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Unit 2. The inner organs of the human body
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Правила чтения: Буквосочетание oa.
Словообразование: Суффиксы -ous; -ary; -ery; -ory; префиксы inter-, sub-. Грамматика: Функции Past Participle и Present Participle. One—ones, that — those как заменители существительных.
I. Прочтите:
road, moan, soap, load, foam, soak, throat
II. Прочтите и переведите:
a) fibrous, numerous, continuous, venous, nervous 6) ordinary, alimentary, primary, secondary, respiratory в) subdivision, subacute, subtropical, subcostal, subcutaneous, subclass, subserous
1П. Прочтите предложения и ответьте на вопрос:
1. The delivered lecture was very interesting. 2. The lecture delivered interested everybody. 3. The lecture delivered yesterday by Prof. Smirnov was very interesting.
Какую функцию выполняет Past Participle в каждом из этих предложений и как переводится?
IV. * Определите, чем являются слова 'examined' н 'changed' в каждом предложении, н какую функцию они выполняют? Переведите нх:
А. 1. The therapeutist examined the patient yesterday. 2. The patient was examined by the therapeutist attentively. 3. The patient examined by the therapeutist yesterday felt bad. 4. The examined patient was ill with a heart disease.
Б. 1. The doctor saw the changed condition of the patient. 2. That was why he changed the administrations (назначения) to this patient. 3. The administrations were changed to restore his health rapidly. 4. The nurse did not forget to carry out the administrations changed by the doctor.
V. Пользуясь таблицей 11, (стр. 277) ответьте на вопрос:
Какие английские слова употребляются для замены ранее упомянутых существительных в единственном и во множественном числе во избежание их повторения.
VI. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на слова 'one—ones', 'that — those':
1.1 don't like this book, give me another one. 2. The bones of the extremities are longer than those of the spine. 3. The bones of the skull are those which compose the head and the face. 4. This lecture is more interesting than the one I attended last week. 5, The weight of the lung is less than that of the heart.
apex ['eipeks] верхушка interspace ['mta(:)'speis] промежуток costal ['kosti] реберный septum I'septam] перегородка atrium ['eitnam] предсердие ventricle ['ventnki] желудочек valve ['vaelv] клапан
fibrous ['faibras] волокнистый, фиброзный systemic [sis'temik] системный pulmonary ['pAlmanari] легочный
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portal ['po:tl] воротной, относящийся к воротной вене (портальный)
VIII. Выучите следующие слова: inner ['ina] а внутренний
within [wi'Sin] ргр внутри; adii внутрь
include [in'klurd] v заключать, содержать в себе, включать
male [meil] п мужчина
female [Ti:meil] п женщина
separate ['seprit] а отдельный; v ['separeit] отделять(ся) chamber ['tfeimba] п камера
thick [9ik] а толстый, большой толщины; плотный; густой layer ['leia] п слой; листок (плевры)
locate [lou'keit] v расположить; определять местонахождение
carry ['kaeri] v нести, носить; переносить (о болезни)
lung [Urj] п легкое
liver f'liva] п печень
coat [kout] п оболочка, налет
dilate [dai'leit] v расширяться); увеличиться); растягивать(ся) contract [кэп' trsekt] v сокращаться)
IX. Прочтите н переведите следующие слова н словосочетания:
1. chamber ['tfeimba]: the heart consists of two separate chambers; the right atrium ['eitriam] and the right ventricle are in the right chamber;
2. thick [Oik.]: a thick wall; thick layer the walls of the left atrium are thick; the left ventricle has thick walls;
3. pulmonary ['pAlmanari]: pulmonary artery, pulmonary circulation; pulmonary disease; pulmonary function; pulmonary valve;
4. dilate [dai'leit]: dilated; to be dilated, the vessels dilate; the heart dilates and contracts
X. 1. Прочтите текст А. 2. Выпишите из него слова с суффиксами '-ous', '-ary', '-егу' и префиксом 'inter-'. 3. Найдите и переведите предложения, содержащие a) Past Participle; б) Present Participle; в) 'one — ones', 'that — those'. 4. Напишите план текста:
Text A. The Heart and the Vascular System
The heart is an inner hollow muscular organ placed within the chest and included in the pericardium. The base of the heart is against the third rib. Its apex is against the interspace between the fifth and sixth costal cartilages. The weight of the heart is about 300 grams (gr) in the male and about 220 gr in the female.
