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Peptic ulcer disease. The liver
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PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE
Phonetic exercise: ulcer disease [‘Λ lsə ‘di’zi: z], gastrointestinal tract [, gæ strə uin’testinl ‘træ kt], stomach [stΛ mə k], prevalence [‘prevə lə ns], occurrence [ə ’kΛ rə ns; ə ’k 
: rə ns], Helicobacter pylori [ˌ hɛ lɨ kə ˈ bæ ktə r pɪ ˈ lɔ raɪ ], esophagus [i: ’s 
: fə gə s], duodenum [, djuo’di: nə m], gnawing [‘n : iŋ ], erosions [i’rə u3ə nz], peritonitis [, peritə u’naitis], antacids [, æ n’tæ sid], antibiotic [, æ ntibai’ tik], pancreas [‘pæ ŋ kriə s; ‘pæ ŋ kriæ s; ‘pæ nkriə s], hemorrhage [‘hemə rid3], biopsy [‘baiə psi], reflux [‘ri: flΛ ks], species [‘spi: ∫ iz], tarry [‘tæ ri], feces [‘fi: si: z], perforation [, pə: fə ’rei∫ n], penetration [, peni’trei∫ n]
Make a report on peptic ulcer disease according to the plan below:
Definition: an ulcer (defined as mucosal erosions equal to or greater than 0. 5 cm) of an area of the gastrointestinal tract that is usually acidic and thus extremely painful.
Epidemiology: the lifetime risk for developing a peptic ulcer: approximately 10%.
In the United States about 4 million people have active peptic ulcers and about 350, 000 new cases are diagnosed each year. Approximately 3, 000 deaths per year in the United States are due to duodenal ulcer and 3, 000 to gastric ulcer.
Causes: 70-90% of ulcers are associated with Helicobacter pylori, a spiral-shaped bacterium that lives in the acidic environment of the stomach: ulcers can also be caused or worsened by drugs such as aspirin and other non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); about 4% of stomach ulcers are caused by a malignant tumor.
Classification: stomach ulcer (called gastric ulcer), duodenum ulcer (called duodenal ulcer), oesophagus ulcer (called oesophageal ulcer).
Symptoms, signs, clinical manifestations, clinical features: abdominal pain, classically epigastric pain with severity relating to mealtimes, bloating and abdominal fullness, nausea, vomiting, burning or gnawing feeling, loss of appetite, weight loss, vomiting of blood, tarry feces, rarely a gastric or duodenal perforation, which leads to acute peritonitis. This is extremely painful and requires immediate surgery.
Evaluation:
History: a personal medical history: a history of heartburn, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a medication history, a history of use of certain forms of medications such as NSAID (non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs).
Physical examination: observation, percussion, and palpation.
Instrumental evaluation: urea breath test, biopsy, measurement of antibody levels in blood, stool antigen tests, histological examination of biopsy, etc.
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Complications: gastrointestinal bleeding, perforation that leads to acute peritonitis, penetration into adjacent organs such as the liver and pancreas, scarring and swelling, duodenal and gastric obstruction, etc.
Treatment: antacids, antibiotics, bismuth compounds, surgical repair of the perforation, endoscopy urgently to stop bleeding, etc.
THE LIVER
Phonetic exercise: liver [‘livə ], largest [‘l 
d3ist], [‘l d3ə st], glandular [‘glæ ndjulə ], detoxification [, di: t ksifi’kei∫ n], glycogen storage [‘glaikə ud3ə n ‘sto: rid3], glycogen [‘glikə ud3en], plasma protein synthesis [‘plæ mə ‘proutiin ‘sinθ ə sis], bile production [bail prə ’dΛ k∫ n], diaphragm [‘daiə fræ m], upper abdomen [‘Λ pə ‘æ bdə men], triangular [, trai’æ ŋ gjulə ], lobes [loubz], visceral peritoneum [‘visə rə l, peritə u’ni: ə m], membrane [‘membrein], hepatocytes [‘hepə tə saits], hepatitis [, hepə ‘taitis], cirrhosis [si’rousis]
Make a report on the liver according to the plan below:
Definition: the largest glandular organ, a soft reddish brown triangular organ.
Functions: first(ly), drug detoxification, second(ly), glycogen storage, third(ly), plasma protein synthesis, fourth(ly), bile production.
Location: under the diaphragm on the right side of the upper abdomen.
Structure: 4 lobes; 8 segments; covered by visceral peritoneum;
the peritoneum: a thin, double-layered membrane that reduces friction against other organs; major cells: hepatocytes
Size and weight: the second largest organ; the largest gland in the human body; 1. 4 and 1. 6 kilograms; the abnormal liver: 16-20 kg
The most common diseases: hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, cirrhosis, liver cancer, etc.
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