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Read text D, using the dictionary and entitle it. What interesting method of triatment is discribed here?
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CLASS ASSIGNMENTS
XV. Form and translate Pasf Participle of the following words:
leave, feel, think, become, lose, complete, require, achieve
XVI. Translate the following:
врач, обследующий больного; больной, обследуемый в рентгеновском кабинете; студент, встречающий своих друзей; студент, встреченный своими друзьями; хрящ, соединяющий плечо и предплечье; хрящ, соединенный с плечевым суставом
XVII. Translate these sentences:
1. The skeleton is composed of bones. 2. The spinal column is formed by the vertebrae. 3. The cervical part of the spine is composed of seven cervical vertebrae.
XVIII. Make these sentences interrogative:
1. The upper extremity is connected with the trunk by the shoulder girdle. 2. The lectures in Physiology are attended by all the students. 3. On each side of the chest the breastbone is connected with seven ribs.
XIX. Put the verbs in Present Indefinite Passive:
1. Seven cervical vertebrae compose the cervical part of the spine. 2. Cranial and facial bones form the skull. 3. The pelvis connects the lower extremity with the trunk.
XX. Translate the sentences paying attention to the translation of the word if:
1. He wants to know if the skeleton is composed of over 200 bones. 2. My fellow-student asks me if each rib is composed of a head, neck and body. 3.1 do not remember if the ribs are connected with the breastbone by cartilages or by ligaments.
XXI. Ask each other questions and answer them:
Ask your friend if
1. cartilages connect the joints; 2. the chest is composed of the breastbone and 24 ribs; 3. the man has two lower extremities; 4. the upper extremity is formed by the arm, forearm, and hand; 5. the spinal column is composed of the vertebrae; 6. the skull is composed of facial and cranial parts.
XXII. Translate into English:
1. Мой друг принимает активное участие в научном кружке по химии. 2. С каждой стороны грудной клетки имеется семь ребер. 3. Из чего состоят ваши занятия в институте? 4. Нижняя конечность составлена из бедра, голени и стопы. 5. Сердце нахоится в левой стороне грудной клетки. 6. Кости черепа соединяются с шейными позвонками. 7. У взрослых кости конечностей длиннее, чем у детей.
XXIII. Translate these sentences and memorize the words given in bold type:
1. One of the books by Tolstoy is called Anna Karenina. 3. We see with our eyes. 3. The brain is the organ of thinking. 4. The brain is in the cranial cavity. 5. The teeth ere in the oral cavity. 6. The Urals separate Europe from Asia.
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XXIIV. 1. Read Text B. Entitle it. 2. Find and translate the sentences in Present Indefinite Passive. 3. Ask each other questions on the text and answer them:
Text В
The main part of the head and face is called the skull. The skull is composed of twenty-six bones. These bones form two basic parts of the skull, that is facial and cranial parts.
The bones of the skull are connected with the first cervical vertebra. The bones of the skull are connected together so firmly [ fa:mli] (крепко) that it is very difficult to separate them.
The bones of the skull form one large cavity and some smaller cavities. The large cavity is called the cranial cavity. The brain is in the cranial cavity. One of the smaller cavities is the cavity of the nose. The other two cavities are the orbits. The eyeballs are in the orbits.
Notes:
1. cranial cavity — мозговая полость.
LESSON 10
HOME ASSIGNMENTS
I. Выпишите в две колонки существительные и прилагательные, подчеркните суффиксы:
facial, scientific, spinal, formation, pelvig, connection, basic, special, composition, experimental, anatomical, sacral
II. Сгруппируйте слова, обозначающие части скелета (письменно):
1. череп, 2. туловище, 3. конечности
skull, lower extremity, orbit, upper extremity, thigh, leg, shoulder, pelvis, spinal column, hand, rib, forearm, cervical vertebrae, foot, chest, arm
III. Найдите ниже перевод каждого английского слова:
to call, brain, eyeball, nose, cavity, to compose, to consist of, joint, on each side, trunk, neck, breastbone, to separate
составлять, глазное яблоко, разделять, мозг, шея, называть, туловище, нос, грудина, полость, состоять из, с каждой стороны, сустав
IV. Вставьте пропущенные слова:
1. The... is the largest and longest bone in the trunk. 2. The skeleton of the head is called the.... 3. In the Anatomy class medical students study the bones of the.... 4. In the... the bones of the extremities are longer than in the child. 5. On each... of the chest there are seven... which are connected with the....