The heart consists of two separate chambers divided by the septum. Each of the chambers has two connected parts:
the atrium and the ventricle. The atrioventricular valves separate the atria from the ventricles.
The right atrium is larger than the left one, but the walls of the left atrium are thicker than those of the right one. The right ventricle is triangular (треугольный) in form and has thick walls. The right ventricle is in the anterior part of the heart. The left ventricle is longer and more conical than the right one. The walls of the left ventricle are three times as thick as the walls of the right one. The valves are located at the entrance and exit (выход) of each ventricle.
The muscular structure of the heart consists of two parts — the muscular layers of the atria and the muscular layers of the ventricles.
The vascular system consists of three groups of vessels — arteries, veins and capillaries.
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The vessels carrying blood to^and. from the tissues of the body compose the general circulation. They are called the systemic vessels.
The pulmonary circulation is formed by the vessels carrying blood to and from the lungs.
The portal system is formed by the veins passing to the liver.
Most of the arteries are composed of three coats. The arteries dilate and contract simultaneously with the action of the heart.
CLASS ASSIGNMENTS
XI. Read the following words and explain the pronunciation of the letter combinations in bold type:
coat, count, cause, law, load, loud, autopsy, saw, soak, sound, nausea, raw, moan, amount, gauze, road
XII. Form and translate the new words by adding:
a) the prefix sub-: divide, tropical, class, cutaneous, costal, family, mucous;
b) the prefix inter-: costal, national, muscular, vertebral, ventricular, vascular
ХШ. Form the Past Participle of the verbs given in brackets. State their functions. Translate the following sentences:
1. The patient (admit) to the hospital was a 45-year-old female. 2. The inner organs (include) in the thoracic cavity are the heart and the lungs. 3. The blood (carry) to the lungs is called venous blood.
XTV. Give the English equivalents:
1. в три раза толще, чем стенки; 2. малый (легочный) круг кровообращения; 3. большой круг кровообращения; 4. кровообращение в системе воротной вены
XV. Choose the necessary Participle. Translate the sentences:
1. The blood vessels (located, locating) on the anterior surface of the arm were dilated. 2. The vessels (carried, carrying) blood to the heart are called veins. 3. The lungs are the inner organs (included, including) in the thoracic cavity. 4. The muscular structure of the heart (consisted, consisting), of two parts includes muscular layers of the artria and muscular layers of ventricles.
XVI. Read the following sentences and define instead of what words the substitutes 'one — ones', 'that — those' are used:
1. The condition of patient M. is worse than that of patient N. 2. The number of the vertebrae in the coccyx is less than the number of those in the neck. 3. The bones of the lower extremities are longer than those of the upperones.
XVII. Read Text B. Entitle it. Say what it deals with:
Text В
In the left chamber the atrium and ventricle are separated by the mitral fmaitral] valve.
In the right chamber the atrium and ventricle are separated by the tricuspid [trai'kAspid] valve.
At the point of origin of the aorta in the left ventricle another valve is located. This valve is called the semilunar [,semi'lu:na] valve of the aorta.
At the point of origin of the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle the fourth valve is located. It is called the semilunar valve of the pulmonary artery.
