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Unit 8. Strip foundations.
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Vocabulary.
Pier – опора
Artificial – искусственный
Rocks – камни, порода
Negligible – несущественный
Compaction – уплотнение
Bed - основание
The foundation of a building is that part of walls, piers and columns in direct contact with and transmitting loads to the ground. The building foundation is sometimes referred to as the artificial, and the ground on which it bears as the natural foundation. Ground is the general term for the earth’s surface, which varies in composition within the two main groups, rocks and soils. Rocks include hard, strongly cemented deposits such as granite and soil; the loose, uncemented deposits such as clay. Rocks suffer negligible compression and soils measurable compression under the load of buildings.
The size and depth of a foundation is determined by the structure and size of the building it supports and the nature and bearing capacity of the ground supporting it.
Strip foundations consist of a continuous strip, usually of concrete, formed centrally under load bearing walls. This continuous strip serves as a level base on which the wall is built and is of such a width as is necessary to spread the load on the foundations to an area of subsoil capable of supporting the load without undue compaction. Concrete is the material principally used today for foundations as it can readily be placed, spread and leveled in foundation trenches, to provide a base for walls, and it develops adequate compressive strength as it hardens to support the load on foundations. Before Portland cement was manufactured, strip foundations of brick were common, the brick foundation being built directly off firm subsoil or built on a bed of natural stones.
The width of a concrete strip foundation depends on the bearing capacity of the subsoil and the load on the foundations. The greater the bearing capacity of the subsoil, the less the width of the foundation for the same load.
Answer the questions:
1. What is meant by “artificial foundation” and “natural foundation”?
2. What do the size and depth of a foundation depend on?
3. What function does a continuous strip of a foundation perform?
4. What building material is used for foundations and why?
5. What is the width of a foundation determined by?
Exercises:
1)Decide whether the following statements are true or false:
1. Soils suffer negligible compression under the loads of building.
2. The structure and size of the building determine the depth of the foundation.
3. A continuous strip is usually made of brick.
4. Strip foundations of brick used to be built on a bed of natural stones.
5. The width of the foundation depends on the size of a building.
2) Match the combinations from the left with their Russian equivalents:
| 6. Strip foundation 7. Bearing capacity 8. Compressive strength 9. Foundation trench 10. Uncemented deposit | f) Несущая способность g) Траншея под фундамент h) Сыпучий слой i) Ленточный фундамент j) Прочность при сжатии |
3) Guess the word by its definition:
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1. Small blocks of clay used in building
2. A weight or source of pressure borne by someone or something
3. An artificial building material made by mixing cement and various aggregates
4. A solid support designed to sustain vertical pressure
5. The stratum of earth or earthy material directly under the surface
4) Open the brackets and put the verbs in a correct form:
1. The foundation of a building (transmit) loads to the ground.
2. The ground sometimes (call) the natural foundation.
3. The bearing capacity of the ground (determine) the size and depth of a foundation.
4. Brick foundations (use) before the invention of concrete.
5. The brick foundation (build) directly off firm subsoil.
References:http://civilconstructiontips.blogspot.ru/2011/06/foundation-construction-strip.html
English in Computer-aided Design.
Unit 1. The digital age.
Vocabulary.
Perform operations – проводить операции
Pay bills – оплачивать счета
Do research- исследовать
Enroll courses – записываться на курсы, кружки
Сomplete tasks – выполнять задания
Fuel consumption – потребление топлива
Databases – базы данных
Nowadays it’s almost impossible to imagine our life without the computers. Computers help people to perform operations, communicate with other people, pay bills, access the net.
Students can also do research, give presentations, enroll for courses, complete tasks online. Computers help students to perform mathematical operations, teach science, history or language courses. A school website allows teachers to publish exercises for students or get marks and give homework on net school. You can also watch movies and TV, download your favourite music and films.
In banks computers store information about the money, customers, transactions. The bank staff can access large databases and to carry out financial transactions. They also control the cash points which dispense money.
Airline pilots use computers to help them control the plane. For example, monitors display data about fuel consumption and weather conditions. Travel agents use PCs to find out information about flights, prices, times and many other details.
Mobiles also let you make voice calls, send texts, email people and download logos, ring tones or games.
Computers have become a very important part of our everyday life and young people who have grown up with PCs and mobile phones are often called the digital generation. Computers have changed the way we live, work, play and communicate. Today it’s almost impossible to imagine life without the magic of computers.
Answer the questions according to the text:
1) How are computers used in our life?
2) How do you think computers will be used in the future?
3) What does it mean “digital generation”?
4) How do you use the computer at home? at university?
5) What else do you usually do with your mobile phone?
Exercises:
1) Match the English and Russian equivalents. Make up the sentences with these words and word combinations:
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| 1. to speed up 2.to allow 3.to enter 4. to grow up 5. to pay for 6. to communicate with 7.to improve 8.cashpoint = ATM 9.transactions 10.to carry out 11. instead of | a. улучшить b.общаться с c.платить за d.позволить e.вырастать f. проводить, осуществлять g. банкоматы h. вместо i.банковские операции j.поступать, входить k.общаться |
2) Match the verbs with the nouns to make collocations:
| to perform to access to give to do to keep to complete to store to pay to transfer to display consumption | research information online money research data bills the Net operations goods records |
3) Use collocations and complete the sentences:
a) In many universities students …………..with Power Point to make their talks more attractive, to brighten them up.
b) Online banking allow you…… and ……….when it’s comfortable for you.
c) Now it’s very easy to ………………from cafes, hotels, subway and other public places thanks to Wi-Fi.
d) In bank system computers let……………very quickly and ………….about every client.
e) Teachers give students tasks to…………………………….and also they……………………with the help of computers.
4) Find the examples of Present Perfect in the text. Open the brackets and put the verbs in the right tense:
a) The prices on consumption goods (выросли) recently.
b) My cousin (оплатил) the meal today.
c) Yesterday the bank (осуществил) all transactions.
d) My parents (перевели деньги) last month.
e) Your English (улучшился) very quickly.
f) His son (поступил) the university last year.
REFERENCES: Adapted from Infotech “English for computer users” by Santiago Remacha Esteras., p.2.
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