V. Поставьте предложения в Past и затем Future Indefinite Passive (письменно):
1. This textbook is composed for practical classes in Anatomy. 2. These experiments are carried out by the members of our scientific society.
VI. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания:
age [eid3] п возраст; at the age of в возрасте; a man aged 30 мужчина 30 лет
grow [grou] (grew, grown) v расти; становиться
rapid ['rsepid] а быстрый; частый; rapidly adv быстро
slow [slou] а медленный; slowly adv медленно
length [1ед6] n длина; длительность
number ['плтЬэ] n число, количество; номер; a number of ряд (некоторое количество)',
the number of число, количеств
research [ri's3:tj] п исследование, научное изыскание
use [ju:z] и употреблять, применять; [ju:s] п употребление, применение
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artificial [,a.'ti'fif3l] а искусственный
instead of [in'sted] adv вместо, взамен; instead of going (reading) вместо того, чтобы пойти (читать)
case [keis] п случай; in case of в случае; case history (report) история болезни
VII. Выучите следующие словосочетания, обращая внимание на предлоги:
at the age of, instead of, a number of, in case of in the boys (girls), to be about, the operation on smb (smth), in length.
VIII. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова и словосочетания:
1. age [eid3]: at the age of 20, at an early age, people of all ages, a patient aged 45;
2. grow [grou]: grew [gru:], grown [groun], to grow rapidly, to grow slowly;
3. length [leaf]: the necessary length, the length of the bone, to increase the length, to measure the length, the length of an extremity, three metres in length;
4. number ['плтЬэ]: a great number, a small number, the number of, to increase the number, the number of people, a number of people
IX. 1. Прочтите текст С. 2. Найдите в тексте: а) предложения, где говорится о росте позвоночника; б) о количестве позвонков и где дается характеристика некоторых из них:
Text С
Two students meet after classes. They want to prepare their homework in Anatomy.
A.: How do you do, Boris!
B.: How do you do, Alec!
A.: Are you free now?
B.: Yes, I am. Let us prepare our Anatomy lesson for tomorrow.
A.: Tomorrow we shall have the lesson on the bones.
B.: I do not know well the spinal column.
A.: I can help you if you like. Can you answer my questions?
B.: I am ready.
A.: So, at what age does the spine grow most rapidly?
B.: In the girls the spine grows most rapidly to the age of 15. In the boys it grows to the age of 19. After the age of 19 the spine grows very slowly. The length of the spinal column is about 40% of the body.
: That's all right. Now the second question. What do you know about the number of the vertebrae in the spine?
: The number of the vertebrae may be 32 or 34. Sometimes it may be 37. But I don't know why. Can you tell me?
A.: It is because the number of the sacral vertebrae may be five and the number of the vertebrae which compose the coccyx may be from one to five.
B.: Thank you. Can you tell me which of the vertebrae have the form different from the others?
A.: They are the first and the second cervical vertebrae. The form of these two vertebrae is different because they take part in the flexible connection of the skull and the spine.
B.: Thank you. I think tomorrow I shall answer well.
CLASS ASSIGNMENTS IX. Read the words with the same root. State the part of speech and translate these words:
face—facial; slow—slowly; connect—connection; pelvis— pelvic; compose—composition; rapid—rapidly; base—basic
X. Put the proper numeral in the blanks:
1. There are vertebrae in the cervical part of the spine. 2. There are... vertebrae in the thoracic part of the spine. 3. There are... vertebrae in the lumbar part of the spine. 4. There are... vertebrae in the sacral part of the spine.
XI. Read the pairs of sentences. State the grammar difference between them:
1. The student is asked many questions at the lesson. The student asked many questions at the lesson.
2. Cranial and facial bones compose the skull.
The skull is composed of cranial and facial bones.
3. The joints connect some bones of the skeleton.
Some bones of the skeleton are connected by the joints.
XII. Answer the following questions:
1. Are you a research worker? What does a research worker do? 2. What do you use to write down the lectures? Do you use a pencil or a ball-pen? 3. What do you do in case of the grippe? Do you use any medicine in case of a bad headache? 4. Do Soviet doctors use artificial organs? What artificial organs are used in medicine? 5. What general subjects are medical students taught in their first year? 6. What lectures will be delivered next Monday? 7. What field of medicine will your future profession be connected with? 8. What medicine is often used in case of the grippe?
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XIII. Read and entitle Text D. What interesting method of treatment is described here?
Read text D, using the dictionary and entitle it. What interesting method of triatment is discribed here?
TextD
The patient had the disease of the coxofemoral (тазобедренный) joints, the biggest in the body.