LESSON 14
I. Запомните чтение следующих слов:
respiratory fris'pairatari] дыхательный, респираторный
mediastinum f,mi:di3s'tain3m] средостение
pleura fpluara] плевра
lobe [loub] доля
external [eks'ta:nl] наружный
serous ['siaras] серозный, сывороточный
lateral ['laetaral] боковой
visceral ['visaral] внутренний
subserous [sAb'siaras] подсерозный
II. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания: cover fkAva] v покрывать, закрывать
shape [feip] и форма, очертание; вид; образ border ['bo:da] и граница, край
extend [iks'tend] v простирать(ся); увеличивать(ся); расширять; продлевать
upward ['Apwad] adv вверх above [э'Ьау] ргр над; свыше level flevl] п уровень; количество thin [Gin] а тонкий; худой
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vary ['veari] v менять(ся), изменяться); разнообразить heavy ['hevi] а тяжелый; плотный left [left] а левый
capacity [ka'paesiti] и емкость; объем; vital capacity of the lungs жизненная емкость легких
infant ['infant] и младенец, ребенок до 2-х лет
pale [peil] а бледный
colour [*кл1э] и цвет; v окрашивать
proper ['ргэрэ] а собственный; правильный; соответствующий; надлежащий
III. * Вставьте необходимые по смыслу слова, данные ниже:
1. The aorta... from the upper part of the left ventricle. 2. The shape of the vessels... when they dilate. 3. The right lung is... than the left one. 4. The lungs are... with the pleura.
varies, covered, extends, heavier
IV. Переведите следующие предложения и определите время сказуемого:
1. The borders of the heart are dilated. 2. This patient was taken to the operation yesterday. 3. The vital capacity of the lungs will be determined during the examination.
4. They were examined in Histology by Prof. Belov.
V. * Образуйте Present Participle Active от глаголов и дайте все возможные варианты перевода:
to restore, to introduce, to establish, to connect
VI. Ознакомьтесь с таблицей 23 функций Present Participle и ответьте на вопросы:
1. Какие синтаксические функции может выполнять Present Participle в предложении? 2. Какое место в предложении занимает Present Participle в функции определения, части причастного оборота? 3. Как переводится Present Participle в каждой из синтаксических функций?
VII. Определите, чем является Present Participle в следующих предложениях:
1. Being at the sanatorium the patient began to feel much better. 2.1 went to speak to the doctor treating my mother. 3. The varying condition of the patient became worse yesterday.
VIII. 1. Прочтите текст С. 2. Найдите в нем предложения, содержащие Present Participle, и переведите их. 3. Напишите пять вопросов к тексту. 4. Выпишите английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:
над уровнем, по обе стороны, у взрослого мужчины, у младенцев, друг от друга, по форме.
Text С. The Lungs
The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system. There are two lungs in the human body located in the lateral cavities of the chest. The lungs are separated from each other by the mediastinum. The lungs are covered with the pleura. They are conical in shape. Each lung has the base, apex, two borders and three surfaces.
The lung has the apex extending upward 3-4 centimetres (cm) above the level of the first rib.
The base of the lung is located in the convex (выпуклый) surface of the diaphragm.
The posterior borders of the lungs are on each side of the spinal column. The anterior borders thin and overlap (перекрывать) the pericardium.
The weight of the lungs varies according to many conditions. In the adult male the weight of the lungs is about 1,350 gr. The right lung is about 15% heavier than the left one. The vital capacity of the lungs is 3.5-4 liters in the male and it is 3-3.5 liters in the female.
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The right lung consisting of three lobes is heavier than the left one because the latter consists only of two lobes. The lower lobe of the left lung is larger than the upper one.
In infants the lungs are of a pale rose colour, but later they become darker.
The lung is coveres with an external serous coat, i.e. with visceral layer of the pleura. The parenchyma or proper substance of the lungs consists of the bronchial tree with elastic tissue and vessels.
