) субъект международного права
g) subsidiary 7) добровольный
h) notion 8) правовая достоверность
i) conferral 9) предупредительный принцип
j) legal certainty 10) второстепенный, вспомогательный
k) precautionary principle 11) развивалось параллельно
4. Найдите в тексте и объясните, что значат цифры, приведенные ниже.
5. Переведите устно или письменно текст о международном праве, используя лексику предыдущих упражнений.
6. Работа в парах. Обсудите текст с коллегой по группе, используя следующие вопросы в качестве ключевых.
1. Is International law a comparatively new legal system?
2. What are disciplines of international law?
3. What do public, private and supranational law deal with?
4. What are the main factors which influenced the development of international law?
5. Why the European Union Law is called unique and complex?
6. What are fundamental principles of European Union law?
7. Работа в парах или небольших группах. Прочитайте текст и выскажите свое мнение по следующим вопросам.
TEXT 12
1) What do you think about the necessity of comparative law existence?
2) Do you agree that the law needs to be uniformed?
3) Сan you imagine the possibility of creation of the unique world law system?
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COMPARATIVE LAW
This law is newly made one and studies differences and similarities between different jurisdictions, including civil-law systems, common-law systems and religious (or theological) legal systems.
Comparative law has become of increasing practical importance for two reasons. First, the globalization of world trade means that commercial lawyers are often required to work with colleagues and clients from unfamiliar jurisdictions. The second reason is the increasing harmonization (or unification) of laws between previously separate jurisdictions, as with the European Union and the Union of South American Nations.
This kind of law is closely related to private international law and the harmonization of law. Private international law concerns the applicability of laws in situations involving other jurisdictions. Harmonization of law developed out of a need to simplify these rules, both at a national level and between sovereign states.
One more aspect of comparative law is the idea of uniform law. There are two main sources of international uniform law: The Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCC) and the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT). The Hague Conference, a global intergovernmental organization with over 60 member states, is the leading organization in the area of private international law. An increasing number of non-member states are also becoming parties to the Hague conventions. The statutory mission of the HCC is to work for the progressive unification of private international law in a wide range of areas, from commercial law to international civil procedure and from child protection to matters of marriage and personal status.
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