The patient could not walk for six years. Doctor of Medicine Prof. K.M. Sivash, a research worker of one of Moscow Institutes, examined the patient. He wanted to use a new method of treatment.
Before the operation on the man Doctor Sivash carried out a great number of experiments on animals using artificial metal joints. During the operation Doctor Sivash used the artificial metal joints instead of the diseased coxofemoral joints of the patient. The operation was successful and soon the patient could walk.
In April 1972 Professor S.T. Zatsepin worked out the method of total hip prosthesis1 to replace2 the whole femoral bone with artificial coxofemoral and knee3 joints.
Such "total" hip prothesis was worked out together with Professor K.M. Sivash, who had used artificial joints connected by titanic nail4.
This total hip prothesis was successfully used on a patient with malignant tumour of the right femoral bone. During the operation 2/3 of the proximal part and the middle third of the femoral bone were excised5. The length of the excised bone was 22 cm. The postoperative course was smooth and the functional results were good.
* Now artificial metal joints are used in many cases of the diseases of different joints.
Notes:
1. total hip prosthesis ['prosBisis]— эндопротез (внутренний протез).
2. to replace — заменять, замешать
3. knee [ni:]— колено
4. titanic nail [tai'taenik]— титаиовы стержень
5. to excise [ek'saiz] — удалять, иссекать
XIV. Translate into English:
1. Вчера хирург сделал сложную (complex) операцию на сердце. 2. Завтра у нас будет лекция по физике вместо лекции по биологии. 3. В случае сердечного заболевания врач должен обследовать больного особенно внимательно. 4. Моя сестра закончила медицинский институт в возрасте 23 лет. 5. Ряд студентов нашей группы вступили в различные научные кружки. 6. Главная улица нашего города около восьми километров в длину.
LESSON 11
HOME ASSIGNMENTS
Запомните:
1. Буквосочетания oi, оу читаются [oi]: point [point] точка, место; boy [boi] мальчик.
2. Буквосочетание ou обычно читается [au]: sound [saund] звук, тон; amount [a'maunt] количество.
3. Буквосочетания au, aw читаются [э:]: cause [ko:z] причина; причинять, вызывать; nausea fnoisja] тошнота; law [1э:] закон.
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4. Суффикс -ive образует прилагательные от глаголов: connect соединять — connective соединительный.
I. Прочтите:
1. moist, poison, joint, voice, join, destroy, enjoy
2. found, out, about, round, mouth, count, loud
3. daughter, jaw, author, raw, autumn, auricle, auscultation, automatic, autopsy, gauze, nausea, pause, saw
П.* Прочтите и переведите:
attentive, constructive, collective, active, illustrative, relative, effective, decisive, protective
III. Напишите предложения в Past Indefinite Passive и переведите их:
1. Many scientific experiments will be carried out at our Institute laboratories. 2. His experimental work will be connected with the operations on joints. 3. The method of artificial metal joints will be used in many cases.
IV. Ответьте на следующие вопросы: (см. таблицу 21, стр. 293)
1. Какой формой глагола являются выделенные в таблице слова в английских предложениях? 2. На какие вопросы отвечают инфинитивы, и какими членами предложения они являются? 3. Как переводятся инфинитивы в каждом из этих предложений?
V. * Определите синтаксическую функцию инфинитива:
1. The doctor wanted to examine the patient in the morning. 2. To know Anatomy well is necessary for every surgeon. 3. Our students came to the Institute to listen to the lecture on bones. 4. My friend was the first to take the examination in Biology. 5. The surgeon will begin to operate on this patient at 10 o'clock.
VI. Прочтите предложения, определите время глагола и скажите формулу:
1. This book will be read with great interest by all of us. 2. The thoracic cavity was examined by X-rays. 3. Artificial joints were used by the surgeon. 4. The bones of the skull are connected together very firmly.
Vn. Обратите внимание на перевод сказуемого в дополнительных придаточных предложениях. Ответьте на вопросы:
My friend said that he lived Мой друг сказал, что он живет
in Lenin street, на улице Ленина.
1.* Совпадает ли время сказуемого в английском и русском главных предложениях? 2.* В каком времени стоит сказуемое в английском и русском дополнительных придаточных предложениях? 3. Следовательно, каким временем нужно переводить сказуемое дополнительного придаточного предложения, если сказуемое главного стоит в Past Indefinite? Какому правилу подчиняется употребление времен в придаточных дополнительных предложениях?