CLASS ASSIGNMENTS
IX. Name the part of speech of the following words. Translate these words:
thoracic, costal, fibrous, pulmonary, widely, pelvic, sacral, construction, facial, daily, dilatation, artificial, connective, respiratory
X. Translate the following participles:
covered—covering; extended — extending; varied—varying; dilated — dilating; contracted — contracting; included — including; separated — separating
XI. Give the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
1. собственное вещество легких; 2. жизненная емкость легких; 3. наружная серозная оболочка; 4. легкое простирается вверх на 3—4 см над уровнем первого ребра; 5. система органов дыхания
XII. Make these sentences affirmative:
1. Will the shape of artificial joints be varied? 2. Is the vital capacity of the lungs in an infant changed with age? 3. New experimental findings were not established by the young scientist.
XIII. Translate the following sentences:
1. Эта экспериментальная работа будет проведена на будущей неделе. 2; Эти данные применяются на практике. 3. Меня будут обследовать несколько врачей. 4. В пятницу нам читали лекцию по анатомии.
XIV. Say in which sentences Present Participle is not the part of the predicate:
1. The fibrous bands forming the muscular structure of the heart are divided into two groups. 2. Carrying blood to and from the lungs the vessels of the pulmonary system dilate and contract simultaneously with the action of the heart. 3. Now my sister is receiving the treatment at the surgical department. 4. The semilunar valve of the aorta is the dividing portion at the point of origin of the aorta in the left ventricle.
XV. Read Text D. Entitle it:
TextD
The aorta is the main vessel of the systemic arteries or the arteries of the general system. It begins at the upper part of the left ventricle, goes up, arches over the root (корень) of the left lung to the left side of the trunk at the level of the fourth thoracic vertebra. On its way from the fifth thoracic vertebra to about the level of the last thoracic vertebra it is called the thoracic aorta.Then it goes down through the diaphragm. From the point of the last thoracic vertebra to the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra it is called the abdominal aorta.
It then goes to the border of the fourth lumbar vertebra.mil here it finishes dividing into the left and right iliac arteries.
LESSON 15
HOME ASSIGNMENTS
II. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания: alimentary [,aeli'ment3ri]a пищеварительный mouth [mauG] и рот
stomach fsUmak] и желудок
intestine [in'testin] и кишечник, кишка; small intestine тонкий кишечник; large intestine толстый кишечник
gallbladder fgoil.blaeda] и жёлчный пузырь
important [im'poitant] а важный, значительный
tongue [1лг)] и язык; coated tongue обложенный язык
palate ['paelit] и нёбо; soft palate мягкое нёбо; hard palate твердое нёбо
also f'o:lsou] adv тоже, также
food [fu:d] и пища, питание; пищевые продукты
through [Gru:] ргр через, сквозь, по, в
portion [*рэ:/(э)п] и часть; отдел; доля, порция
measure ['тезэ] и мера; v измерять
tube [tju:b] и труба, трубка; тюбик
III. Переведите следующие словосочетания:
the lower portion of the stomach, let me see your tongue, the intestines are in the abdominal cavity, to measure the length of the bone, the tongue was coated
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IV. Переведите следующие предложения:
1. The soft palate is a continuation of the soft tissues covering the hard palate. 2. The small intestine composed of three main portions is a thin-walled muscular tube. 3. The weight of the largest of the salivary glands is 28 gr. 4. The liver consists of small lobules (дольки) connected together by connective tissue, different vessels and nerves. 5. The duodenum is called so because its length measures about the length of twelve fingers. 6. The liver consisting of lobes is covered with a fibrous coat.
V. Укажите предложения, в которых 'one', 'that' употребляются как заменители имен существительных. Переведите эти предложения:
1. One of the lungs has three lobes, the other one only two. 2. The brain of the man is heavier than that of any lower animal. 3. That portion of the alimentary tract which forms the large intestine consists, of caecum, colon and rectum. 4. The valve that separates the atrium and the ventricle of the right chamber is called the tricuspid valve.
VI. Прочтите текст Е. а) Выпишите из текста названия органов; б) дайте последовательно названия всех частей пищеварительного тракта; в) составьте вопросы к тексту последующей модели:
What comes above (below) the stomach?
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