VIII. Переведите следующие предложения:
1. We learned that the lower extremity consisted of the thigh, leg, and foot. 2. The doctor saw that the patient's eyes were reddened (покрасневшие). 3. He knew that I studied at the Medical Institute.
IX. Запомните чтение следующих слов: universal [ ju:ni'v3:sal] универсальный, общий fiber ['faiba] волокно
cell [sel] клетка
agent feid33nt] агент; фактор; возбудитель
X. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания:
muscle ['nusl] п мышца; radiated muscle веерообразная мышца
establish [is'tseblij] v устанавливать
introduce [,intr3'dju:s] v вводить
change [tfeind3] v изменяться), менять(ся); n изменение
weight [weit] n вес
divide [di'vaid] v делить, разделять
wide [waid] а широкий
direction [di'rekfn] n направление; указание (на выполнение чего-л.) tissue ['tisju:] п ткань; connective tissue соединительная ткань vessel ['vesl] п сосуд blood [bLvd] п кровь
find [faind] (found, found) v находить; find out обнаруживать determine [di'ta:min] v определить, определять; устанавливать contraction [kan'trsekf n] n сокращение
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XI. Прочтите и переведите следующие: а) словосочетания:
1. the contraction of muscles; 2. the blood vessel wall; 3. the body weight; 4. connective tissue cells; 5. to deter mine the blood group; 6. a rapid change; 7. to divide into groups; according to the structure.
б) предложения с выделенными словами:
1. Please find the pulmonary artery in this picture. 2. The scientists found that blood had vitamins. 3.1. M. Sechenov is the founder of Russian physiology. 4. The first Russian uniwersity was founded by M. V. Lomonosov. 5. It was found out that when a person died his body continued to live for some time.
XII. 1. Прочтите текст £. 2. Напишите план текста. 3. Найдите: а) инфинитивы, определите их функции и переведите предложения;
б) предложения на правила согласования времен и переведите их: Text Е. The Lecture on Muscles
Yesterday the students of our group came to the Institute to listen to a lecture on muscles. The lecture was attended by all of us. The lecture was delivered by Prof. Smirnov. To listen to it was very interesting. Prof. Smirnov was the first to tell us about the anatomical terms.
The names of all the muscles in the body and all other anatomical terms were established at three Congresses in Basel ['ba:zal], Jena ['jema:] and Paris. In 1895 the Basel Nomina Anatomica' was introduced; in 1935 it was greatly changed at the Congress of Anatomists in Jena. But the anatomical terms which were established at that Congress were not used in the USSR. In 1955 the IV International Federal Congress of Anatomists in Paris established new universal anatomical terms, the so-called Paris Nomina Anatomica.
In his lecture Prof. Smirnov said that the body was composed of about 600 skeletal muscles. The students learned that in the adult about 35%-40% (per cent) of the body weight was formed by the muscles. According to the basic parts of the skeleton all the muscles were divided into the muscles of the trunk, bead, and extremities.
When Prof. Smirnov spoke about the form of the muscles he said that all the muscles were divided into three basic groups: long, short and wide muscles; the free extremities were formed by the long muscles; wide muscles lay on the trunk; the walls of the body cavities were formed by wide muscles.
Some muscles were called according to- the structure of their fibers, for example radiated muscles; others according to their uses, for example extensors (разгибающие мышцы) or according to their direction, for example oblique (косая).
When Prof. Smirnov spoke about the structure of the muscles he said that the muscles were formed by a mass of muscle cells, the muscular fibers were connected together by connective tissue, the blood vessels and the nerves were in the muscles.
Great research work was carried out by many scientists to determine the functions of the muscles. Three basic methods of study were used: experimental work on animals, the study of the muscles on a living human body and on the corpse.
Their work helped to establish that the muscles were the active agents of motion (движение) and contraction.
Note
1. Ihe Basel Nomina Anatomica — Базельская анатомическая терминология
CLASS ASSIGNMENTS
Х1П. Form the adjectives from the verbs by the suffix '-ive':
connect, act, collect, relate, contract, protect
XIV. Translate into Russian paying attention to the meanings of the words in bold type:
1.1 found an interesting article on eye operations in this journal. 2. The found article was written by the well-known eye doctor. 3. The group of scientists found their method on numerous experiments. 4. The researchers found out that infectious diseases were caused by different agents. 5. Robert Koch was the first scientist who found the agent of tuberculosis.
XV. Translate these sentences paying attention to the words 'which', 'who':
1. The new universal anatomical terms which are now used all over the world were established at the IV International Federal Congress of Anatomists in Paris in 1955.2. The muscular fibers which are connected together by connective tissue and a mass of muscle cells compose the muscle. 3. Prof. Smirnov who delivered the lecture on muscles introduced the new material on muscular motion and contraction.
XVI. Substitute the Russian words in brackets for the English ones:
1. Two new subjects were (введены) in the second term. 2.1 (разделил) the text into two parts to learn it better. 3. After his disease the patient changed greatly because his (вес) became less. 4. There are many (кровеносных сосудов) in the human body. 5. We can walk, run and jump because of the (сокращение) of the (мышц). 6. Our blood is (состоит) of white and red (клеток крови). 7. Research work helped the scientists to (установить) the agents of many diseases.
XVII. Make these sentences interrogative. Translate them:
1. The atlas on Anatomy was composed by R. D. Sinelnikov. 2. These children will be given vitamin therapy. 3. The chest of the patient is examined by the doctor. 4. At this clinic the operations on the skull are carried out successfully.
XVIII. Pick out the sentences in Past Indefinite Passive:
1. Dissecting the corpse the students separated one muscle from the other. 2. On the corpse one muscle was separated from the other by the students. 3. The doctor was treated by many specialists as he was badly ill himself. 4. The doctor treated his patients successfully.
XIX. Pick out and translate the sentences with the Infinitive used as an attribute:
1. He can perform this operation in the morning. 2. My friend was the last to come to the lecture. 3. He wants to determine the direction of muscular fibers. 4. Microbiology is one of the most interesting subjects to study.
XX. Translate the following sentences:
1. Медсестра сказала, что у меня слишком маленький вес. 2. Терапевт обнаружил, что у больного кровяное давление на правой руке выше, чем на левой. 3. В своей лекции профессор сообщил, что кровеносные сосуды делятся на артерии, вены и капилляры. 4. Врач был уверен, что в этом случае можно легко установить причину заболевания.
XXI. Read Text F. What do paragraphs two and three deal with?
TextF
In the adult the muscles form about 35%-40% of the body weight. All the muscles are divided into the muscles of the trunk, head, and extremities.
Long, short and wide muscles form three basic groups. The long muscles compose the free parts of the extremities. The wide muscles form the walls of the body cavities. Some short muscles, of which stapedius [sta'piidjas] (стремечко- вая) is the smallest muscle in the human body, form facial musculature.
The structure of the muscular fibers is different in different groups of muscles. The muscles consist of a mass of muscle cells. The muscular fibers are connected together by connective tissue. There are many blood vessels and nerves in the muscles. The muscles are the active agents of motion and contraction.
LESSON 12
I. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания: born [bo:n] а рожденный; be born родиться
degree [di'gri:] n степень; ученая степень; градус; My temperature was 36.5°C—У меня была температура 36,5° (градуса по Цельсию). 36.5°С следует читать: thirty-six point five degrees Celcium (или thirtysix point five Centigrade)
receive [ri'si:v] v принимать; получать strong [strog] а сильный; крепкий; здоровый surface ['sa:fis] n поверхность far [fa:] а далекий; adv далеко; значительно point [point] n место, точка
origin ['orid3in] n начало; источник; происхождение band [bsend] n пучок
finding ['faindirj] n находка; pi данные, результаты ending ['endiij] n окончание abdomen ['sebdamen] n брюшная полость, живот restore [ri'sto:] v восстанавливать (здоровье) condition [kan'difn] n состояние (здоровья), условие
П. Переведите предложения, обратив внимание на выделенные слова: 1. The bands of muscular fibers may be long or short. 2. The human leg has a large surface. 3. Show us in the picture the point of connection of the rib and the breastbone. 4. The origin of some diseases is not well studied. 5. He is the Ukranian by origin. 6. He received the degree of Doctor of Medicine at the age of 45. 7. The patient had a very high temperature — it was 39,5°C. 8. The patient's health was restored after the course of treatment.
П1. Выберите соответствующий перевод следующих словосочетаний:
соединительная ткань, кровеносный сосуд, вес тела, сокращение мышцы, нервные окончания, место начала, пучки мышечных волокон, поверхность кости, в соответствии с, искусственный сустав, шейные позвонки
the surface of the bone, connective tissue, the bands of muscular fibers, cervical vertebrae, a blood vessel, according to; body weight, nerve endings, contraction of the muscle, an artificial joint, the point of origin
1. Прочтите текст G. 2.0 чем говорится в каждом абзаце? 3. Найдите и переведите предложения: а) с ннфнннтнвамн, б) на правило согласования времен. 4. Перескажите текст:
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